Calendula Calendula is my chosen plant, and this research will focus on the basic information, functions, and uses of calendula. Brief introduction The calendula plants are short and dense, with bright flowers and long flowering periods, We could see the calendula from April until September, and the fruiting period for Calendula begins in June. It will end in October. It is annual herb and flowers are yellow or orange which about 5 centimeters in diameter and about 20～75 cm high. Calendula can stand the cold, but it can't stand the heat, and like really hot environment. Also, calendula could not survive in the during the winter and cultivation of seedling. Therefore calendula needs sufficient sunshine because the sunshine is good for plants, seedling growth. Seedling is stocky and neat. When there exists too much water around the calendula or the light is insufficient, the base leaves of the calendula are prone to yellowing. As a result, the roots of calendula will become rot and die. Besides, the calendula is a rich multivitamins plant. The flowers of calendula contain carotenoids, malic acid, seeds contain glyceride, wax, alkaloids and bitter taste in the roots, The leaves of and petals the calendula can be eaten by the human beings so that we could cook them as a side dish for dinner. Calendula used as a medicinal and cosmetic ingredient. basic information Calendula is known as marigolds, and in China Changchun, the name of the Calendula means the flower that can bloom for a whole year. The most commonly known flower of the Calendula is the pot marigold. It belongs to Plantae, Dicotyledoneae, Carduoideae. When people first know this flower, this flower was grown in western Europe, Macaronesia, southwestern Asia, and the Mediterranean. It has a long history of cultivation in Europe. It is widely used in the garden and potted plants. Growth habitats It grows in mild and cold climate, is afraid of heat, but can stand the cold. It is required to have light or light shade, loose, good drainage, soil rich and moderate soil, with certain drought resistance. The southern part of Europe and the Mediterranean coast are the place of origin of calendula. The soil pH should be kept at 6 ~ 7 so that the plants have a lot of branches and it's more large and dense. 7 ~ 20 ℃ is the most suitable temperature for Marigold growth, the seedling in the winter can withstand the low temperature of 9 ℃ below zero which can raise the ability to resist cold. And 0 ℃ is the best temperature for adult plants. If the temperature is very cold, the calendula could not survive, because the leaves of the calendula might be frozen. During the winter, if the temperature is above ten ℃, calendula will grow not good as usual, on the contrary, temperature rises in the summer, stem leaf grows too much, the flower could be unhealthy, and the petals of the flower decrease observably. Common uses Calendula, a magical flower, like many ancient plants, is of great use. It is ...

1. Calendula
Calendula is my chosen plant, and this research will focus on
the basic information, functions, and uses of calendula.
Brief introduction
The calendula plants are short and dense, with bright flowers
and long flowering periods, We could see the calendula from
April until September, and the fruiting period for Calendula
begins in June. It will end in October. It is annual herb and
flowers are yellow or orange which about 5 centimeters in
diameter and about 20～75 cm high. Calendula can stand the
cold, but it can't stand the heat, and like really hot environment.
Also, calendula could not survive in the during the winter and
cultivation of seedling. Therefore calendula needs sufficient
sunshine because the sunshine is good for plants, seedling
growth. Seedling is stocky and neat. When there exists too much
water around the calendula or the light is insufficient, the base
leaves of the calendula are prone to yellowing. As a result, the
roots of calendula will become rot and die.
Besides, the calendula is a rich multivitamins plant. The flowers
of calendula contain carotenoids, malic acid, seeds contain
glyceride, wax, alkaloids and bitter taste in the roots, The
leaves of and petals the calendula can be eaten by the human
beings so that we could cook them as a side dish for dinner.
Calendula used as a medicinal and cosmetic ingredient.

2. basic information
Calendula is known as marigolds, and in China Changchun, the
name of the Calendula means the flower that can bloom for a
whole year. The most commonly known flower of the Calendula
is the pot marigold. It belongs to Plantae, Dicotyledoneae,
Carduoideae. When people first know this flower, this flower
was grown in western Europe, Macaronesia, southwestern
Asia, and the Mediterranean. It has a long history of cultivation
in Europe. It is widely used in the garden and potted plants.
Growth habitats
It grows in mild and cold climate, is afraid of heat, but can
stand the cold. It is required to have light or light shade, loose,
good drainage, soil rich and moderate soil, with certain drought
resistance. The southern part of Europe and the Mediterranean
coast are the place of origin of calendula. The soil pH should be
kept at 6 ~ 7 so that the plants have a lot of branches and it's
more large and dense. 7 ~ 20 ℃ is the most suitable temperature
for Marigold growth, the seedling in the winter can withstand
the low temperature of 9 ℃ below zero which can raise the
ability to resist cold. And 0 ℃ is the best temperature for adult
plants. If the temperature is very cold, the calendula could not
survive, because the leaves of the calendula might be frozen.
During the winter, if the temperature is above ten ℃, calendula
will grow not good as usual, on the contrary, temperature rises
in the summer, stem leaf grows too much, the flower could be
unhealthy, and the petals of the flower decrease observably.
Common uses
Calendula, a magical flower, like many ancient plants, is of
great use. It is mainly reflected in the pharmacological effect,
medicinal use, edible value, and be used as a raw material for
cosmetics and prevent multiple skin problems.
A.Traditional and ancient uses
Marigold species have been used traditionally for the medicine
or the food because we could eat the petals of the Marigold. It

