This document summarizes the HVAC system design for an office building with 6,472 square meters of floor area located in London. It provides details on the building specifications, calculated cooling and heating loads, and peak load results. The peak cooling load is 514,743 Watts in July at 2:00 PM, while the peak heating load is 238,349 Watts. The document also includes load summaries for 10 individual spaces within the building.
The document describes calculating the heating and cooling needs of a building based on its insulation level and external conditions. With a U-value of 0.5 W/m2.K, the building requires heating when the external temperature is 3°C. Reducing the U-value to 0.36 W/m2.K means the building requires cooling instead, as the balanced outdoor temperature is now below the 3°C external temperature. Adding more insulation extends the cooling season and reduces the heating season.
The document describes the process of calculating the cooling load of a room using the Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) Method. It involves calculating the transmission load through the walls and roof by determining their areas, U-values, and CLTD corrections. The solar heat gain through windows is also calculated. Internal loads from lighting, equipment, and occupancy are estimated. The total cooling load is calculated by summing the transmission load, solar gain, internal load, and occupancy load, which comes out to be 9170.97 watts or around 2.5 to 3 tons for air conditioning unit selection.
This document provides an overview of a Building Systems course, including topics like energy transfer, thermodynamics, air and water heating/cooling processes, heat transfer mechanisms, design conditions, and calculating heating loads. It discusses sensible and latent heat calculations for air and water, includes examples of heating load problems, and covers principles of estimating heating loads such as accounting for envelope transmission losses, infiltration, and design indoor/outdoor temperatures while excluding internal and solar heat gains.
The document discusses how performing HVAC load calculations using ACCA Manual J Version 8 can benefit energy raters. It provides an overview of Manual J, explaining that it establishes procedures for estimating room-by-room heating and cooling loads. Adhering to Manual J helps ensure proper sizing of HVAC equipment and elimination of comfort issues. It also discusses how factors like infiltration, duct leakage, and duct design influence load calculations and notes load calculations can enhance energy raters' skills and provide an additional revenue source.
Cooling load calculations and principlesDheiy Myth
This document provides an overview of cooling load calculations and principles. It discusses terminology related to heat transfer and load calculations. It explains how to properly size air conditioning systems and notes some key differences between heating and cooling load calculations. Specifically, cooling load calculations must account for unsteady state processes and consider internal heat sources, while heating load calculations typically assume steady state conditions and neglect internal sources. The document also differentiates between various heat flow rates including space heat gain, space cooling load, space heat extraction rate, and cooling load at the coil. It discusses components of cooling loads including sensible and latent heat gains. Finally, it provides an example calculation methodology and examples.
Higher College of Technology
This document presents a cooling load estimation report for a mechanical engineering classroom. It discusses the various factors that contribute to the sensible and latent heat loads in a space, including conduction through walls/roof, occupants, lights, appliances, and air infiltration. It then outlines the CLTD/SCL/CLF method for calculating the external and internal cooling loads, showing examples of calculating the roof load over several hours based on construction details.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) design. It begins with definitions of key terms like thermal load and psychrometry. It then discusses outdoor and indoor design conditions, principles of cooling load, and components of heating and cooling load. Specific topics covered include psychrometric processes, properties of air like temperature and humidity, and factors that affect human comfort like air movement and clothing. Methods of heat transfer and concepts like thermal conductivity and U-values are also summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines principles of air cooling and different types of air conditioners.
The document describes calculating the heating and cooling needs of a building based on its insulation level and external conditions. With a U-value of 0.5 W/m2.K, the building requires heating when the external temperature is 3°C. Reducing the U-value to 0.36 W/m2.K means the building requires cooling instead, as the balanced outdoor temperature is now below the 3°C external temperature. Adding more insulation extends the cooling season and reduces the heating season.
The document describes the process of calculating the cooling load of a room using the Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) Method. It involves calculating the transmission load through the walls and roof by determining their areas, U-values, and CLTD corrections. The solar heat gain through windows is also calculated. Internal loads from lighting, equipment, and occupancy are estimated. The total cooling load is calculated by summing the transmission load, solar gain, internal load, and occupancy load, which comes out to be 9170.97 watts or around 2.5 to 3 tons for air conditioning unit selection.
This document provides an overview of a Building Systems course, including topics like energy transfer, thermodynamics, air and water heating/cooling processes, heat transfer mechanisms, design conditions, and calculating heating loads. It discusses sensible and latent heat calculations for air and water, includes examples of heating load problems, and covers principles of estimating heating loads such as accounting for envelope transmission losses, infiltration, and design indoor/outdoor temperatures while excluding internal and solar heat gains.
The document discusses how performing HVAC load calculations using ACCA Manual J Version 8 can benefit energy raters. It provides an overview of Manual J, explaining that it establishes procedures for estimating room-by-room heating and cooling loads. Adhering to Manual J helps ensure proper sizing of HVAC equipment and elimination of comfort issues. It also discusses how factors like infiltration, duct leakage, and duct design influence load calculations and notes load calculations can enhance energy raters' skills and provide an additional revenue source.
Cooling load calculations and principlesDheiy Myth
This document provides an overview of cooling load calculations and principles. It discusses terminology related to heat transfer and load calculations. It explains how to properly size air conditioning systems and notes some key differences between heating and cooling load calculations. Specifically, cooling load calculations must account for unsteady state processes and consider internal heat sources, while heating load calculations typically assume steady state conditions and neglect internal sources. The document also differentiates between various heat flow rates including space heat gain, space cooling load, space heat extraction rate, and cooling load at the coil. It discusses components of cooling loads including sensible and latent heat gains. Finally, it provides an example calculation methodology and examples.
