IEEE Standard for Underground Type,
Self-Cooled, Single-Phase, Distribution
Transformers with Separable Insulated
High-Voltage Connectors; High Voltage
25 000 V and Below; Low Voltage 600 V
and Below; 167 kVA and Smaller
IEEE Standard for Underground Type,
Self-Cooled, Single-Phase, Distribution
Transformers with Separable Insulated
High-Voltage Connectors; High Voltage
25 000 V and Below; Low Voltage 600 V
and Below; 167 kVA and Smaller
This document provides standards for overhead, pad-mounted, dry vault, and submersible automatic circuit reclosers and fault interrupters for alternating current systems up to 38 kV. It specifies required definitions, ratings, procedures for design and production tests, and construction requirements. The standards cover topics such as rated voltages, currents, temperature limits, insulation testing procedures, switching test procedures, and partial discharge testing. It is a revision of IEEE Std C37.60-1981, incorporating changes to reflect advances in recloser technology and expand the standards to include gas-insulated reclosers.
This document presents guidelines for protecting industrial and commercial power systems. It discusses principles of system protection and coordination, and selection of protective devices. The document is intended to help with both new system design and upgrades to existing systems. It provides information on short-circuit calculations, instrument transformers, protective relays, fuses, and other components to minimize damage from faults while maintaining operation of unaffected portions of the system. The document was approved as an American National Standard by the IEEE in 2001 with contributions from various industry experts and organizations.
This document presents guidelines for protecting industrial and commercial power systems. It discusses principles of system protection and coordination, and selection of protective devices. The document is intended to help with both new system design and upgrades to existing systems. It provides information on short-circuit calculations, instrument transformers, protective relays, fuses, and other components to minimize damage from faults while maintaining operation of unaffected parts of the system. The document was approved as an American National Standard by the IEEE in 2001 with contributions from various industry experts and organizations.
This document is the IEEE guide for safety in AC substation grounding. It provides guidelines and recommendations for properly grounding outdoor AC substations to protect personnel from electric shock. The guide covers distribution, transmission and generating plant substations. It describes the safety concerns around electric currents and voltages in substations and defines tolerable limits. It also discusses criteria for substation grounding system design, including selection of grounding conductors and electrodes, evaluation of soil characteristics, calculation of ground resistance and fault currents, and determination of touch and step voltages. The purpose is to help ensure substation grounding systems are designed to limit hazards and provide adequate protection for personnel safety.
This document summarizes the IEEE standard for general requirements for liquid-immersed distribution, power, and regulating transformers. It outlines electrical and mechanical requirements for these types of transformers. The standard applies to single-phase and polyphase transformers with voltages of 601 V or higher. It provides a basis for establishing performance requirements and limited interchangeability of covered equipment to assist in proper selection. Certain transformer types are excluded from the standard's requirements.
IEEE Standard for Underground Type,
Self-Cooled, Single-Phase, Distribution
Transformers with Separable Insulated
High-Voltage Connectors; High Voltage
25 000 V and Below; Low Voltage 600 V
and Below; 167 kVA and Smaller
This document provides standards for overhead, pad-mounted, dry vault, and submersible automatic circuit reclosers and fault interrupters for alternating current systems up to 38 kV. It specifies required definitions, ratings, procedures for design and production tests, and construction requirements. The standards cover topics such as rated voltages, currents, temperature limits, insulation testing procedures, switching test procedures, and partial discharge testing. It is a revision of IEEE Std C37.60-1981, incorporating changes to reflect advances in recloser technology and expand the standards to include gas-insulated reclosers.
This document presents guidelines for protecting industrial and commercial power systems. It discusses principles of system protection and coordination, and selection of protective devices. The document is intended to help with both new system design and upgrades to existing systems. It provides information on short-circuit calculations, instrument transformers, protective relays, fuses, and other components to minimize damage from faults while maintaining operation of unaffected portions of the system. The document was approved as an American National Standard by the IEEE in 2001 with contributions from various industry experts and organizations.
