The document discusses the concept of framing in media and communications. It provides examples of how the same event or issue can be framed differently, such as portraying Edward Snowden as a traitor vs a whistleblower. It then defines framing as highlighting certain aspects of an issue and making them more prominent, while neglecting others, in order to influence the understanding of the issue. The document reviews several definitions of framing and focuses on Entman's definition that framing involves selecting certain aspects of reality and making them more salient in a communication to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation or moral evaluation.
- Agenda setting refers to how the amount of news coverage an issue receives influences the public's perception of its importance, even if it does not reflect real-world events.
- Priming is an extension of agenda setting, where the number of news stories about an issue changes the criteria used to evaluate political leaders. For example, increased economic coverage led to lower approval ratings for H.W. Bush.
- Framing alters how people think about issues by changing the content of news stories about them, such as through headlines or images, influencing the beliefs people use to form attitudes.
Unit 9. Critical Literacy in the 21st century 1: Media literacy and FramingNadia Gabriela Dresscher
The document outlines a program on media literacy and agenda-setting theory. It discusses how the media frames reality through framing and priming, shaping what the public thinks is important. It also explains the workings of agenda-setting and how different media have different agenda-setting potential. Finally, it discusses the importance of critical media literacy and being able to analyze media messages by considering concepts like authorship, formatting techniques, audience interpretation, embedded values and purpose.
This document presents a model of the over-the-counter federal funds market. It uses a search-and-bargaining framework to model how banks with reserve shortages and surpluses are matched to reallocate balances. The model shows the fed funds rate is determined by banks' discount rates and the distribution of reserve balances held by banks. It also shows under certain conditions, the market structure achieves efficient reallocation of funds among banks.
1. The document discusses quantiles and quantile regressions, which are important concepts in analyzing inequalities, risk, and other areas where conditional distributions are relevant.
2. Quantile regression models the relationship between covariates X and the conditional quantiles of the response variable Y. This generalizes ordinary least squares regression, which models the conditional mean of Y.
3. Median regression uses the 1-norm (sum of absolute deviations) instead of the 2-norm (sum of squared deviations) used in OLS. It estimates the conditional median of Y rather than the conditional mean.
The document discusses quantiles and quantile regression. It begins by defining quantiles as the inverse of a cumulative distribution function. Quantile regression models the relationship between covariates and conditional quantiles, similar to how ordinary least squares regression models the conditional mean. The document also discusses median regression, which estimates relationships using the 1-norm rather than the 2-norm used in OLS. Median regression provides consistent estimates when the error term has a symmetric distribution.
The dangers of policy experiments Initial beliefs under adaptive learningGRAPE
The paper studies the implication of initial beliefs and associated confidence on the system’s
dynamics under adaptive learning. We first illustrate how prior beliefs determine learning dynamics
and the evolution of endogenous variables in a small DSGE model with credit-constrained agents,
in which rational expectations are replaced by constant-gain adaptive learning. We then examine
how discretionary experimenting with new macroeconomic policies is affected by expectations that
agents have in relation to these policies. More specifically, we show that a newly introduced macroprudential policy that aims at making leverage counter-cyclical can lead to substantial increase in
fluctuations under learning, when the economy is hit by financial shocks, if beliefs reflect imperfect
information about the policy experiment. This is in the stark contrast to the effects of such policy
under rational expectations.
This document presents some results from a research paper on defining and investigating properties of a new triple Laplace transform. The paper introduces definitions of conformable partial fractional derivatives and the new triple Laplace transform. Several theorems are proven, including properties of the new triple Laplace transform and its relation to conformable partial fractional derivatives of functions. The new triple Laplace transform could provide a way to study nonlinear partial fractional differential equations involving functions of three variables.
The document discusses the concept of framing in media and communications. It provides examples of how the same event or issue can be framed differently, such as portraying Edward Snowden as a traitor vs a whistleblower. It then defines framing as highlighting certain aspects of an issue and making them more prominent, while neglecting others, in order to influence the understanding of the issue. The document reviews several definitions of framing and focuses on Entman's definition that framing involves selecting certain aspects of reality and making them more salient in a communication to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation or moral evaluation.