3. can be used in salads or dried. Also, it can be used to color
cheese. Moreover, it could replacement for the saffron. In
Germany, the flowers are the common ingredient for the
Germany soups and stews, which explains the why we call it
"pot marigold." The golden petals are one of material when we
want to add color to butter.
B.Pharmacological effects
During the Middle Ages, calendula was used for healing and
against plague. In Europe, European have their custom of
internal medicine that use calendula to treat the duodenal ulcer
and the stomach, gastritis and so on.
In herbalism, calendula is a powerful herb, which has the
function of relieving pain and promoting wound healing. For
external use, calendula could be one crucial plant when to treat
the skin disease. It will bring sound bactericidal effects, such as
staphylococcus and streptococcus. The antibacterial ingredients
of the calendula are soluble in the alcohols and insoluble in the
water, and results are better when the calendula met the
alkaline. It can also be used to anti-inflammatory, anti-mildew
and prevent fester and can reduce sunburn, burn, etc. If
someone takes drugs containing marigold ingredients that can
treat various inflammation, gastrointestinal ulcers,
dysmenorrhea and abnormal menstruation.
Calendula suspensions or tinctures are topical for treating acne,
reducing inflammation, controlling bleeding and soothing the
tissue. There is evidence that calendula creams or ointments are
useful in the treatment of radiation dermatitis. Calendula oil is
still medicinal. Calendula oil is used as an anti-inflammatory
drug, an antineoplastic drug, and drug for treating wounds.
Plant pharmacological studies have shown that marigold extract
has anti-viral, anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the
extract of the calendula has sedative effects on the human
central nervous system. Moreover, it can reduce the excitability

4. of the human beings. Also, the intravenous injection can lower
the blood pressure, increase heart activities and heartbeat
amplitudes, promote blood circulation, and promote bile
secretion to accelerate wound healing. The saponins in the
marigold can lower the serum cholesterol and phosphatide, to
reduce blood lipid. It is also helpful to treat stomach pain and
stomach ulcer and hemorrhoids. Cinerarias polysaccharide
composition has a robust immune stimulation
· Medicinal use
Ancient culture and marigold treatment characteristics. In some
of the earliest medical books, marigolds are recommended for
the treatment of digestive diseases. It is used to detoxify liver
and gallbladder. Apply flowers to the wounds and wounds to
stop bleeding, prevent infection and speed healing. Regular use
of marigolds can improve appetite and improve sleep quality.
Marigold is also used in a variety of female diseases and treats
some skin diseases. Calendula is used as an open wound on the
battlefield to prevent bleeding and preservatives during the
American Civil War and to treat wounds to promote healing.
Calendula was also used during World War I. Today is still
important in alternative medicine.
· The value of consumption and health care
The calendula is widely regarded as the best food for both
medicinal and edible, so it is often used as food to eat to boost
immunity. Its flowers can also be made into salads or cooked
with other foods to add color and flavor. The most common way
to eat marigold is to make calendula tea, which can improve our
health, and it is delicious.
When choosing marigolds, you should pay attention to don't
choose flowers that are too bright and too dark because the
marigolds may have been stored for a long time and are harmful
to the body. Should choose soft, smooth, the petals are not
messy.
Calendula tea is the most common herbal tea in Europe, which
can eliminate toxins and promote sleep in the long term. It can
also prevent all kinds of diseases, and it has many functions

5. such as protecting eyesight and liver, treating lymphadenitis and
increasing the beauty and so on. Marigolds are suitable for
drinking alone or with green tea. Golden petals float in golden
tea, very fragrant, if you drink it feels a little bitter, can add
some honey. Drinking marigold tea can effectively relieve your
symptoms when you have a bad cold. In addition to, it can
promote blood circulation and reduce alcoholism, but it's well
worth noting
· About cosmetics
Because marigold has many functions, including the medicinal
value and edible value mentioned above, therefore, the anti-
inflammatory, antibacterial, and calming functions of marigold
are also used in cosmetics.
Calendulas are made into cosmetic, such as creams, lotions,
shampoos, etc. The advantages of using calendula products are
as follows.
The addition of calendula can moisturize, guard against
irritation and soothe the skin. It can effectively prevent the
precipitation of melanin, improve skin luster and elasticity, and
delay aging. Use calendula to evaporate face, medicinal herb
bath or hand-foot bath, can make the skin clean and exquisite,
and let the woman looked more natural after she makes up.
Some young people like using shampoos that contain calendula
ingredients to make hair lighter.
Products containing marigold are also suitable for children. If
your baby's skin is sore, inflamed and sensitive, zinc-based
Calendula diaper care soothes and nourishes the skin. Calendula
Face Cream protects and cares for the delicate facial skin of
your baby and also serves as a gentle moisturizer for hands and
body.
Other uses
The beautiful flowers of marigolds used to be the source
of fabric dyes. By using different mordants, a variety of yellow,
orange and brown colors are available.
Culture