This document presents guidelines for protecting industrial and commercial power systems. It discusses principles of system protection and coordination, and selection of protective devices. The document is intended to help with both new system design and upgrades to existing systems. It provides information on short-circuit calculations, instrument transformers, protective relays, fuses, and other components to minimize damage from faults while maintaining operation of unaffected parts of the system. The document was approved as an American National Standard by the IEEE in 2001 with contributions from various industry experts and organizations.
This document is the IEEE guide for safety in AC substation grounding. It provides guidelines and recommendations for properly grounding outdoor AC substations to protect personnel from electric shock. The guide covers distribution, transmission and generating plant substations. It describes the safety concerns around electric currents and voltages in substations and defines tolerable limits. It also discusses criteria for substation grounding system design, including selection of grounding conductors and electrodes, evaluation of soil characteristics, calculation of ground resistance and fault currents, and determination of touch and step voltages. The purpose is to help ensure substation grounding systems are designed to limit hazards and provide adequate protection for personnel safety.
This document summarizes the IEEE standard for general requirements for liquid-immersed distribution, power, and regulating transformers. It outlines electrical and mechanical requirements for these types of transformers. The standard applies to single-phase and polyphase transformers with voltages of 601 V or higher. It provides a basis for establishing performance requirements and limited interchangeability of covered equipment to assist in proper selection. Certain transformer types are excluded from the standard's requirements.
This document summarizes IEEE Standard C37.20.2-1999, which provides requirements and guidelines for metal-clad medium-voltage switchgear containing drawout circuit breakers. Metal-clad switchgear compartments isolate all components like instrumentation, main bus, and connections using grounded metal barriers. It covers ratings from 4.76 kV to 38 kV, with main bus ratings of 1200 A, 2000 A, and 3000 A. The standard discusses service conditions, ratings, insulation requirements, test procedures, and applications for metal-clad switchgear.
This document is a revision of the IEEE 802.1D standard for local and metropolitan area network bridges. It incorporates amendments from IEEE 802.1t and 802.1w, and makes further corrections and improvements. The standard defines the architecture for interconnecting IEEE 802 local area networks below the MAC service boundary using transparent bridges. It specifies the operation of MAC bridges to allow communication between end stations on separate LANs as if they were on the same LAN.
IEEE Guide for the Application and Interpretation of FRA for oil TransformerAHMED MOHAMED HEGAB
This document provides guidelines for performing frequency response analysis (FRA) on oil-immersed power transformers. It covers instrumentation requirements, test procedures, data analysis techniques, and recommendations for long-term data storage. FRA involves measuring a transformer's impedance and admittance characteristics over a range of frequencies to identify resonances that could lead to failures. The guidelines aim to standardize the FRA process for consistent evaluation of transformer condition and performance.
This document provides guidelines for interpreting gases generated in oil-immersed transformers. It details procedures for analyzing gas samples from transformers, including calibrating field instruments to detect combustible gases. The document also describes using fixed instruments to determine gas quantities and obtaining samples for laboratory analysis to identify individual gases extracted from transformer oil. It aims to help operators evaluate transformer serviceability based on the gas analysis results. An extensive bibliography on gas evolution, detection, and interpretation is also included.
This document provides an overview and guidelines for insulation coordination of AC power systems above 1 kV. It discusses voltage stresses that can occur on electrical equipment, insulation strength considerations, performance reliability criteria, insulation coordination design procedures for various overvoltage types, and final selection of insulation levels. The document contains practical examples to illustrate insulation coordination principles and is intended to provide guidance for determining withstand voltages for air-insulated AC systems.
This document is IEEE Std C57.12.00-1993, which provides general requirements for liquid-immersed distribution, power, and regulating transformers. It sets forth electrical, mechanical, and safety requirements for these types of transformers. The standard is intended to establish performance, limited interchangeability, and safety requirements for the equipment. It applies to liquid-immersed transformers except for specific excluded types like instrument transformers. The document provides definitions, references, requirements for service conditions, ratings, insulation levels, temperature rise, nameplates, construction details, and test procedures.
