CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT ANDHRAPRADESH SUBJECT NAME: (FULL NAME) SUBJECT CODE: CUTM1046 MODULE NO: S.No WRT 1 Explain in detail about intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors with neat diagrams. 8 2 Explain about PN junction diode operation and draw V-I characteristics. 8 3 Derive PN junction diode current equation. 8 4 Explain about carrier concentration of fully injected light illumination on semiconductor bar and 8 5 What is hall effect ??, derive hall coefficient by drawing neat diagram and write the applications of it. 8 6 Explain about Zener diode and avalanche breakdown in detail. 8 7 Design all the logic gates using diodes and explain the operation with truth tables. 8 8 Draw half wave rectifier circuit, explain its operation and explain all the parameters of half wave rectifier. 8 9 Draw full wave rectifier circuit, explain its operation and explain all the parameters of full wave rectifier. 8 10 Draw energy band diagrams of PN junction diode and define diffusion length and life time of the carrier. 8 11 Explain about half wave rectifier 4 12 Explain about full wave rectifier 4 13 Explain PN junction characteristics 4 14 Explain about Light Emitting Diode 4 15 Explain Zener diode characteristics 4 16 i) Define ionic bond and covalent bond ii) Explain intrinsic semiconductors 4 17 Explain about extrinsic semiconductor 4 18 Explain about hall effect in detail 4 19 Draw AND and OR logic gates using Diodes 4 20 Draw energy band diagram of PN junction diode. 4

1. Programming in C
Core Course
Course Instructor
Dr. Murali Malijeddi
Professor
Dept. of ECE, CUTM AP

2. Developing a Software

3. Translators

4. Translators

5. Characteristics of C
•C Language is a middle level language.
•It has the simplicity of a high level language
•It has the power of low level language.

6. Characteristics of C
• C is small language
• Consisting of only 32 English words known as keywords
(if, else, for, break etc.)
• The power of C is augmented by the library functions provided
with it.
• Moreover, the language is extendible
• It allows the users to add their own library functions to the library.
• The programs written in C are portable

7. Structure of a C Program
•C program is a collection of one or more - functions.
•Every function is a collection of statements
•A function performs some specific task.
•The general structure of C program is:

8. Structure of a C Program

9. Structure of a C Program
•Comments can be placed anywhere in a program
•Comments are enclosed between the delimiters
/* */
•E.g., /* Blah Blah… blah... */
•Comments are generally used for documentation purposes.

10. Structure of a C Program
• Preprocessor directives are processed through Preprocessor
before the C source code passes through Compiler.
• The most commonly used preprocessor directives are
#include and #define
• #include is used for including header files.
• #define is used to define symbolic constants and macros.
• Note:
• Preprocessor directives begin with #.
• Only white-space and comments may appear a Preprocessor directives in a program.

11. Structure of a C Program

12. Structure of a C Program
• Every C program has one or more functions.
• If a program has only one function then it must be main()
• Execution of every C program starts with main() function.
• main() function has two parts:
• declaration of local variables
• and statements
•

13. Structure of a C Program
•The scope of the local variable is local to that function only.
•Statements in the main function are executed one by one.
•Other functions are the user-defined functions, which also
have local variables and C statements.
•Other functions can be defined before or after main().

14. Structure of a C Program
•It may be possible that some variables have to be used in
many functions, so it is necessary to declare them globally.
•These variables are called global variables.

15. Environment For C
•The steps for the execution of C program are as-
1. Program creation
2. Program compilation
3. Program execution

16. Environment For C
•The C programs are written in mostly two environments:
1. UNIX Environment
2. Windows (MS-DOS) Environment
•MS-DOS environment creation, compilation and execution
can be done using command line or IDE (integrated
Development Environment).

17. Unix Environment
•Generally a command line C compiler is provided with the
UNIX operating system.
•This compiler is named gcc or cc,

18. Unix Environment - Program creation
•In UNIX environment, file can be created with "vi editor”
•$ vi filename.c
•Here $ is the Unix prompt.
•The file can be saved by pressing
• ESC and SHIFT+zz
Or
• ESC and :wq + Enter

19. Unix Environment - Program compilation
• Two different ways are there:
Method - 1)
• After creation of C program, it can be compiled as:
$ gcc filename.c
• Program has mathematical function then it is compiled as:
$ gcc filename.c -lm
• After compilation, the executable code is stored in the file 'a.out'.
•

20. Unix Environment - Program compilation
Method - 2)
$ gcc filename.c -o ProgramName
•Program has mathematical function then
$ gcc filename.c -lm -o ProgramName
•After compilation, the executable code is stored in the file
'ProgramName'.

21. Unix Environment - Program execution
•After the compilation of program, it can be executed as:
$ ./a.out
Or
$ ./ProgramName