6. The calendula has been historically significant in many
cultures. Calendula has been called the “Poor Man’s Saffron.”
The name of calendula is a modern Latin diminutive of a
calendar; it means little calendar, little clock, or little weather-
glass. According to legend, calendula has the function of
predicting the weather, if it blooms before 7 a.m., it will be
sunny, and it will rain. Ancient Egyptians believe that
marigolds can delay old age, while Indians think of it as sacred
flowers. European and American people like to cut the flower
stalks of marigold flowers for viewing in bottles. Since the
calendula is the flower that informs the Virgin Mary, its flower
language is the relief.
Work Cited
“Calendula.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Jan. 2018,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendula.
Price, Annie. “The Antiviral Herb That May Ward Off Cancer.”
Dr. Axe, 4 Dec. 2017, draxe.com/calendula/.
“7 Impressive Calendula Benefits & Uses.” Organic Facts, 3
Nov. 2017, www.organicfacts.net/health-
benefits/other/calendula.html.
“5 Things You Need To Know About Calendula.” Rodale's
Organic Life, 15 Sept. 2017,
www.rodalesorganiclife.com/garden/5-things-you-need-to-
know-about-calendula.
“Herbal Oil: Calendula Oil Benefits and Uses.” Mercola.com,
articles.mercola.com/herbal-oils/calendula-oil.aspx.
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7. The Celendula
Yuxiang Liu
1/14/2018
Chosen Herb: Colander
Word Count: 1500
Introduction
Faulty arguments have mistakes which in turn can produce a
wrong decision or opinion. It is common that in arguments of
claims one usually finds that an opinion is logically invalid
which renders it unsound. Fallacies usually are many and
classified in accordance with their structure or content. The
habitual use of these statements is to persuade where by one is
aiming at eliciting a common agreement among different parties
and being less concerned with the correctness of the statement.
In the last assignment, I used various articles to write on
calendula plant. I will use my reference articles from the last

8. assignment in this work to find examples of faulty arguments
and state exactly why I think the reasoning is poor. In the end, I
will write a short advertisement for the calendula herb using at
least two faulty arguments.
Argument 1
Research by Price, Annie from draxe.com/calendula/ urges
people to use the calendula herb. It states, “Calendula is a plant
that has been used for centuries for ornamental purposes, as
well as culinary, cosmetic and medicinal reasons. Even if you’re
not quite sure what it is, you probably are familiar with
marigolds. This plant is in the same species as marigolds and
often called by the alternative name pot marigold (Price,
2017).”
The statement is a faulty argument. It can be clearly seen that
the writer has portrayed use of bandwagon. The writer through
her argument wants to convince people that they should always
use the Calendula herb. First, according to his argument, the
plant has been used for centuries, and therefore the reader
should not be an exception. The writer even assumes that every
person should have concise knowledge about the plant where
she says that “Even if you’re not quite sure what it is, you
probably are familiar with marigolds.” It is a clear portrayal
that the writer is assuming that no one should not be aware of
the herb and its use because it has been used for many years.
The idea is that the beneficial use of the Calendula herb is true
because it has been so for centuries.
The intentions of the writer are clear, and it can be seen that the
article aims at appealing to the masses. Because the plant has
been in use for many centuries and proved beneficial for
ornamental purposes, as well as culinary, cosmetic and
medicinal reasons, everyone reading the article will think about
this plant. The problem with this fallacy is that even if the
writer wants to convince people on why they should embark on
the use of this plant, actually not everyone in the claimed past
centuries has used this plant or even known its existence. It is
not justifiable that just because many people think about or used