This document presents an IEEE standard for the electronic reporting of transformer test data. It defines requirements for test data content, format, and transfer methods to standardize how transformer test results are electronically communicated. The standard data set includes key information like test measurements, while an extended set provides additional optional data. Data files should be in a flat file or comma-delimited format and may be transferred by mail or telecommunications. The standard aims to reduce costs for producers and users by establishing consistency in electronic reporting of transformer performance test results.
This document provides a guide for loading 65°C rise mineral-oil-immersed distribution and power transformers. It combines and replaces three previous guides on loading different types of transformers. The guide provides general recommendations and equations for calculating transformer loading and temperatures during overloads. It aims to accurately determine safe loading levels based on specific transformer characteristics.
This document provides a 3 sentence summary of the IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding:
The guide concerns grounding practices for outdoor alternating current substations, including distribution, transmission, and generating plant substations. It describes proper grounding methods to help ensure safety in substation design and operation. The guide was developed by the IEEE Power and Energy Society's Substations Committee and is intended to provide guidance, rather than quantitative analysis, on safety issues related to substation grounding.
This document defines and assigns 94 device function numbers to identify the functions of devices used in electrical substations, generating plants, and power equipment installations. It covers the purpose and application of the numbers, and considers the use of prefixes and suffixes to provide more specific definitions. The document also covers device contact designations.
This is a standard for synchronized phasor measurement systems in substations. It addresses synchronization of data
sampling, data-to-phasor conversions, and formats for timing input and phasor data output from a Phasor
Measurement Unit (PMU). It does not specify response time, accuracy, hardware, software, or a process for computing
phasors.
This document provides guidelines for safety practices when conducting high-voltage and high-power testing. It addresses safety considerations for laboratory work, field testing, and special areas like cable testing. Recommendations include enclosing test areas, using interlock systems to prevent energizing areas when personnel are present, establishing access control procedures, proper grounding, and ensuring qualified personnel perform and supervise tests. The document also covers safety of equipment, use of personal protective equipment, and considerations for mobile testing units.
This document summarizes IEEE Std 142-1991, which provides recommended practices for grounding industrial and commercial power systems. It covers system grounding, equipment grounding, static and lightning protection grounding, connection to earth, and grounding of sensitive electronic equipment. The standard addresses how to ground systems and equipment, select grounding equipment, protect structures from lightning, and obtain low-resistance connections to earth. It was revised in 1991 by a working group from the IEEE Power Systems Engineering Committee to update the 1982 edition with new material and experience.
This document provides definitions for key terms related to measuring earth resistivity, ground impedance, and earth surface potentials of ground systems. It defines ground, grounded, ground-return circuit, ground current, and other important grounding-related terms. The definitions specifically apply to the measurements and applications covered in this guide. Safety is an important consideration, as the document notes measurements should be carefully made to promote safety while preventing interference with neighboring facilities.
This document provides a summary of the ANSI/NETA MTS-2007 Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Distribution Equipment and Systems. It outlines inspection and test procedures for electrical equipment to ensure safe and reliable operation. The standard is divided into sections covering the scope, qualifications, responsibilities, general testing requirements, and specific inspection and test procedures for various types of electrical equipment. It is intended to help maintenance professionals determine the appropriate extent and types of tests needed to evaluate equipment condition.
Class-20: These slides present the related standards and specifications for the smart grid. Details about each standards can be accessed from the reference book specified.
The document discusses industry standards and how they impact cable assembly designs. It defines various types of standards including materials-centric, product-centric, safety-centric, and customer-centric standards. It also discusses key standards organizations, different types of standards documents, and examples of performance and safety standards that are important for cable assemblies. The document aims to provide an overview of the many industry standards that must be considered in cable assembly design.
This document provides an agenda and summaries for a tutorial on the design and application of power circuit breakers. The tutorial will cover the history and evolution of industry standards, different interrupting technologies, transient recovery voltages, switching capacitive and inductive loads, insulation coordination, high power testing, and seismic considerations. It will be presented by several experts in their respective fields and provide both foundational knowledge and reference material for further study. The goal is to help engineers properly specify and apply circuit breakers given changes in technology and standards.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
This document summarizes IEEE Standard C37.20.2-1999, which provides requirements and guidelines for metal-clad medium-voltage switchgear containing drawout circuit breakers. Metal-clad switchgear compartments isolate all components like instrumentation, main bus, and connections using grounded metal barriers. It covers ratings from 4.76 kV to 38 kV, with main bus ratings of 1200 A, 2000 A, and 3000 A. The standard discusses service conditions, ratings, insulation requirements, test procedures, and applications for metal-clad switchgear.