- Agenda setting refers to how the amount of news coverage an issue receives influences the public's perception of its importance, even if it does not reflect real-world events.
- Priming is an extension of agenda setting, where the number of news stories about an issue changes the criteria used to evaluate political leaders. For example, increased economic coverage led to lower approval ratings for H.W. Bush.
- Framing alters how people think about issues by changing the content of news stories about them, such as through headlines or images, influencing the beliefs people use to form attitudes.
Unit 9. Critical Literacy in the 21st century 1: Media literacy and FramingNadia Gabriela Dresscher
The document outlines a program on media literacy and agenda-setting theory. It discusses how the media frames reality through framing and priming, shaping what the public thinks is important. It also explains the workings of agenda-setting and how different media have different agenda-setting potential. Finally, it discusses the importance of critical media literacy and being able to analyze media messages by considering concepts like authorship, formatting techniques, audience interpretation, embedded values and purpose.
This document presents a model of the over-the-counter federal funds market. It uses a search-and-bargaining framework to model how banks with reserve shortages and surpluses are matched to reallocate balances. The model shows the fed funds rate is determined by banks' discount rates and the distribution of reserve balances held by banks. It also shows under certain conditions, the market structure achieves efficient reallocation of funds among banks.
1. The document discusses quantiles and quantile regressions, which are important concepts in analyzing inequalities, risk, and other areas where conditional distributions are relevant.
2. Quantile regression models the relationship between covariates X and the conditional quantiles of the response variable Y. This generalizes ordinary least squares regression, which models the conditional mean of Y.
3. Median regression uses the 1-norm (sum of absolute deviations) instead of the 2-norm (sum of squared deviations) used in OLS. It estimates the conditional median of Y rather than the conditional mean.
The document discusses quantiles and quantile regression. It begins by defining quantiles as the inverse of a cumulative distribution function. Quantile regression models the relationship between covariates and conditional quantiles, similar to how ordinary least squares regression models the conditional mean. The document also discusses median regression, which estimates relationships using the 1-norm rather than the 2-norm used in OLS. Median regression provides consistent estimates when the error term has a symmetric distribution.
The dangers of policy experiments Initial beliefs under adaptive learningGRAPE
The paper studies the implication of initial beliefs and associated confidence on the system’s
dynamics under adaptive learning. We first illustrate how prior beliefs determine learning dynamics
and the evolution of endogenous variables in a small DSGE model with credit-constrained agents,
in which rational expectations are replaced by constant-gain adaptive learning. We then examine
how discretionary experimenting with new macroeconomic policies is affected by expectations that
agents have in relation to these policies. More specifically, we show that a newly introduced macroprudential policy that aims at making leverage counter-cyclical can lead to substantial increase in
fluctuations under learning, when the economy is hit by financial shocks, if beliefs reflect imperfect
information about the policy experiment. This is in the stark contrast to the effects of such policy
under rational expectations.
This document presents some results from a research paper on defining and investigating properties of a new triple Laplace transform. The paper introduces definitions of conformable partial fractional derivatives and the new triple Laplace transform. Several theorems are proven, including properties of the new triple Laplace transform and its relation to conformable partial fractional derivatives of functions. The new triple Laplace transform could provide a way to study nonlinear partial fractional differential equations involving functions of three variables.
Week 4 Lecture 12 Significance Earlier we discussed co.docxcockekeshia
Week 4 Lecture 12
Significance
Earlier we discussed correlations without going into how we can identify statistically
significant values. Our approach to this uses the t-test. Unfortunately, Excel does not
automatically produce this form of the t-test, but setting it up within an Excel cell is fairly easy.
And, with some slight algebra, we can determine the minimum value that is statistically
significant for any table of correlations all of which have the same number of pairs (for example,
a Correlation table for our data set would use 50 pairs of values, since we have 50 members in
our sample).
The t-test formula for a correlation (r) is t = r * sqrt(n-2)/sqrt(1-r2); the associated degrees
of freedom are n-2 (number of pairs – 2) (Lind, Marchel, & Wathen, 2008). For some this might
look a bit off-putting, but remember that we can translate this into Excel cells and functions and
have Excel do the arithmetic for us.