9. the plant for many years that then it renders it right or good to
do.
Argument 2
Price in the introduction part of the article humorously
introduces the Calendula herb instead of a valid logic to win an
argument. According to the writer, “It’s easily harvested and
extracted and looks beautiful whether the flowers are in a pot or
steeping in a large glass jar. It can be made into a cream, oil,
gel, compress, tincture or tea; used in a bath or facial steam;
eaten in salads and stews; whipped into toothpastes or mixed
into mouthwashes, and is gentle enough for babies and the
elderly! What am I talking about? It’s the magical and powerful
calendula!(Price, 2017).”
The writer uses an emotional appeal to manipulate the emotions
of the reader other than use a logical argument to validate her
sentiments. The writer only wants to get an emotional response
from the reader. It is the reason why the author starts by
explaining how it is easy to harvest and then lists the numerous
use of the plants. The author later says that it is gentle enough
for babies and the elderly, the most vulnerable groups in matters
of health in the society. The author at the end humorously states
what she was talking about, stating it as the “magical and
powerful calendula.” The author using this fallacy shuts down
the reader’s reasoning because we all know that this is what
emotions do. In such a manner it is easy for the writer to sway
the readers by getting them emotionally involved.
Argument 3
Dr. Mercola in his article on ‘Calendula Oil Benefits and Uses’
from articles.mercola.com/herbal-oils/calendula-oil.aspx tries to
explain the benefits and uses of Calendula oil. In his
explanation, he says, “Apart from also being used to honor
Mary during Catholic events, marigold was also considered by
ancient Egyptians to have rejuvenating properties. Hindus used
the flowers to adorn statues of gods in their temples, as well as
to color their food, fabrics, and cosmetics (mercola.com,
2017).”

10. The author has used religion, Christianity and Hinduism to
demonstrate and convince the readers why they should embrace
the use of calendula herb. It is an appeal to authority because
the author is using an argument to persuade the reader by citing
what a certain authority did and used the plant for beneficial
purposes. The writer is trying to exploit the readers’ weaknesses
because he knows that the Catholics will tend to accept the use
of the plant simply because it is used to honor Mary during
Catholic events. So will the Hindus followers when they know
that the Hindus used the colander flowers to adorn statues of
gods in their temples, as well as to color their food, fabrics, and
cosmetics.
Rather than using logical arguments and facts, the writer
utilizes the aspect of religion to seduce and convince the reader.
It is common and almost obvious that when a Catholic or a
Hindu reads the article, they will be convinced that the plant
has a lot of benefits. Many will be convinced that there is no
way that the plants can be used especially for religious practices
if they are not of utmost importance and benefits. The particular
authority used here is big, and therefore the writer can easily
convince the reader that the colander plant is of beneficial use,
evidently portrayed by past use by religious authorities.
Argument 4
The research from www.organicfacts.net on “7 Impressive
Calendula Benefits & Uses” tries to explain what is the
Calendula plant, its uses and the benefits possessed by the
plants. According to the writers, “In terms of the parts of these
small, yellow-flowered plants that are consumed, the petals are
edible and have traditionally been used in soups and stews and
salads, while a powerful chemical extract can be removed from
the stems and leaves of calendula plants (www.organicfacts.net,
2017).”
The statement is faulty as bandwagon can be clearly be
visualized. According to the article, the colander petals are
edible and have traditionally been used in soups and stews and
salads. Instead of using logical arguments, the author argues

11. that since the plant has been traditionally used, then even the
reader should be using this herb just because people have used
it in the past. The problem with this statement is that not every
person has used this plant in the past and therefore it is not
justifiable that the plant has its benefits. The problem with this
fallacy is that even if the writer wants to convince people on
why they should embark on the use of this plant, actually not
everyone in the claimed past centuries has used this plant or
even known its existence. It is not justifiable that just because
many people think about or used the plant for many years that
then it renders it right or good to do.
The four arguments above are faulty all which aim at creating a
positive impression on the reader just to seduce them to use the
colander herb. The first and the last arguments are bandwagons
which means that they are aiming at convincing people that the
plant has many benefits and that it is why it has been used for
many years. However, the truth is that even if the plant has been
in use for centuries, every person has used this plant in the past
and therefore it is not justifiable that the plant has its benefits.
The second argument is an emotional appeal as the writer is
using an emotional appeal to manipulate the emotions of the
reader other than use a logical argument to validate her
sentiments. The writer’s statement is aiming at getting an
emotional response from the reader. The third argument is an
appeal to authority. The author is referring to Catholicism and
Hinduism use in the past and present to convince the reader that
they should also use the plant
Please plant the Colander, a plant that has much value today and
in traditional cultures. The Plant’s benefits can be proved by its
use for centuries for ornamental purposes, as well as culinary,
cosmetic and medicinal reasons (bandwagon). The plant is even
a key component for developing a cure for cancer as my
professor has said (appeal to authority).

12. Work Cited
Price, Annie. “The Antiviral Herb That May Ward Off Cancer.”
Dr. Axe, 4 Dec. 2017, draxe.com/calendula/.
“7 Impressive Calendula Benefits & Uses.” Organic Facts, 3
Nov. 2017, www.organicfacts.net/health-
benefits/other/calendula.html.
“Herbal Oil: Calendula Oil Benefits and Uses.” January 19,
2017, Mercola.com, articles.mercola.com/herbal-oils/calendula-
oil.aspx.