Higher College of Technology
This document presents a cooling load estimation report for a mechanical engineering classroom. It discusses the various factors that contribute to the sensible and latent heat loads in a space, including conduction through walls/roof, occupants, lights, appliances, and air infiltration. It then outlines the CLTD/SCL/CLF method for calculating the external and internal cooling loads, showing examples of calculating the roof load over several hours based on construction details.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) design. It begins with definitions of key terms like thermal load and psychrometry. It then discusses outdoor and indoor design conditions, principles of cooling load, and components of heating and cooling load. Specific topics covered include psychrometric processes, properties of air like temperature and humidity, and factors that affect human comfort like air movement and clothing. Methods of heat transfer and concepts like thermal conductivity and U-values are also summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines principles of air cooling and different types of air conditioners.
This document details the HVAC design for a shipping container home in Orlando, Florida. It calculates the cooling load from transmission through composite walls, solar radiation on windows and roof, and air infiltration. It determines the minimum fresh air requirements for two occupants and selects an air filter. Finally, it sizes the air conditioning system by analyzing the psychrometric processes and compressor capacity.
This document provides information about Pullen Air Conditioning and the services they offer. Pullen Air Conditioning has been in business since 1966 providing HVAC services and is NATE certified. They perform thorough manual J load calculations and design systems professionally. Pullen Air Conditioning employs factory trained and service oriented technicians. They provide options for new installations, repairs, maintenance agreements, and financing.
This document certifies that Mr. Mortada Ahmedelhaj Mohamedelnoor Elmahdi successfully completed an HVAC Systems Training Session over 80 hours from February 1, 2016 to March 7, 2016. The training covered topics such as indoor air quality, HVAC components and systems, refrigeration, psychrometrics, heating and cooling load calculations, duct design, and piping. Mr. Elmahdi was trained in the use of Autodesk software and was issued the certificate in Khartoum, Sudan on May 30, 2016.
The Siemens Room Renovation project involved replacing the HVAC system in room E 219 of the Olmsted Building. An ME team analyzed the old fan coil system and considered three replacement options: a two-pipe fan coil system, variable air volume system, and chilled beam system. They determined the updated fan coil system would be the most cost effective solution. The project scope was to research systems, install and commission the new HVAC by spring 2015, and benchmark the installed system.
Cooling and heating load calculations tide load4zTin Arboladura
The document discusses cooling and heating load calculation methods for buildings. It describes the complex factors that influence load results, including building envelope properties, internal heat sources, occupancy patterns, and weather. The traditional CLTD/CLF method uses tables to account for these factors, while newer methods like Heat Balance are more complex numerical simulations. However, the newer methods still have limitations and uncertainties around inputs like internal loads, duct losses, and infiltration that make load calculations challenging. The primary source of uncertainty is predicting occupant behavior and equipment usage rather than the calculation method itself.
This document outlines the expertise of an engineer certified in building facilities design and construction supervision, including mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and HVAC system design; building insulation, water piping, and sewage design; engineering consulting; and pool equipment design and water treatment system design. The engineer collaborates with architects and developers and provides consulting services including mechanical and electrical system design, project management, and risk analysis.
The document discusses HVAC pre-filtration systems, which first eliminate large particles through pre-filtration before forced air circulation removes smaller particles. There are three main types of HVAC pre-filters: pocket filters, disposable pleated filters, and disposable panel filters. HVAC pre-filters are designed to have low pressure drops during pre-filtration, can handle filtration pressures up to 800 kPa, and remove dust particles ranging from millimeters to microns in size.
This document summarizes how simplified load calculation spreadsheets can provide quick answers for early conceptual design without relying on traditional rules of thumb. It describes how the ASHRAE radiant time series method spreadsheets allow engineers to easily calculate block loads for different building designs, locations, and orientations in less than an hour. The document also examines how standards have impacted typical rules of thumb over time by recalculating loads for a common office building using past code requirements.
To design any air-conditioning unit, estimation of heating or cooling load is very important. It helps us in design different devices most importantly the humidifier (in case of winter) or de-humidifier (in case of summer).
Engineering plant facilities 14 fundamental questions worksheetLuis Cabrera
The document contains questions about HVAC systems and their components, mechanical systems, pumps, fire protection systems, kitchen equipment, vertical transportation, facility layouts, and facility maintenance. It includes questions asking to draw diagrams, describe purposes, functions, and components of various HVAC, mechanical, and facility systems. Definitions and descriptions are also requested for technical terms related to these fields.
The document discusses cooling load calculation and defines key terms:
1) Space heat gain is the rate of heat entering a space, while space cooling load is the rate of heat removed to maintain a constant temperature.
2) Cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) and cooling load factor (CLF) are used to convert sensible heat gain to sensible cooling load.
3) Space cooling load has external, internal, and ventilation components. External loads include solar heat gain and conduction heat gain through windows.
Strategy Guideline: Accurate Heating and Cooling CalculationsDads Work
This document provides an overview of the importance of accurate heating and cooling load calculations for properly sizing HVAC systems. It discusses how common "safety factors" that manipulate inputs can significantly inflate load calculations, leading to oversized systems. Two example houses are modeled under various manipulated conditions to demonstrate potential load increases. Combining multiple adjustments can increase loads by over 150%, risking a system 3 tons too large. Oversizing causes higher costs, reduced efficiency, comfort issues, and potential durability problems from short-cycling of equipment. Accurate load calculations considering all building characteristics are necessary for right-sizing HVAC systems.
