The document contains lecture notes from Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza on computing fundamentals and nested loops. It includes examples of C programs to print star patterns using for loops, and modifications to print different patterns. It encourages the reader to write programs to print additional star patterns on their own.

1. Computing Fundamentals
Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
Deputy Chief Engineer, PIEAS

2. Examples
Write a program that prints 1 star as
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

3. Examples
Write a program that prints 1 star as
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("*");
getchar();
return 0;
}

4. Examples
Write a program that prints 10 stars as
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

5. Examples
Write a program that prints 10 stars as
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
printf("*");
getchar();
return 0;
}

6. Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Write a program that prints 10 stars in 2 Rows as

7. #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i; // use of 2 for loops
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Write a program that prints 10 stars in 2 Rows as

8. Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Write a program that prints 10 stars in 3 Rows as

9. #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i; // use of 3 for loops
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Write a program that prints 10 stars in 3 Rows as

10. Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Write a program that prints 10 stars in 4 Rows as

11. #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i; // use of 4 for loops
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Write a program that prints 10 stars in 4 Rows as

12. Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Write a program that prints 10 stars in 5 Rows as

13. #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i; // use of 5 for loops
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Write a program that prints 10 stars in 5 Rows as

14. Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
It’s not efficient/realistic approach
Write a program that prints 10 stars in 50 Rows as
Use of 50 for loops???

15. Nested Loops
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

16. Code should be efficient
10 stars in 5 rows
(The realistic approach)
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

17. Code should be efficient
10 stars in 5 rows
(The realistic approach)
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i<5; i++) // only two for loops
{
for (j = 0; j < 10; j++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
}
getchar();
return 0;
}

18. Code should be efficient
10 stars in 50 rows
(The realistic approach)
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i<50; i++) // only two for loops
{
for (j = 0; j < 10; j++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
}
getchar();
return 0;
}

19. Nested Loops --- Example
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <=3; j++)
printf(“ %dn", i*j);
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

20. Nested Loops --- Example
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <=3; j++)
printf(“ %dn", i*j);
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

21. Nested Loops --- Example
#include<stdio.h> //Nesting of for and while loops
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
j= 1;
while(j <=3)
{
printf(“%dn", i*j);
j++;
}
}
getchar(); return 0;} Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

22. (Once again see this example, 5x5
Stars)
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i<5; i++) // only two for loops
{
for (j = 0; j < 5; j++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("n");
}
getchar();
return 0;
}

23. Try to modify the previous program such that
the program prints the following pattern
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

24. Try to modify the previous program such that
the program prints the following pattern
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
#include<stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<6; j++)
printf("%dt",i);
printf("n");
}
getchar();
return 0; }

25. Try to modify the previous program such that
the program prints the following pattern
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

26. Try to modify the previous program such that
the program prints the following pattern
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
#include<stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<6; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
printf("%dt",j);
printf("n");
}
getchar(); return 0;
}

27. Try to modify the previous program such that
the program prints the following pattern
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
0
0 1
0 1 2
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4 5

28. Try to modify the previous program such that
the program prints the following pattern
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
0
0 1
0 1 2
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4 5
#include<stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int i,j;
for(i=0; i<6; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<=i; j++)
printf("%dt",j);
printf("n");
}
getchar();return 0;
}

29. Try to write the programs to print the
following patterns
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Do These Yourself

30. Try to write the program to print the
following pattern
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
* * * * *
* * * * * ** * *
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * *
* * * * *
•* * * * *
* *
Do It Yourself