Excel Example
If we go back to our correlation table for salary, midpoint, Age, Perf Rat, Service, and
Raise, we have:
Using Excel to create the formula and cell numbers for our key values allows us to
quickly create a result. The T.dist.2t gives us a p-value easily.
The formula to use in finding the minimum correlation value that is statistically
significant is r = sqrt(t^2/(t^2 + n-2)). We would find the appropriate t value by using the
t.inv.2T(alpha, df) with alpha = 0.05 and df = n-2 or 48. Plugging these values into the gives us
a t-value of 2.0106 or 2.011(rounded).
Putting 2.011 and 48 (n-2) into our formula gives us a r value of 0.278; therefore, in a
correlation table based on 50 pairs, any correlation greater or equal to 0.278 would be
statistically significant.
Technical Point. If you are interested in how we obtained the formula for determining
the minimum r value, the approach is shown below. If you are not interested in the math, you
can safely skip this paragraph.
t = r* sqrt(n-2)/sqrt(1-r2)
Multiplying gives us t *sqrt (1- r2) = r2* (n-2)
Squaring gives us: t2 * (1- r2) = r2* (n-2)
Multiplying out gives us: t2– t2* r2 = n r2-2* r2
Adding gives us: t2= n* r2-2*r2+ t2 *r2
Factoring gives us t2= r2 *(n -2+ t2)
Dividing gives us t2 / (n -2+ t2) = r2
Taking the square root gives us r = sqrt (t2 / (n -2+ t2)
Effect Size Measures
As we have discussed, there is a difference between statistical and practical
significance. Virtually any statistic can become statistically significant if the sample is large
enough. In practical terms, a correlation of .30 and below is generally considered too weak to be
of any practical significance. Additionally, the effect size measure for Pearson’s correlation is
simply the absolute value of the correlation; the outcome has the same general interpretation as
Cohen’s D for the t-test (0.8 is strong, and 0.2 is quite weak, for example) (Tanner & Youssef-
Morgan, 2013).
Spearman’s Rank Correlation
Another typ.
We provide a comprehensive convergence analysis of the asymptotic preserving implicit-explicit particle-in-cell (IMEX-PIC) methods for the Vlasov–Poisson system with a strong magnetic field. This study is of utmost importance for understanding the behavior of plasmas in magnetic fusion devices such as tokamaks, where such a large magnetic field needs to be applied in order to keep the plasma particles on desired tracks.
In this paper, we introduced the modified differential transform which is a modified version of a two-dimensional differential transform method. First, the properties of the modified differential transform method (MDTM) are presented. After this, by using the idea modified differential transform method we will find an analytical-numerical solution of linear partial integro-differential equations (PIDE) with convolution kernel which occur naturally in various fields of science and engineering. In some cases, the exact solution may be achieved. The efficiency and reliability of this method are illustrated by some examples.
Cointegration analysis: Modelling the complex interdependencies between finan...Edward Thomas Jones
1) The document discusses cointegration analysis, which models the complex interdependencies between financial assets. It examines the non-stationary nature of financial time series data and explores vector autoregressive (VAR) models and cointegration techniques to analyze relationships between non-stationary variables.
2) VAR models provide a framework for modeling dynamic relationships between stationary time series variables. The document outlines univariate and multivariate VAR models and discusses estimations and lag order selection for VAR models.
3) Cointegration techniques allow modeling of relationships between non-stationary time series variables. The document reviews tests for identifying stationary and non-stationary time series, including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests
The paper reports on an iteration algorithm to compute asymptotic solutions at any order for a wide class of nonlinear
singularly perturbed difference equations.
Spillover Dynamics for Systemic Risk Measurement Using Spatial Financial Time...SYRTO Project
Spillover Dynamics for Systemic Risk Measurement Using Spatial Financial Time Series Models. Andre Lucas. Amsterdam - June, 25 2015. European Financial Management Association 2015 Annual Meetings.
ESS of minimal mutation rate in an evo-epidemiological modelBen Bolker
This document summarizes a model of the evolutionary stability of minimal mutation rates in an eco-evolutionary model of host-parasite dynamics. The model considers the evolution of virulence and mutation rates. The results show that very high and even moderate mutation rates are detrimental, as they increase the mutation load without providing sufficient benefit of improved environmental tracking. The optimal mutation rate is minimal. Coexistence of multiple strains is not possible through temporal partitioning. A lower bound on virulence imposed by the transmission-virulence tradeoff is also important.