Chapter 7 heating ventilation air conditioningvenky venkat
This document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for homes. It describes the importance of properly sizing and installing the HVAC system to ensure efficiency and comfort. The two most common systems are forced-air, which uses ducts to distribute heated or cooled air, and radiant, which uses pipes to transport hot water or steam. Forced-air systems are more common and can include gas furnaces, heat pumps, or dual-fuel systems. Heat pumps are more efficient for heating than electric resistance systems. Geothermal heat pumps use underground pipes to exchange heat with the earth for greater efficiency than air-source heat pumps. Proper installation and maintenance of any HVAC system is critical for
An HVAC load calculation is a mathematical process that determines the best size, type, and style of HVAC system for a home by verifying details like square footage, windows, insulation, and ductwork. It is important to have a load calculation done before replacing an HVAC system because it will pick the correctly sized system, reduce energy consumption, help diagnose issues, and save money on bills. Many HVAC companies provide load calculations for free.
The document discusses psychrometrics and its importance in air conditioning design. It defines key psychrometric concepts like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, saturation line, relative humidity, specific volume, enthalpy, and the comfort zone. These concepts are important for understanding heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification processes depicted on a psychrometric chart. The document also discusses climate classification and references additional resources on psychrometrics.
This document discusses psychrometry and air conditioning. It begins by defining dry air and atmospheric air, and the specific and relative humidity of air. It then discusses dew point temperature and how to calculate it. The document introduces the psychrometric chart as a tool to determine air properties and outlines several air conditioning processes like heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification. Key concepts like wet bulb temperature, adiabatic saturation and human comfort are also summarized. Specific air conditioning applications such as evaporative cooling, mixing of air streams and cooling towers are briefly described.
To save energy seal ducts. New code requirements will test ducts for air leakage. Find out the best way to seal your HVAC system whether it's a retrofit or a new system.
This document discusses various topics related to computing cooling loads and energy performance ratings for building architectures, including:
- Calculating cooling loads based on envelope areas, U-values, glazing properties, infiltration, ventilation, occupants, lighting, and equipment.
- Determining cooling degree hours to indicate relative warmth for a location.
- Energy performance ratings like SEER, EER, and COP that indicate efficiency of cooling systems.
- Computing annual fuel consumption and costs based on cooling load, degree hours, and system efficiency ratings.
- Comparing simple payback periods of different cooling system options.
This document contains calculations and information for sizing HVAC systems and components. It includes psychrometric calculations to determine cooling and heating loads based on outdoor conditions, building envelope properties, internal gains, and desired indoor conditions. Spreadsheets provide templates for calculating duct sizing, pressure loss, fan sizing, and air leakage testing. Preliminary pipe sizing and module temperature calculations are also referenced. The document contains information on HVAC system design and sizing.
This document provides performance data and specifications for a heat exchanger (HE-22120) consisting of a single shell with TEMA BEM construction. Key details include:
- The heat exchanger transfers 60525 kcal/hr between cold and hot fluid streams of 11987 kg/hr and 15000 kg/hr respectively.
- It has an actual overall heat transfer coefficient of 422.47 W/m2-K to achieve the required coefficient of 281.82 W/m2-K.
- The shell is 450mm in diameter, has 75 plain carbon steel tubes of 2m length in a single pass configuration.
1) Residential and commercial energy use for space heating, water heating, and space cooling accounted for over 80% of total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in 2003 according to the document.
2) The document outlines opportunities for reducing energy use and emissions from buildings through the increased use of renewable technologies like biomass heaters, solar thermal, and geothermal heat pumps for space and water heating.
3) It proposes several policy measures that could help increase the use of renewable heating technologies in Canada like a Green Heat Partnership, mandatory consideration of renewable options, and emission credits.
This document provides an air system sizing summary for syst1 in Casablanca, Morocco. The single zone CAV system serves a 355 sqm floor area with a peak cooling load of 37.2 kW in August. The central cooling coil is designed to handle a total cooling load of 30039 W with a sensible load of 30039 W. The central heating coil is designed for a peak heating load of 26531 W occurring in December.
This document details the HVAC design for a shipping container home in Orlando, Florida. It calculates the cooling load from transmission through composite walls, solar radiation on windows and roof, and air infiltration. It determines the minimum fresh air requirements for two occupants and selects an air filter. Finally, it sizes the air conditioning system by analyzing the psychrometric processes and compressor capacity.
This document provides information about Pullen Air Conditioning and the services they offer. Pullen Air Conditioning has been in business since 1966 providing HVAC services and is NATE certified. They perform thorough manual J load calculations and design systems professionally. Pullen Air Conditioning employs factory trained and service oriented technicians. They provide options for new installations, repairs, maintenance agreements, and financing.
This document certifies that Mr. Mortada Ahmedelhaj Mohamedelnoor Elmahdi successfully completed an HVAC Systems Training Session over 80 hours from February 1, 2016 to March 7, 2016. The training covered topics such as indoor air quality, HVAC components and systems, refrigeration, psychrometrics, heating and cooling load calculations, duct design, and piping. Mr. Elmahdi was trained in the use of Autodesk software and was issued the certificate in Khartoum, Sudan on May 30, 2016.
The Siemens Room Renovation project involved replacing the HVAC system in room E 219 of the Olmsted Building. An ME team analyzed the old fan coil system and considered three replacement options: a two-pipe fan coil system, variable air volume system, and chilled beam system. They determined the updated fan coil system would be the most cost effective solution. The project scope was to research systems, install and commission the new HVAC by spring 2015, and benchmark the installed system.