This document is a revision of the IEEE 802.1D standard for local and metropolitan area network bridges. It incorporates amendments from IEEE 802.1t and 802.1w, and makes further corrections and improvements. The standard defines the architecture for interconnecting IEEE 802 local area networks below the MAC service boundary using transparent bridges. It specifies the operation of MAC bridges to allow communication between end stations on separate LANs as if they were on the same LAN.
IEEE Guide for the Application and Interpretation of FRA for oil TransformerAHMED MOHAMED HEGAB
This document provides guidelines for performing frequency response analysis (FRA) on oil-immersed power transformers. It covers instrumentation requirements, test procedures, data analysis techniques, and recommendations for long-term data storage. FRA involves measuring a transformer's impedance and admittance characteristics over a range of frequencies to identify resonances that could lead to failures. The guidelines aim to standardize the FRA process for consistent evaluation of transformer condition and performance.
This document provides guidelines for interpreting gases generated in oil-immersed transformers. It details procedures for analyzing gas samples from transformers, including calibrating field instruments to detect combustible gases. The document also describes using fixed instruments to determine gas quantities and obtaining samples for laboratory analysis to identify individual gases extracted from transformer oil. It aims to help operators evaluate transformer serviceability based on the gas analysis results. An extensive bibliography on gas evolution, detection, and interpretation is also included.
This document provides an overview and guidelines for insulation coordination of AC power systems above 1 kV. It discusses voltage stresses that can occur on electrical equipment, insulation strength considerations, performance reliability criteria, insulation coordination design procedures for various overvoltage types, and final selection of insulation levels. The document contains practical examples to illustrate insulation coordination principles and is intended to provide guidance for determining withstand voltages for air-insulated AC systems.
This document is IEEE Std C57.12.00-1993, which provides general requirements for liquid-immersed distribution, power, and regulating transformers. It sets forth electrical, mechanical, and safety requirements for these types of transformers. The standard is intended to establish performance, limited interchangeability, and safety requirements for the equipment. It applies to liquid-immersed transformers except for specific excluded types like instrument transformers. The document provides definitions, references, requirements for service conditions, ratings, insulation levels, temperature rise, nameplates, construction details, and test procedures.
This document presents an IEEE standard for the electronic reporting of transformer test data. It defines requirements for test data content, format, and transfer methods to standardize how transformer test results are electronically communicated. The standard data set includes key information like test measurements, while an extended set provides additional optional data. Data files should be in a flat file or comma-delimited format and may be transferred by mail or telecommunications. The standard aims to reduce costs for producers and users by establishing consistency in electronic reporting of transformer performance test results.
This document provides a guide for loading 65°C rise mineral-oil-immersed distribution and power transformers. It combines and replaces three previous guides on loading different types of transformers. The guide provides general recommendations and equations for calculating transformer loading and temperatures during overloads. It aims to accurately determine safe loading levels based on specific transformer characteristics.
This document provides a 3 sentence summary of the IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding:
The guide concerns grounding practices for outdoor alternating current substations, including distribution, transmission, and generating plant substations. It describes proper grounding methods to help ensure safety in substation design and operation. The guide was developed by the IEEE Power and Energy Society's Substations Committee and is intended to provide guidance, rather than quantitative analysis, on safety issues related to substation grounding.
This document defines and assigns 94 device function numbers to identify the functions of devices used in electrical substations, generating plants, and power equipment installations. It covers the purpose and application of the numbers, and considers the use of prefixes and suffixes to provide more specific definitions. The document also covers device contact designations.
This is a standard for synchronized phasor measurement systems in substations. It addresses synchronization of data
sampling, data-to-phasor conversions, and formats for timing input and phasor data output from a Phasor
Measurement Unit (PMU). It does not specify response time, accuracy, hardware, software, or a process for computing
phasors.