This document describes output regulation of a tubular reactor with recycle using boundary actuation control. It introduces the tubular reactor system modeled by a hyperbolic PDE where the inlet and outlet boundaries are coupled. The backstepping control method is used to design a controller that stabilizes the system at the origin and regulates it to track a reference trajectory. Simulations show the open-loop and closed-loop behavior of the system for different recycle ratios, demonstrating the controller's ability to regulate the system. The document concludes that backstepping control successfully stabilized and regulated the tubular reactor system.
This document discusses a class on system modeling taught by Ms. T. Abinaya Saraswathy. The class introduces concepts of open and closed loop control systems. Open loop systems do not provide feedback, while closed loop systems use feedback to automatically correct changes in output. Mathematical models of systems can be represented using differential equations. Common mechanical systems like translational and rotational systems can be modeled using elements like mass, springs, and dashpots. The document provides guidelines for determining the transfer function of mechanical translational systems.
This document analyzes Taylor rule deviations by introducing them into a standard New Keynesian economic model. It estimates the model's parameters using maximum likelihood estimation on US data. The results provide evidence that the estimated model better explains interactions between interest rates, output, and inflation when including Taylor rule deviations. The study also checks the model's empirical validity using different data sets and estimation methods. It finds Taylor rule deviations can be explained by factors containing information about future economic conditions.
1) The document discusses periodic solutions for nonlinear systems of integro-differential equations with impulsive action of operators.
2) It presents a numerical-analytic method for approximating periodic solutions using uniformly convergent sequences of periodic functions.
3) The method is proved to construct a unique periodic solution that converges uniformly as m approaches infinity.
The document provides an overview of correlation and regression analysis, time series models, and cost indexes. It defines correlation, regression analysis, and their importance and applications. It discusses simple linear regression equations, assumptions, and hypothesis testing. It also covers multiple linear regression, moving averages, exponential smoothing, and quantitative measures for evaluating time series models. The document is serving as the agenda for the Advanced Economics for Engineers course taught by Leemary Berrios, Irving Rivera, and Wilfredo Robles.
The aim of this paper is to study the existence and approximation of periodic solutions for non-linear systems of integral equations, by using the numerical-analytic method which were introduced by Samoilenko[ 10, 11]. The study of such nonlinear integral equations is more general and leads us to improve and extend the results of Butris [2].
1) Prospect Theory proposes an alternative to Expected Utility Theory to explain phenomena that violate assumptions of EU Theory, such as framing effects and loss aversion.
2) According to Prospect Theory, people evaluate prospects in two phases - an editing phase where prospects are simplified, and an evaluation phase where the prospect of highest value is chosen.
3) In the evaluation phase, Prospect Theory incorporates a value function that is concave for gains and convex for losses, reflecting loss aversion, and a weighting function that overweights small probabilities.
This study examined the neural correlates of choice justification. In a pre-scan session, participants rated their preferences for music CDs and then made a choice between CD pairs. In a post-scan session, they re-rated the CDs. Results showed participants increased their liking for chosen CDs more than rejecting disliked CDs. The fMRI data found regions involved in self-reflection and perspective-taking were associated with attitude change. Activity in areas related to preferences and subjective value, like the PCC, predicted choices and ratings. This study provides insight into the neural mechanisms underlying how choices modify preferences.
1) The document presents Elimination by Aspects (EBA), a theory of choice where alternatives are sequentially eliminated based on their aspects until one alternative remains.
2) EBA differs from lexicographic models in that it does not assume a fixed ordering of aspects and the choice process is probabilistic.
3) Experimental findings provide some support for EBA and show it can account for violations of independence assumptions while maintaining regularity and moderate stochastic transitivity.
1) The document reviews methodological issues with the PCAC (Preference Change as a Consequence of Choice) paradigm known as the Free-Choice Paradigm (FCP). It discusses several studies that have identified problems with the FCP and proposed solutions.
2) A key issue is that choices in the FCP may reveal pre-existing preferences rather than induce new preferences. Subjects' initial ratings of options are imperfect measures of their true preferences.