Cooling and heating load calculations tide load4zTin Arboladura
The document discusses cooling and heating load calculation methods for buildings. It describes the complex factors that influence load results, including building envelope properties, internal heat sources, occupancy patterns, and weather. The traditional CLTD/CLF method uses tables to account for these factors, while newer methods like Heat Balance are more complex numerical simulations. However, the newer methods still have limitations and uncertainties around inputs like internal loads, duct losses, and infiltration that make load calculations challenging. The primary source of uncertainty is predicting occupant behavior and equipment usage rather than the calculation method itself.
This document outlines the expertise of an engineer certified in building facilities design and construction supervision, including mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and HVAC system design; building insulation, water piping, and sewage design; engineering consulting; and pool equipment design and water treatment system design. The engineer collaborates with architects and developers and provides consulting services including mechanical and electrical system design, project management, and risk analysis.
The document discusses HVAC pre-filtration systems, which first eliminate large particles through pre-filtration before forced air circulation removes smaller particles. There are three main types of HVAC pre-filters: pocket filters, disposable pleated filters, and disposable panel filters. HVAC pre-filters are designed to have low pressure drops during pre-filtration, can handle filtration pressures up to 800 kPa, and remove dust particles ranging from millimeters to microns in size.
This document summarizes how simplified load calculation spreadsheets can provide quick answers for early conceptual design without relying on traditional rules of thumb. It describes how the ASHRAE radiant time series method spreadsheets allow engineers to easily calculate block loads for different building designs, locations, and orientations in less than an hour. The document also examines how standards have impacted typical rules of thumb over time by recalculating loads for a common office building using past code requirements.
To design any air-conditioning unit, estimation of heating or cooling load is very important. It helps us in design different devices most importantly the humidifier (in case of winter) or de-humidifier (in case of summer).
Engineering plant facilities 14 fundamental questions worksheetLuis Cabrera
The document contains questions about HVAC systems and their components, mechanical systems, pumps, fire protection systems, kitchen equipment, vertical transportation, facility layouts, and facility maintenance. It includes questions asking to draw diagrams, describe purposes, functions, and components of various HVAC, mechanical, and facility systems. Definitions and descriptions are also requested for technical terms related to these fields.
The document discusses cooling load calculation and defines key terms:
1) Space heat gain is the rate of heat entering a space, while space cooling load is the rate of heat removed to maintain a constant temperature.
2) Cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) and cooling load factor (CLF) are used to convert sensible heat gain to sensible cooling load.
3) Space cooling load has external, internal, and ventilation components. External loads include solar heat gain and conduction heat gain through windows.
Strategy Guideline: Accurate Heating and Cooling CalculationsDads Work
This document provides an overview of the importance of accurate heating and cooling load calculations for properly sizing HVAC systems. It discusses how common "safety factors" that manipulate inputs can significantly inflate load calculations, leading to oversized systems. Two example houses are modeled under various manipulated conditions to demonstrate potential load increases. Combining multiple adjustments can increase loads by over 150%, risking a system 3 tons too large. Oversizing causes higher costs, reduced efficiency, comfort issues, and potential durability problems from short-cycling of equipment. Accurate load calculations considering all building characteristics are necessary for right-sizing HVAC systems.
Chapter 7 heating ventilation air conditioningvenky venkat
This document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for homes. It describes the importance of properly sizing and installing the HVAC system to ensure efficiency and comfort. The two most common systems are forced-air, which uses ducts to distribute heated or cooled air, and radiant, which uses pipes to transport hot water or steam. Forced-air systems are more common and can include gas furnaces, heat pumps, or dual-fuel systems. Heat pumps are more efficient for heating than electric resistance systems. Geothermal heat pumps use underground pipes to exchange heat with the earth for greater efficiency than air-source heat pumps. Proper installation and maintenance of any HVAC system is critical for
An HVAC load calculation is a mathematical process that determines the best size, type, and style of HVAC system for a home by verifying details like square footage, windows, insulation, and ductwork. It is important to have a load calculation done before replacing an HVAC system because it will pick the correctly sized system, reduce energy consumption, help diagnose issues, and save money on bills. Many HVAC companies provide load calculations for free.
The document discusses psychrometrics and its importance in air conditioning design. It defines key psychrometric concepts like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, saturation line, relative humidity, specific volume, enthalpy, and the comfort zone. These concepts are important for understanding heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification processes depicted on a psychrometric chart. The document also discusses climate classification and references additional resources on psychrometrics.
This document discusses psychrometry and air conditioning. It begins by defining dry air and atmospheric air, and the specific and relative humidity of air. It then discusses dew point temperature and how to calculate it. The document introduces the psychrometric chart as a tool to determine air properties and outlines several air conditioning processes like heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification. Key concepts like wet bulb temperature, adiabatic saturation and human comfort are also summarized. Specific air conditioning applications such as evaporative cooling, mixing of air streams and cooling towers are briefly described.
To save energy seal ducts. New code requirements will test ducts for air leakage. Find out the best way to seal your HVAC system whether it's a retrofit or a new system.
This document discusses various topics related to computing cooling loads and energy performance ratings for building architectures, including:
- Calculating cooling loads based on envelope areas, U-values, glazing properties, infiltration, ventilation, occupants, lighting, and equipment.
- Determining cooling degree hours to indicate relative warmth for a location.
- Energy performance ratings like SEER, EER, and COP that indicate efficiency of cooling systems.
