Cables for power systems.PPT

1. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Cables for Power Systems
Paul M. Grant
Electric Power Research Institute
Palo Alto, California USA

2. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Agenda
• Prelude
• Conventional Underground
Transmission/Distribution Cables
• Review of Type II Superconductivity
• HTSC Wire Issues
• LTSC ac and dc Cables of the Past
• HTSC ac and dc Cables for the Future
• Closure

3. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Electricity &
Quality of Life
Emerging
Developing
Developed
FSUs
log [ per capita GDP ]
log
[
per
capita
Electricity
Generation
]
Persian Gulf
• Electricity directly
related to standard
of living in most of
the world
• Enormous increase
in electricity usage
seen for the 21st
century

4. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Electricity &
Energy Conservation
E/GNP (index: 1900=100) Electricity (%)
E/GNP ratio
Electricity
fraction
Source: Electricity in the American Economy, Sam H. Schurr, et al., 1990
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
50
40
30
20
10
150
130
110
90
70
50

5. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Electricity:
A Life Necessity

6. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
The Electricity
Paradigm
• Generation/Storage
– Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical
– “Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass)
• Transmission/Distribution
– Overhead & Underground
– ac & dc
• End Use
– Industrial (Motors, Thermal)
– Residential (Lighting, Appliances)

7. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Conventional Underground
Transmission/Distribution Cables

8. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Overhead Lines
• Fast and cheap
• Piggyback on
telegraph rights-of-
way
• High capacity

9. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Urban Transmission
ca. 1910
• City streets jammed
with poles, overhead
lines
• Visual pollution,
danger
• No more rights-of-
way

10. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
The Answer:
Underground Cables

11. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Typical Utility
Underground Feeds

12. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Undergrounding

13. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Line/Cable
Performance Limits

14. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Cable Conductors
• Wire is what is
wound into a
conductor
• A cable is made by
packaging a
conductor
• A line is what is
hung from poles

15. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Cable-in Conduit
• Cable installed in
steel pipe (~ 8-12”
dia)
• Very common in
USA, ~50% in
Japan
• Easy to retrofit

16. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Typical Cable
Construction

17. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Elements of an
HV cable
• Center conductor
• One circuit per cable
• Three cables in a
conduit

18. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Manhole Structure

19. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
High Pressure
Oil Cooling

20. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Urban Utilities:
ca. 1920

21. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Type II Superconductors

22. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
SC Phase Diagram
Irreversibility
Line
Meissner
Mixed
Normal
Hc2
Hc1
Magnetic
Field
Tc
Temperature

23. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Abrikosov Vortex
Lattice
H
J
FLorentz Defects (pin sites)
Lorentz
force

24. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Extrinsic Pinning
10mm 10mm
DECORATED VORTEX ARRAYS
with random heavy ion tracks
clean
M. Leghissa, et al. Phys. Rev.
B48
, 1341 (1993)

25. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Fission-Induced
Splay Defects
• L. Krusin-Elbaum, et
al., Nature, TBP
• Proton-induced
fission of Bi and Hg
• World record Hirr at
77 K in Hg-1212
• Potential for special
purpose high-field
magnets

26. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Vortex Matter
FLorentz
Moving Vortex Lattice
(elastic flow)
Dynam
ic Phase Diagram
(plastic flow)
(moving liquid)
H
T
HC2
HC1
T C
Normal
State
Meissner State
M
elting
line
Vortex Liquid
S
u
p
e
r
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
n
g
F
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
g
i
m
e
Magnetic
Field
Static Phase Diagram
Vortex Glass
Bose Glass
Polymer Glass
Vortex Lattice

27. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
HTSC Wire Issues

28. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Progress in SC Wire
Materials
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
0
50
100
150
200
Temperature,
T
C
(K)
Year
Low-TC
High-T
C
164 K

29. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Wire-to-Cable

30. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Malozemoff’s Law
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
J
c
(kA/cm
2
at
77
K,
0T)
1990 1992 1995
1994
1991 1993 1996
ASC Short Rolled
Multifilament
BSCCO-2223/Ag

31. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Wire C/P Specs
V = f(I,T,B, , ,A,l),
where V = voltage drop per unit length,
I = current,
T = temperature,
B = magnetic field,
 = crystallographic orientation,
 = frequency,
A = cross-sectional area,
l = wire length.
C/P = $/I l = $/l g(V,T,B, , ,A,l),

32. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
JC(B,T), B||ab
0.00 1.00 2.00
3.00 4.00
5.00 6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
85
70
50
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jc(B,T)/Jc(0,77)
B(T)
T(K)
ASC Bi-2223 OPIT Tape
Normalized Jc, B||ab
85
77
70
64
50
35
20

33. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
JC(B,T), B||c
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
20
50
70
85
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jc(B,T)/Jc(0,77)
B(T)
T(K)
ASC Bi-2223 OPIT Tape
Normalized Jc, B||c
20
35
50
64
70
77
85

34. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
“JE(77 K)”
COST/PERFORMANCE FOR COMMON WIRE METALS AT 15 MW/CC
DISSIPATIONa
 D Price JE
V JE
W C/P
Metal cm g/cm3 ¢/g A/cm2 A/cm2 $/kAm
Cu 2.510-7 8.92 0.20 4.00 245 7.21
Al 2.410-7 2.70 0.15 4.17 250 1.66
Ag 2.910-7 10.5 15.3 3.45 227 705
aPower dissipation defined as equivalent to an HTSC wire
transporting 15,000 A/cm2 sustaining a voltage drop of
1mV/cm, or 15 mW/cm3. JE
V is the volume equivalent
current density with respect to the HTSC wire, and JE
W
the power dissipation equivalent.

35. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
LTSC ac and dc Cables of the Past

36. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Brookhaven
135 kV, 1000 MVA, 3 m
Nb3Sn, 7-9 K

37. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Los Alamos
100 kV, 50 kA, 5000 MW, 300 m
Nb3Sn, 10 K, 16 Atm

38. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
HTSC ac and dc Cables
for the Future

39. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
EPRI/Pirelli
ac/SC/UG Cable

40. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Cryo System

41. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Cable Termination

42. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Tape Specs

43. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Cable Specs

44. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
PMC ac Losses

45. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
PMC ac Losses

46. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
PMC ac Losses
PMC #1:
4 Layers
PMC #2:
2 Layers/
Insulation/
2 Layers

47. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Summary of Losses
Pirelli RTD Cable
Estimated Losses
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Dielectric Cryostat Eddy Pipe/Shield
Eddy
Cryogenic ac Hysteretic Total
Losses
(W/m
cct)
a
c
H
y
s

48. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Cable Test Site #1
South Carolina Electric & Gas (SCEG)
Upscale Urban
Neighborhood
Underground link:
115 kV, 1.3 Miles
Only 5% Use
Study Complete:
4/97

49. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Cable Test Site #2
Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO)
Downtown Philly
Concrete Ducts:
13 kV, 2 Miles
100 % Use
Study Complete:
5/97

50. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Superconductivity
for
Global Electrification
A Vision for the Future

51. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Pipes or Wires?

52. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
Power Flow
Scenarios

53. NATO ASI
Applications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
P. M. Grant
The Electricity Pipe!
I
-V
Ground
Structural Support
Superconducting
Electricity
Pipeline
Thermal
Insulation
Electrical
Insulation
Superconductor
(-V)
Superconductor
(+V)
+V
I
Liquid
Nitrogen
•Total Cryopower
System
•Power Capacity:
• 5 GW dc
•Cost: < Gas Pipe &
HVDC,
> 500 Miles