3) Proposed solutions to address this include ensuring all subjects make the same choice, controlling for information revealed by choice, removing choice information, and manipulating choices. Recent work has also developed an "implicit choice" paradigm and demonstrated a mathematical error in a previous proof
1) The document reviews methodological issues with the PCAC (Preference Change as a Consequence of Choice) paradigm known as the Free-Choice Paradigm (FCP). It discusses several studies that have identified problems with the FCP and proposed solutions.
2) A key issue is that choices in the FCP may reveal pre-existing preferences rather than induce new preferences. Subjects' initial ratings of options may not perfectly reflect their true preferences.
3) Proposed solutions to address these issues include ensuring all subjects make the same choice, controlling for information revealed by choice, removing choice information, and manipulating choices. Recent work has also developed alternative paradigms like implicit choice measures.
Akerlof and Dickens's paper on the relevance of cognitive dissonance theory to economic theory and modelling. This can be a great example of how psychological insights can be used in economics.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Week 4 Lecture 12 Significance Earlier we discussed co.docxcockekeshia
Week 4 Lecture 12
Significance
Earlier we discussed correlations without going into how we can identify statistically
significant values. Our approach to this uses the t-test. Unfortunately, Excel does not
automatically produce this form of the t-test, but setting it up within an Excel cell is fairly easy.
And, with some slight algebra, we can determine the minimum value that is statistically
significant for any table of correlations all of which have the same number of pairs (for example,
a Correlation table for our data set would use 50 pairs of values, since we have 50 members in
our sample).
The t-test formula for a correlation (r) is t = r * sqrt(n-2)/sqrt(1-r2); the associated degrees
of freedom are n-2 (number of pairs – 2) (Lind, Marchel, & Wathen, 2008). For some this might
look a bit off-putting, but remember that we can translate this into Excel cells and functions and
have Excel do the arithmetic for us.
Excel Example
If we go back to our correlation table for salary, midpoint, Age, Perf Rat, Service, and
Raise, we have:
Using Excel to create the formula and cell numbers for our key values allows us to
quickly create a result. The T.dist.2t gives us a p-value easily.
The formula to use in finding the minimum correlation value that is statistically
significant is r = sqrt(t^2/(t^2 + n-2)). We would find the appropriate t value by using the
t.inv.2T(alpha, df) with alpha = 0.05 and df = n-2 or 48. Plugging these values into the gives us
a t-value of 2.0106 or 2.011(rounded).
Putting 2.011 and 48 (n-2) into our formula gives us a r value of 0.278; therefore, in a
correlation table based on 50 pairs, any correlation greater or equal to 0.278 would be
statistically significant.
Technical Point. If you are interested in how we obtained the formula for determining
the minimum r value, the approach is shown below. If you are not interested in the math, you
can safely skip this paragraph.
t = r* sqrt(n-2)/sqrt(1-r2)
Multiplying gives us t *sqrt (1- r2) = r2* (n-2)
Squaring gives us: t2 * (1- r2) = r2* (n-2)
Multiplying out gives us: t2– t2* r2 = n r2-2* r2
Adding gives us: t2= n* r2-2*r2+ t2 *r2
Factoring gives us t2= r2 *(n -2+ t2)
Dividing gives us t2 / (n -2+ t2) = r2
Taking the square root gives us r = sqrt (t2 / (n -2+ t2)
Effect Size Measures
As we have discussed, there is a difference between statistical and practical
significance. Virtually any statistic can become statistically significant if the sample is large
enough. In practical terms, a correlation of .30 and below is generally considered too weak to be
of any practical significance. Additionally, the effect size measure for Pearson’s correlation is
simply the absolute value of the correlation; the outcome has the same general interpretation as
Cohen’s D for the t-test (0.8 is strong, and 0.2 is quite weak, for example) (Tanner & Youssef-
Morgan, 2013).
Spearman’s Rank Correlation
Another typ.
We provide a comprehensive convergence analysis of the asymptotic preserving implicit-explicit particle-in-cell (IMEX-PIC) methods for the Vlasov–Poisson system with a strong magnetic field. This study is of utmost importance for understanding the behavior of plasmas in magnetic fusion devices such as tokamaks, where such a large magnetic field needs to be applied in order to keep the plasma particles on desired tracks.