- Computing annual fuel consumption and costs based on cooling load, degree hours, and system efficiency ratings.
- Comparing simple payback periods of different cooling system options.
This document contains calculations and information for sizing HVAC systems and components. It includes psychrometric calculations to determine cooling and heating loads based on outdoor conditions, building envelope properties, internal gains, and desired indoor conditions. Spreadsheets provide templates for calculating duct sizing, pressure loss, fan sizing, and air leakage testing. Preliminary pipe sizing and module temperature calculations are also referenced. The document contains information on HVAC system design and sizing.
This document provides performance data and specifications for a heat exchanger (HE-22120) consisting of a single shell with TEMA BEM construction. Key details include:
- The heat exchanger transfers 60525 kcal/hr between cold and hot fluid streams of 11987 kg/hr and 15000 kg/hr respectively.
- It has an actual overall heat transfer coefficient of 422.47 W/m2-K to achieve the required coefficient of 281.82 W/m2-K.
- The shell is 450mm in diameter, has 75 plain carbon steel tubes of 2m length in a single pass configuration.
1) Residential and commercial energy use for space heating, water heating, and space cooling accounted for over 80% of total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in 2003 according to the document.
2) The document outlines opportunities for reducing energy use and emissions from buildings through the increased use of renewable technologies like biomass heaters, solar thermal, and geothermal heat pumps for space and water heating.
3) It proposes several policy measures that could help increase the use of renewable heating technologies in Canada like a Green Heat Partnership, mandatory consideration of renewable options, and emission credits.
This document provides an air system sizing summary for syst1 in Casablanca, Morocco. The single zone CAV system serves a 355 sqm floor area with a peak cooling load of 37.2 kW in August. The central cooling coil is designed to handle a total cooling load of 30039 W with a sensible load of 30039 W. The central heating coil is designed for a peak heating load of 26531 W occurring in December.
This document discusses research on radiant barrier technology. It begins with definitions of radiant barriers and descriptions of how they are installed. It then summarizes the key findings from experiments conducted on test houses, including a 28% reduction in daily heat flow from radiant barriers. Computer simulations validated the experimental results and found seasonal energy savings of up to 34% from radiant barriers. Parametric analyses examined the effects of climate conditions, building properties, and radiant barrier properties on radiant barrier performance. In conclusion, the research demonstrated the energy saving potential of radiant barrier technology.
This document provides sizing summaries for the air system and zones of a building in Medellín, Colombia. The air system serves 26 zones totaling 5,063 square feet. Key specifications and peak cooling loads are reported, including a total central cooling coil load of 24.1 tons and maximum block airflow of 13,444 CFM. Individual zone designs are also summarized, listing design supply airflows, minimum flows, and peak sensible loads for each of the 26 zones.
District Cooling Service - Presentation to Qatar RailJaygopal Kottilil
This document discusses district cooling services in the GCC region. It provides background on district cooling, including its history in North America and Europe. It then discusses the growth of district cooling in the GCC, forecasting a need for 2 million refrigerant tons of cooling capacity for new construction projects over the next 8-10 years. The document analyzes the benefits of district cooling systems over individual building cooling systems, such as improved reliability and reduced energy usage. It also provides several case studies comparing the capital and operating costs of district cooling versus other cooling solutions. The analysis shows that district cooling can be economically viable for large developments if capital costs are optimized and utilities such as treated seawater are consistently available.
In this Thesis I will try to understand the concept associated with cooling towers and model a laboratory sized cooling tower in a software package called Engineering Equation Solver (EES). An example of system modelling is presented in this progress report, along with the comparison of a set of results with an experimental data from P.A Hilton Model H892 Bench top cooling tower with a maximum of 9% error. A user interface is also modelled to simulate off-design performance rather than conducting experiments. It also allows you to do additional scenarios that cannot be practically being done in lab,
like Relative humidity, etc.
The document proposes passive design strategies to improve thermal comfort in a master bedroom. It analyzes sun exposure, wind patterns, and internal and external temperatures. It finds the room gets direct sunlight in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The wind is from the northeast but hot air gets trapped on the site. Internal temperatures increase, especially in the evenings. It recommends maximizing ventilation and minimizing heat gain through insulated walls with tinted, insulated glass doors and windows to control solar heat gain and glare while maintaining visibility and acoustic performance.
The document summarizes principles of cooling system dynamics and cooling tower design and operation. The main points are:
1) Cooling towers reject waste heat from industrial processes by evaporating a portion of circulating water to lower its temperature. Key factors that determine a tower's thermal performance include ambient conditions, water flow rates, and design of fill materials and distribution systems.
2) A sample "hot weather" cooling tower operation problem is presented to illustrate calculations of wet bulb temperature, evaporation rates, temperature drops, and the effects of varying water flow rates and makeup water quantities on performance.
3) Proper design and maintenance are important to maximize heat transfer between air and water in the tower and achieve the desired approach
This document contains the mid-term assignment submission for a course on building materials and methods for energy efficiency. It includes details of the site context, dwelling layout, sections, elevations, door-window schedule, wall sections, dwelling images, and energy analysis results for a 4 bedroom flat in Gandhinagar, India. The key points assessed are the openable window to floor area ratio, visible light transmittance, thermal transmittance of the roof, and residential envelope heat transmittance. Calculations show that the building meets requirements for openable window to floor area ratio and visible light transmittance but does not meet requirements for maximum thermal transmittance of the roof. The residential envelope heat transmittance is calculated
1) Passive design principles aim to improve occupant comfort and reduce energy usage through strategies like building orientation, shading, fenestration systems, daylighting, ventilation, and reducing thermal radiation.