This document provides guidelines for safety practices when conducting high-voltage and high-power testing. It addresses safety considerations for laboratory work, field testing, and special areas like cable testing. Recommendations include enclosing test areas, using interlock systems to prevent energizing areas when personnel are present, establishing access control procedures, proper grounding, and ensuring qualified personnel perform and supervise tests. The document also covers safety of equipment, use of personal protective equipment, and considerations for mobile testing units.
This document summarizes IEEE Std 142-1991, which provides recommended practices for grounding industrial and commercial power systems. It covers system grounding, equipment grounding, static and lightning protection grounding, connection to earth, and grounding of sensitive electronic equipment. The standard addresses how to ground systems and equipment, select grounding equipment, protect structures from lightning, and obtain low-resistance connections to earth. It was revised in 1991 by a working group from the IEEE Power Systems Engineering Committee to update the 1982 edition with new material and experience.
This document provides definitions for key terms related to measuring earth resistivity, ground impedance, and earth surface potentials of ground systems. It defines ground, grounded, ground-return circuit, ground current, and other important grounding-related terms. The definitions specifically apply to the measurements and applications covered in this guide. Safety is an important consideration, as the document notes measurements should be carefully made to promote safety while preventing interference with neighboring facilities.
This document provides a summary of the ANSI/NETA MTS-2007 Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Distribution Equipment and Systems. It outlines inspection and test procedures for electrical equipment to ensure safe and reliable operation. The standard is divided into sections covering the scope, qualifications, responsibilities, general testing requirements, and specific inspection and test procedures for various types of electrical equipment. It is intended to help maintenance professionals determine the appropriate extent and types of tests needed to evaluate equipment condition.
Class-20: These slides present the related standards and specifications for the smart grid. Details about each standards can be accessed from the reference book specified.
The document discusses industry standards and how they impact cable assembly designs. It defines various types of standards including materials-centric, product-centric, safety-centric, and customer-centric standards. It also discusses key standards organizations, different types of standards documents, and examples of performance and safety standards that are important for cable assemblies. The document aims to provide an overview of the many industry standards that must be considered in cable assembly design.
This document provides an agenda and summaries for a tutorial on the design and application of power circuit breakers. The tutorial will cover the history and evolution of industry standards, different interrupting technologies, transient recovery voltages, switching capacitive and inductive loads, insulation coordination, high power testing, and seismic considerations. It will be presented by several experts in their respective fields and provide both foundational knowledge and reference material for further study. The goal is to help engineers properly specify and apply circuit breakers given changes in technology and standards.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the
IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. The IEEE develops its standards through a consensus develop-
ment process, approved by the American National Standards Institute, which brings together volunteers representing varied
viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product. Volunteers are not necessarily members of the Institute and serve with-
out compensation. While the IEEE administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus devel-
opment process, the IEEE does not independently evaluate, test, or verify the accuracy of any of the information contained
in its standards.
Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The IEEE disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or other dam-
age, of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting
from the publication, use of, or reliance upon this, or any other IEEE Standard document.
The IEEE does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein, and expressly disclaims
any express or implied warranty, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose, or that
the use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringement. IEEE Standards documents are supplied “AS IS.”
The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market,
or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the
time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and
comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years for revi-
sion or reaffirmation. When a document is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude
that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check
to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard.
In publishing and making this document available, the IEEE is not suggesting or rendering professional or other services
for, or on behalf of, any person or entity. Nor is the IEEE undertaking to perform any duty owed by any other person or
entity to another. Any person utilizing this, and any other IEEE Standards document, should rely upon the advice of a com-
petent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.
Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to specific
applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare
appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any
interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason, IEEE and the members of its soci-
eties and Standards Coordinating Committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in
those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration.
Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affiliation with
IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate
supporting comments. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to:
Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board
445 Hoes Lane
P.O. Box 1331
Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331
USA
Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center. To
arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923 USA; +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational
classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.
Note: Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mat-
ter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or
validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents
for which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or
scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.