In this paper, we introduced the modified differential transform which is a modified version of a two-dimensional differential transform method. First, the properties of the modified differential transform method (MDTM) are presented. After this, by using the idea modified differential transform method we will find an analytical-numerical solution of linear partial integro-differential equations (PIDE) with convolution kernel which occur naturally in various fields of science and engineering. In some cases, the exact solution may be achieved. The efficiency and reliability of this method are illustrated by some examples.
Cointegration analysis: Modelling the complex interdependencies between finan...Edward Thomas Jones
1) The document discusses cointegration analysis, which models the complex interdependencies between financial assets. It examines the non-stationary nature of financial time series data and explores vector autoregressive (VAR) models and cointegration techniques to analyze relationships between non-stationary variables.
2) VAR models provide a framework for modeling dynamic relationships between stationary time series variables. The document outlines univariate and multivariate VAR models and discusses estimations and lag order selection for VAR models.
3) Cointegration techniques allow modeling of relationships between non-stationary time series variables. The document reviews tests for identifying stationary and non-stationary time series, including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests
The paper reports on an iteration algorithm to compute asymptotic solutions at any order for a wide class of nonlinear
singularly perturbed difference equations.
Spillover Dynamics for Systemic Risk Measurement Using Spatial Financial Time...SYRTO Project
Spillover Dynamics for Systemic Risk Measurement Using Spatial Financial Time Series Models. Andre Lucas. Amsterdam - June, 25 2015. European Financial Management Association 2015 Annual Meetings.
ESS of minimal mutation rate in an evo-epidemiological modelBen Bolker
This document summarizes a model of the evolutionary stability of minimal mutation rates in an eco-evolutionary model of host-parasite dynamics. The model considers the evolution of virulence and mutation rates. The results show that very high and even moderate mutation rates are detrimental, as they increase the mutation load without providing sufficient benefit of improved environmental tracking. The optimal mutation rate is minimal. Coexistence of multiple strains is not possible through temporal partitioning. A lower bound on virulence imposed by the transmission-virulence tradeoff is also important.
This document describes output regulation of a tubular reactor with recycle using boundary actuation control. It introduces the tubular reactor system modeled by a hyperbolic PDE where the inlet and outlet boundaries are coupled. The backstepping control method is used to design a controller that stabilizes the system at the origin and regulates it to track a reference trajectory. Simulations show the open-loop and closed-loop behavior of the system for different recycle ratios, demonstrating the controller's ability to regulate the system. The document concludes that backstepping control successfully stabilized and regulated the tubular reactor system.
This document discusses a class on system modeling taught by Ms. T. Abinaya Saraswathy. The class introduces concepts of open and closed loop control systems. Open loop systems do not provide feedback, while closed loop systems use feedback to automatically correct changes in output. Mathematical models of systems can be represented using differential equations. Common mechanical systems like translational and rotational systems can be modeled using elements like mass, springs, and dashpots. The document provides guidelines for determining the transfer function of mechanical translational systems.
This document analyzes Taylor rule deviations by introducing them into a standard New Keynesian economic model. It estimates the model's parameters using maximum likelihood estimation on US data. The results provide evidence that the estimated model better explains interactions between interest rates, output, and inflation when including Taylor rule deviations. The study also checks the model's empirical validity using different data sets and estimation methods. It finds Taylor rule deviations can be explained by factors containing information about future economic conditions.
1) The document discusses periodic solutions for nonlinear systems of integro-differential equations with impulsive action of operators.
2) It presents a numerical-analytic method for approximating periodic solutions using uniformly convergent sequences of periodic functions.
3) The method is proved to construct a unique periodic solution that converges uniformly as m approaches infinity.
The document provides an overview of correlation and regression analysis, time series models, and cost indexes. It defines correlation, regression analysis, and their importance and applications. It discusses simple linear regression equations, assumptions, and hypothesis testing. It also covers multiple linear regression, moving averages, exponential smoothing, and quantitative measures for evaluating time series models. The document is serving as the agenda for the Advanced Economics for Engineers course taught by Leemary Berrios, Irving Rivera, and Wilfredo Robles.