2) Key factors that affect thermal comfort are air temperature, relative humidity, air movement, clothing, activity level, and mean radiant temperature. Passive design strategies can help control these factors.
3) Case studies show that optimizing aspects like building orientation, window-to-wall ratio, glazing type, ventilation, and HVAC system can significantly reduce a building's overall thermal transfer value and energy usage.
Lledó Energía produces high performance prismatic daylighting systems called Lledó Sunoptics. Lledó Sunoptics maximize light transmission with 100% diffusion, illuminating larger areas for more hours per day to reduce power consumption. They provide a higher light transmission than conventional skylights by 35% without causing damage from direct sunlight or UV radiation indoors. Lledó Sunoptics have been installed in commercial and industrial buildings across Europe and the United States.
1. Summary
Location and Weather
Project HVAC BUILDING SYSYTEM
Address
Calculation Time 4 February 2016 14:43
Report Type Standard
Latitude 51.50°
Longitude -0.13°
Summer Dry Bulb 31 °C
Summer Wet Bulb 19 °C
Winter Dry Bulb 0 °C
Mean Daily Range 12 °C
Building Summary
Inputs
Building Type Office
Area (m²) 6,472
Volume (m³) 21,567.87
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Total Load (W) 514,743
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 14:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 502,128
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 12,614
Maximum Cooling Capacity (W) 514,743
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 37,545.1
Peak Heating Load (W) 238,349
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 12,344.4
Checksums
Cooling Load Density (W/m²) 79.53
2. Cooling Flow Density (L/(s·m²)) 5.80
Cooling Flow / Load (L/(s·kW)) 72.94
Cooling Area / Load (m²/kW) 12.57
Heating Load Density (W/m²) 36.83
Heating Flow Density (L/(s·m²)) 1.91
Zone Summary - Default
Inputs
Area (m²) 6,472
Volume (m³) 21,567.87
Cooling Setpoint 23 °C
Heating Setpoint 21 °C
Supply Air Temperature 12 °C
Number of People 227
Infiltration (L/s) 0.0
Air Volume Calculation Type VAV - Single Duct
Relative Humidity 46.00% (Calculated)
Psychrometrics
Psychrometric Message None
Cooling Coil Entering Dry-Bulb Temperature 23 °C
Cooling Coil Entering Wet-Bulb Temperature 16 °C
Cooling Coil Leaving Dry-Bulb Temperature 11 °C
Cooling Coil Leaving Wet-Bulb Temperature 11 °C
Mixed Air Dry-Bulb Temperature 23 °C
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Load (W) 514,743
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 14:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 502,128
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 12,614
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 37,545.1
3. Peak Heating Load (W) 238,349
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 12,344.4
Peak Ventilation Airflow (L/s) 0.0
Checksums
Cooling Load Density (W/m²) 79.53
Cooling Flow Density (L/(s·m²)) 5.80
Cooling Flow / Load (L/(s·kW)) 72.94
Cooling Area / Load (m²/kW) 12.57
Heating Load Density (W/m²) 36.83
Heating Flow Density (L/(s·m²)) 1.91
Ventilation Density (L/(s·m²)) 0.00
Ventilation / Person (L/s) 0.0
Components
Cooling Heating
Loads (W) Percentage of Total Loads (W) Percentage of Total
Wall 110 0.02% 363 0.15%
Window 66,229 12.87% 89,137 37.40%
Door 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Roof 268,627 52.19% 148,848 62.45%
Skylight 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Partition 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Infiltration 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Ventilation 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Lighting 60,053 11.67%
Power 78,069 15.17%
People 26,912 5.23%
Plenum 0 0.00%
Fan Heat 14,743 2.86%
Reheat 0 0.00%
Total 514,743 100% 238,349 100%
4. Default Spaces
Space Name Area (m²) Volume (m³) Peak Cooling Load (W) Cooling Airflow (L/s) Peak Heating Load (W) Heating Airflow (L/s)
1 Space 1,050 4,200.00 38,933 2,910.7 16,162 837.0
2 Space 358 1,147.74 36,838 2,730.2 19,268 997.9
3 Space 397 1,272.00 38,314 2,770.0 20,814 1,078.0
4 Space 497 1,591.81 40,223 3,020.4 19,886 1,029.9
5 Space 497 1,592.06 40,226 3,020.6 19,888 1,030.0
6 Space 765 2,450.31 65,581 4,924.5 38,584 1,998.3
7 Space 450 1,443.35 40,182 3,017.3 18,552 960.8
8 Space 449 1,436.51 40,143 3,014.3 18,550 960.7
9 Space 449 1,436.51 40,146 3,014.6 18,552 960.8
10 Space 1,560 4,997.59 121,792 9,122.5 48,093 2,490.8
Space Summary - 1 Space
Inputs
Area (m²) 1,050
Volume (m³) 4,200.00
Wall Area (m²) 260
Roof Area (m²) 0
Door Area (m²) 0
Partition Area (m²) 0
Window Area (m²) 513
Skylight Area (m²) 0
5. Lighting Load (W) 11,302
Power Load (W) 14,693
Number of People 37
Sensible Heat Gain / Person (W) 73
Latent Heat Gain / Person (W) 59
Infiltration Airflow (L/s) 0.0
Space Type Office (inherited from building type)
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Load (W) 38,933
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 13:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 36,887
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 2,046
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 2,910.7
Peak Heating Load (W) 16,162
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 837.0
Components
Cooling Heating
Loads (W) Percentage of Total Loads (W) Percentage of Total
Wall 25 0.06% 65 0.40%
Window 13,241 34.01% 16,097 99.60%
Door 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Roof 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Skylight 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Partition 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Infiltration 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Lighting 9,333 23.97%
Power 12,133 31.16%
People 4,201 10.79%
Plenum 0 0.00%
Total 38,933 100% 16,162 100%
6. Space Summary - 2 Space
Inputs
Area (m²) 358
Volume (m³) 1,147.74
Wall Area (m²) 152
Roof Area (m²) 358
Door Area (m²) 8
Partition Area (m²) 0
Window Area (m²) 150
Skylight Area (m²) 0
Lighting Load (W) 3,856
Power Load (W) 5,012
Number of People 13
Sensible Heat Gain / Person (W) 73
Latent Heat Gain / Person (W) 59
Infiltration Airflow (L/s) 0.0
Space Type Office (inherited from building type)
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Load (W) 36,838
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 15:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 36,139
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 698
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 2,730.2
Peak Heating Load (W) 19,268
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 997.9
7. Components
Cooling Heating
Loads (W) Percentage of Total Loads (W) Percentage of Total
Wall 14 0.04% 38 0.20%
Window 10,052 27.29% 9,410 48.84%
Door 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Roof 17,536 47.60% 9,820 50.96%
Skylight 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Partition 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Infiltration 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Lighting 3,358 9.11%
Power 4,365 11.85%
People 1,513 4.11%
Plenum 0 0.00%
Total 36,838 100% 19,268 100%
Space Summary - 3 Space
Inputs
Area (m²) 397
Volume (m³) 1,272.00
Wall Area (m²) 160
Roof Area (m²) 397
Door Area (m²) 8
Partition Area (m²) 0
Window Area (m²) 157
Skylight Area (m²) 0
Lighting Load (W) 4,273
Power Load (W) 5,555
8. Number of People 14
Sensible Heat Gain / Person (W) 73
Latent Heat Gain / Person (W) 59
Infiltration Airflow (L/s) 0.0
Space Type Office (inherited from building type)
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Load (W) 38,314
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 15:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 37,541
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 774
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 2,770.0
Peak Heating Load (W) 20,814
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 1,078.0
Components
Cooling Heating
Loads (W) Percentage of Total Loads (W) Percentage of Total
Wall 11 0.03% 41 0.20%
Window 8,632 22.53% 9,891 47.52%
Door 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Roof 19,436 50.73% 10,883 52.29%
Skylight 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Partition 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Infiltration 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Lighting 3,721 9.71%
Power 4,838 12.63%
People 1,677 4.38%
Plenum 0 0.00%
Total 38,314 100% 20,814 100%
9. Space Summary - 4 Space
Inputs
Area (m²) 497
Volume (m³) 1,591.81
Wall Area (m²) 100
Roof Area (m²) 499
Door Area (m²) 8
Partition Area (m²) 0
Window Area (m²) 115
Skylight Area (m²) 0
Lighting Load (W) 5,351
Power Load (W) 6,956
Number of People 18
Sensible Heat Gain / Person (W) 73
Latent Heat Gain / Person (W) 59
Infiltration Airflow (L/s) 0.0
Space Type Office (inherited from building type)
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Load (W) 40,223
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 14:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 39,254
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 969
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 3,020.4
Peak Heating Load (W) 19,886
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 1,029.9
Components
Cooling Heating
Loads (W) Percentage of Total Loads (W) Percentage of Total
10. Wall 5 0.01% 26 0.13%
Window 2,786 6.93% 6,188 31.12%
Door 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Roof 24,674 61.34% 13,672 68.75%
Skylight 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Partition 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Infiltration 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Lighting 4,644 11.54%
Power 6,037 15.01%
People 2,078 5.17%
Plenum 0 0.00%
Total 40,223 100% 19,886 100%
Space Summary - 5 Space
Inputs
Area (m²) 497
Volume (m³) 1,592.06
Wall Area (m²) 100
Roof Area (m²) 499
Door Area (m²) 8
Partition Area (m²) 0
Window Area (m²) 117
Skylight Area (m²) 0
Lighting Load (W) 5,352
Power Load (W) 6,957
Number of People 18
Sensible Heat Gain / Person (W) 73
11. Latent Heat Gain / Person (W) 59
Infiltration Airflow (L/s) 0.0
Space Type Office (inherited from building type)
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Load (W) 40,226
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 14:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 39,257
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 969
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 3,020.6
Peak Heating Load (W) 19,888
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 1,030.0
Components
Cooling Heating
Loads (W) Percentage of Total Loads (W) Percentage of Total
Wall 4 0.01% 25 0.13%
Window 2,788 6.93% 6,191 31.13%
Door 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Roof 24,674 61.34% 13,672 68.75%
Skylight 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Partition 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Infiltration 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Lighting 4,644 11.55%
Power 6,038 15.01%
People 2,078 5.17%
Plenum 0 0.00%
Total 40,226 100% 19,888 100%
Space Summary - 6 Space
12. Inputs
Area (m²) 765
Volume (m³) 2,450.31
Wall Area (m²) 284
Roof Area (m²) 764
Door Area (m²) 11
Partition Area (m²) 0
Window Area (m²) 328
Skylight Area (m²) 0
Lighting Load (W) 8,233
Power Load (W) 10,702
Number of People 27
Sensible Heat Gain / Person (W) 73
Latent Heat Gain / Person (W) 59
Infiltration Airflow (L/s) 0.0
Space Type Office (inherited from building type)
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Load (W) 65,581
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 14:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 64,090