The aim of this paper is to study the existence and approximation of periodic solutions for non-linear systems of integral equations, by using the numerical-analytic method which were introduced by Samoilenko[ 10, 11]. The study of such nonlinear integral equations is more general and leads us to improve and extend the results of Butris [2].
Similar to Can small deviation from rationality make significant differences to economic equilibia (13)
1) Prospect Theory proposes an alternative to Expected Utility Theory to explain phenomena that violate assumptions of EU Theory, such as framing effects and loss aversion.
2) According to Prospect Theory, people evaluate prospects in two phases - an editing phase where prospects are simplified, and an evaluation phase where the prospect of highest value is chosen.
3) In the evaluation phase, Prospect Theory incorporates a value function that is concave for gains and convex for losses, reflecting loss aversion, and a weighting function that overweights small probabilities.
This study examined the neural correlates of choice justification. In a pre-scan session, participants rated their preferences for music CDs and then made a choice between CD pairs. In a post-scan session, they re-rated the CDs. Results showed participants increased their liking for chosen CDs more than rejecting disliked CDs. The fMRI data found regions involved in self-reflection and perspective-taking were associated with attitude change. Activity in areas related to preferences and subjective value, like the PCC, predicted choices and ratings. This study provides insight into the neural mechanisms underlying how choices modify preferences.
1) The document presents Elimination by Aspects (EBA), a theory of choice where alternatives are sequentially eliminated based on their aspects until one alternative remains.
2) EBA differs from lexicographic models in that it does not assume a fixed ordering of aspects and the choice process is probabilistic.
3) Experimental findings provide some support for EBA and show it can account for violations of independence assumptions while maintaining regularity and moderate stochastic transitivity.
1) The document reviews methodological issues with the PCAC (Preference Change as a Consequence of Choice) paradigm known as the Free-Choice Paradigm (FCP). It discusses several studies that have identified problems with the FCP and proposed solutions.
2) A key issue is that choices in the FCP may reveal pre-existing preferences rather than induce new preferences. Subjects' initial ratings of options are imperfect measures of their true preferences.
3) Proposed solutions to address this include ensuring all subjects make the same choice, controlling for information revealed by choice, removing choice information, and manipulating choices. Recent work has also developed an "implicit choice" paradigm and demonstrated a mathematical error in a previous proof
1) The document reviews methodological issues with the PCAC (Preference Change as a Consequence of Choice) paradigm known as the Free-Choice Paradigm (FCP). It discusses several studies that have identified problems with the FCP and proposed solutions.
2) A key issue is that choices in the FCP may reveal pre-existing preferences rather than induce new preferences. Subjects' initial ratings of options may not perfectly reflect their true preferences.
3) Proposed solutions to address these issues include ensuring all subjects make the same choice, controlling for information revealed by choice, removing choice information, and manipulating choices. Recent work has also developed alternative paradigms like implicit choice measures.
Akerlof and Dickens's paper on the relevance of cognitive dissonance theory to economic theory and modelling. This can be a great example of how psychological insights can be used in economics.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
Can small deviation from rationality make significant differences to economic equilibia
1. CAN SMALL DEVIATIONS FROM
RATIONALITY MAKE
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES TO
ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIA?
George A. Akerlof and
Janet L. Yellen
2. OUTLINE
Introduction
Implications of the Envelope Theorem
Near-Rational Behavior in a Pure Exchange Economy
The Welfare Effects of Near-Rational Behavior in the presence of
Distortions
Monopoly and Technical Change
The welfare Consequences of Money Supply Shocks
Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
Is a small amount of nonmaximizing behavior by agents capable if
causing changes in the equilibrium in the system?
As we saw in the lectures by Dr. Fatemi, There’re serious decisions
biases such as inertia, rules of thumb , …
These biases can be accounted for phenomena that have been
puzzling in the context of economic theory based strict maximization
such as the persistence of cartels and the existence of the business
cycle.
Fundenberg(1982), Kreps(1982), Rander(1980), Waldman(1985),
Russell and Thaler(1985) have examined the effects of other decision
biases on the equilibrium of an economy.