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 1,491
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 4,924.5
Peak Heating Load (W) 38,584
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 1,998.3
Components
Cooling Heating
Loads (W) Percentage of Total Loads (W) Percentage of Total
Wall 16 0.02% 71 0.18%
Window 8,132 12.40% 17,566 45.53%
13. Door 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Roof 37,803 57.64% 20,947 54.29%
Skylight 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Partition 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Infiltration 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Lighting 7,144 10.89%
Power 9,288 14.16%
People 3,197 4.87%
Plenum 0 0.00%
Total 65,581 100% 38,584 100%
Space Summary - 7 Space
Inputs
Area (m²) 450
Volume (m³) 1,443.35
Wall Area (m²) 100
Roof Area (m²) 450
Door Area (m²) 8
Partition Area (m²) 0
Window Area (m²) 186
Skylight Area (m²) 0
Lighting Load (W) 4,848
Power Load (W) 6,302
Number of People 16
Sensible Heat Gain / Person (W) 73
Latent Heat Gain / Person (W) 59
Infiltration Airflow (L/s) 0.0
14. Space Type Office (inherited from building type)
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Load (W) 40,182
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 14:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 39,305
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 878
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 3,017.3
Peak Heating Load (W) 18,552
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 960.8
Components
Cooling Heating
Loads (W) Percentage of Total Loads (W) Percentage of Total
Wall 8 0.02% 25 0.13%
Window 6,375 15.86% 6,203 33.44%
Door 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Roof 22,240 55.35% 12,324 66.43%
Skylight 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Partition 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Infiltration 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Lighting 4,207 10.47%
Power 5,469 13.61%
People 1,882 4.68%
Plenum 0 0.00%
Total 40,182 100% 18,552 100%
Space Summary - 8 Space
Inputs
15. Area (m²) 449
Volume (m³) 1,436.51
Wall Area (m²) 100
Roof Area (m²) 450
Door Area (m²) 8
Partition Area (m²) 0
Window Area (m²) 115
Skylight Area (m²) 0
Lighting Load (W) 4,829
Power Load (W) 6,277
Number of People 16
Sensible Heat Gain / Person (W) 73
Latent Heat Gain / Person (W) 59
Infiltration Airflow (L/s) 0.0
Space Type Office (inherited from building type)
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Load (W) 40,143
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 14:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 39,269
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 874
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 3,014.3
Peak Heating Load (W) 18,550
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 960.7
Components
Cooling Heating
Loads (W) Percentage of Total Loads (W) Percentage of Total
Wall 9 0.02% 26 0.14%
Window 6,359 15.84% 6,188 33.36%
Door 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Roof 22,263 55.46% 12,336 66.50%
16. Skylight 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Partition 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Infiltration 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Lighting 4,190 10.44%
Power 5,448 13.57%
People 1,875 4.67%
Plenum 0 0.00%
Total 40,143 100% 18,550 100%
Space Summary - 9 Space
Inputs
Area (m²) 449
Volume (m³) 1,436.51
Wall Area (m²) 100
Roof Area (m²) 450
Door Area (m²) 8
Partition Area (m²) 0
Window Area (m²) 115
Skylight Area (m²) 0
Lighting Load (W) 4,829
Power Load (W) 6,277
Number of People 16
Sensible Heat Gain / Person (W) 73
Latent Heat Gain / Person (W) 59
Infiltration Airflow (L/s) 0.0
Space Type Office (inherited from building type)
Calculated Results
17. Peak Cooling Load (W) 40,146
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 14:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 39,271
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 874
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 3,014.6
Peak Heating Load (W) 18,552
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 960.8
Components
Cooling Heating
Loads (W) Percentage of Total Loads (W) Percentage of Total
Wall 8 0.02% 25 0.13%
Window 6,362 15.85% 6,191 33.37%
Door 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Roof 22,263 55.45% 12,336 66.49%
Skylight 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Partition 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Infiltration 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Lighting 4,190 10.44%
Power 5,448 13.57%
People 1,875 4.67%
Plenum 0 0.00%
Total 40,146 100% 18,552 100%
Space Summary - 10 Space
Inputs
Area (m²) 1,560
Volume (m³) 4,997.59
18. Wall Area (m²) 84
Roof Area (m²) 1,563
Door Area (m²) 65
Partition Area (m²) 0
Window Area (m²) 401
Skylight Area (m²) 0
Lighting Load (W) 16,797
Power Load (W) 21,836
Number of People 55
Sensible Heat Gain / Person (W) 73
Latent Heat Gain / Person (W) 59
Infiltration Airflow (L/s) 0.0
Space Type Office (inherited from building type)
Calculated Results
Peak Cooling Load (W) 121,792
Peak Cooling Month and Hour July 15:00
Peak Cooling Sensible Load (W) 118,751
Peak Cooling Latent Load (W) 3,041
Peak Cooling Airflow (L/s) 9,122.5
Peak Heating Load (W) 48,093
Peak Heating Airflow (L/s) 2,490.8
Components
Cooling Heating
Loads (W) Percentage of Total Loads (W) Percentage of Total
Wall 10 0.01% 22 0.05%
Window 5,010 4.11% 5,212 10.84%
Door 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Roof 76,539 62.84% 42,859 89.12%
Skylight 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Partition 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
19. Infiltration 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
Lighting 14,627 12.01%
Power 19,015 15.61%
People 6,591 5.41%
Plenum 0 0.00%
Total 121,792 100% 48,093 100%