4. IMPLICATIONS OF THE ENVELOPE
THEOREM: THE BASIC LOGIC OF
THE PAPER
Consider the unconstrained maximization problem:
Max f(x,a)
x: a choice variable
a: a vector of parameters or exogenous variables
x(a): the unique maximizing choice given a
M(a) = f(x(a),a): the maximum value of f for given a
According to the envelope theorem:
dM(a)/da = 𝜕𝑓(𝑥 𝑎 , 𝑎)/𝜕𝑎
5. IMPLICATIONS OF THE ENVELOPE
𝑑𝑀(𝑎)
𝑑𝑎
=
𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑎)
𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑥(𝑎)
𝑑𝑎
+
𝜕𝑓(𝑥 𝑎 ,𝑎)
𝜕𝑎
Of F.O.C, we have:
𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑎)
𝜕𝑥
= 0
A agent behaving inertially, leaving x unchanged, will incur
ℒ = f(𝑥1, 𝑎1) – f(𝑥0, 𝑎1)
Taylor-series expansion around 𝑥1:
ℒ ≈
1
2
(
𝜕2 𝑓(𝑥1,𝑎1)
𝜕𝑥2 )∗(𝑥0−𝑥1)2
6. IMPLICATIONS OF THE ENVELOPE
Define, e = 𝑎1 – 𝑎0, then:
𝑥1 − 𝑥0 ≈
dx a
da
∗ e
Where
dx a
da
normally differs from zero, thus:
ℒ(e) ≈ ℒ′′ 0 ∗ 𝑒2
ℒ′′
0 =
1
2
*
𝜕2(𝑥,𝑎)
𝜕𝑥2
𝜕2(𝑥,𝑎)
𝜕𝑥2
7. IMPLICATIONS OF THE ENVELOPE
P : relative prices
P = p(e,β)
Define s(e,β) = p(e,β) - p(e,0), gives the systematic effect of
nonmaximizing behavior.
Taylor- series expansion of s around (0,β):
s(e,β) ≈
𝜕s(e,β)
𝜕𝑒
∗ e +
1
2
∗
𝜕2s(e,β)
𝜕𝑒2 *𝑒2
10. Monopoly and Technical Change
𝑄1- 𝑄0 =
𝑐𝑒
2𝑏
The profit loss =
𝑐2 𝑒2
4𝑏
∶ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝐽𝐻
The difference between deadweight losses:
(𝑃 𝑜
−𝑐) ∗
𝑐𝑒
2𝑏
: BJHC
11. The welfare Consequences of Money
Supply Shocks
The Initial Equilibrium:
U = (M/P)
α
𝐺1−α
S.t. M + PG = 𝑀0
−
+ 𝑃𝐺−
𝑃 𝑜
= (1 − α) 𝑀0
−
/ α𝐺−
The sock: Money rain
For maximizers: 𝑀 𝑚 = α(𝑃𝐺−+ 𝑀0
−
(1+e))
Market clearing condition: β𝑀0
−
+(1- β) α(𝑃(𝑒, β)𝐺−
+ 𝑀0
−
(1+e))=
𝑀0
−
(1+e)
12. THE WELFARE CONSEQUENCES OF
MONEY SUPPLY SHOCKS
Define θ = (𝑃 𝑒, β − 𝑃 𝑜)/𝑃 𝑜
In the new EQU: θ =
1−𝛼(1−𝛽)
1−𝛽 −𝛼(1−𝛽)
*e > e, for 0 < β < 1
Now, we should compute the loss in the average utility. Equivalently,
this can be seen in the loss of utility of the average person.
For this person, G is not changed and M/P declines e(
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑒
− 1).Thus,
𝑑𝑈 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑒
= −𝛼(
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑒
− 1) = -
𝛼𝛽
(1−𝛼)(1−𝛽)
𝛼: the elasticity of utility with respect to money,
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑒
− 1: percentage
change in money balances due to 1 percent change in the money
supply
There are beta of the population fails to maximize. The rest is totally rational.
An equilibrium of such an economy is termed near rational if nonmaximizer stands to gain a significant amount by becoming a maximizer.
the envelope theorem: the change in the objective function caused by a change in a is identical whether the agent adjusts optimally or not at all.
Inertial behavior is virtually costless.
The theorem is easily extended to constrained maximization problems.