This document provides a summary of C# versions and new features introduced in C# 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3. It discusses features such as binary literals, digit separators, local functions, out variables, tuples, deconstruction, discards, ref returns and locals, pattern matching, expression-bodied members, throw expressions, and more. It also briefly previews some planned features for C# 8.0 like asynchronous streams/sequences, records, ranges, and nullable reference types.

1. C# 7 Development
Fisnik Doko

2. 2
Presenter
C# 7 Development
Fisnik Doko
• Microsoft Certified Trainer
• MCSD, MCPD, MCSE, MCSA, MCTS, MCP, MCT
• Senior Software Developer / Architect – NBRM
• Speaker
• Consultant

3. Agenda
C# Development
C# and versions
.01
.02
C# 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
.03
C# 8.0

4. 4
C# Versions
Lorem

5. 5
Stack Overflow Developer Survey

6. 6
C# 7 – How do I get it
• Visual Studio 2017
• Nuget package Microsoft.Net.Compilers
• Roslyn compiler from GitHub
• Online https://sharplab.io/

7. 7
Configure Build for language version

8. 8
New Features in C# 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
C# 7.0 C# 7.1 C# 7.2 C# 7.3
• Binary Literals
• Digit Separators
• Local Functions
• Out Variables
Tuples
• Deconstruction
• Discards
• Ref Returns & Locals
• Pattern Matching
• Expression Bodied
Members
• Throw Expression
• Async main
• Default literal
expressions
• Inferred tuple element
names
• Reference assembly
generation
• Digital Separator after
Base Specifier
• Non-trailing named
arguments
• Leading underscores
in numeric literals
• private protected
access modifier
• Reference semantics
with value types
• Ref Local
Reassignment
• Overload resolution
• Attributes on backing
fields
• Tuple comparison
• Expression variables
in initializers
VS 2017
March 2017
VS 2017 V15.3
August 2017
VS 2017 v15.5
January 2018
VS 2017 v15.7
May 2018

9. 9
Defining out Parameters Inline
• C# 7 allows you to declare out parameters inline, during a method
call
• Cleaner syntax - no need to pre-declare before the method call
• Also ensures you can't use the variable before the method call
So the following examples are equivalent:
C# 7
int prod, quot;
MethodOut(num1, num2, out prod, out quot);
Console.WriteLine("After MethodOut, prod={0}, quot={1}", prod, quot);
MethodOut(num1, num2, out int p, out int q);
Console.WriteLine("After MethodOut, using C# 7 syntax, p={0}, q={1}", p, q);

10. 10
Numeric Literals
• Binary literals
• Allows you to use binary for integer literals (use the prefix 0b)
• Useful if you're doing a lot of bit manipulation
• Digit separators
• Allows you to embed _ anywhere in numeric literals (integer,
long, decimal, double)
• Makes it easier to read big numbers
C# 7
int six = 0b110;
int thirtyFive = 0b100011;
int sixtyFive = 0b1000001;
long idealAnnualSalary = 123_456____789;
double electronicCharge = 1.602_176_62E-19;

11. 11
Expression-Body Members in C# 6
• C# 6 introduced the idea of "expression-bodied members“
• Members that comprises a simple expression (via lambda syntax)
• C# 6 supports the following expression-bodied members:
• Methods
• Read-only properties
C# 6
class Employee
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public double Salary { get; set; }
public void PayRaise(double amount) => Salary += amount; // Method
public double TaxPayable => Salary * 0.25; // Read-only property
…

12. 12
Expression-Body Members in C# 7
• C# 7 also allows expression-bodied members for:
• Constructors
• Finalizers (i.e. destructors)
• Property getters and setters
C# 7
class Contact
{
private string name;
public Contact(string name) => this.name = name; // Constructor
~Contact() => Console.WriteLine($"Finalized {name}"); // Finalizer
public string Name
{
get => name; // Property getter
set => name = value ?? "Anonymous"; // Property setter
}

13. 13
Exception Filters
• C# 6 and above allows you to define exception filters
• Append a when boolean expression to a catch clause
• If the expression is true, the catch block is run (otherwise the
exception keeps going)
C# 6
try
{
…
}
catch (SomeException ex) when (MyFilterFuncThatReturnsBoolean(ex))
{
…
}

14. 14
C# 7 Throw Expressions
• Prior to C# 7, you couldn't throw an exception in the middle of
another expression
• So the following statements won't compile prior to C# 7
• C# 7 now supports "throw expressions", so you use throw an
exception in the middle of an another expression
C# 7
string variable1 = SomeFuncToCalcValue() ?? throw new SomeException("Error!");
string variable2 = (someTest) ? "hooray!" : throw new SomeException("Error!");
String Name
{
get => name;
set => name = value ?? throw new SomeException("Error!");
}

15. 15
Tuples
• Tuples are a new feature in C# 7
• A tuple is like an anonymous bag of related data fields
• The data fields can be of different types
• Use of tuples:
• Handy if you want to group some data fields together, without
the overhead of defining a separate class/struct
• E.g. returning multiple values from a function
• Note:
• Prior to .NET 4.7, you must install the System.ValueTuple
NuGet package in your project if you want to use tuples
C# 7

16. 16
Tuples Syntax
• You can assign a tuple to a var variable
• By default, the tuple fields are named Item1, Item2, etc
• You can specify field names when you create a tuple
• Alternatively you can specify field names by assigning the tuple to
named variables enclosed in ()
C# 7
var personA = ("Matthew", 21);
Console.WriteLine($"{personA.Item1} is {personA.Item2} years old");
var personB = (Name: "Mark", Age: 22);
Console.WriteLine($"{personB.Name} is {personB.Age} years old");
(string name, int age) = ("Luke", 23);
Console.WriteLine($"{name} is {age} years old");

17. 17
Using Tuples in Functions
• A function can return multiple values via a tuple
• Client code can call the function and use the tuple as follows:
• Alternatively, client code can unpick the tuple fields like this:
C# 7
private static (double avg, int count) GetStats(params int[] nums)
{
..
return (sum/i, i);
}
var stats = GetStats(10, 20, 30, 40);
Console.WriteLine($"Average is {stats.avg}, count of items is {stats.count}");
(double a, int n) = GetStats(50, 60, 70, 80);
Console.WriteLine($"Average is {a}, count of items is {n}");

18. 18
Deconstruct
• You can define a Deconstruct() method in classes and structs, to
extract multiple values from an object
• Client code can assign an object directly to a tuple
C# 7
public class Product
{
…
public void Deconstruct(out string description, out double unitPrice)
{
description = this.Description;
unitPrice = this.UnitPrice;
}
}
Product productA = new Product("The Good Book", 12.99);
(string desc, double price) = productA;
Console.WriteLine($"{desc} costs {price:c}");

19. 19
Discards
• Discards are temporary, write-only variables used in assignments
when you don't care about the value assigned
• Discards can reduce memory allocations
• Variable is a discard by assigning it the underscore (_) as its name
In C# 7.0, discards are supported in assignments in the following
contexts:
• Tuple and object deconstruction
• Calls to methods with out parameters
C# 7
(_, _, area) = city.GetCityInformation(cityName);
Result(a, b, out int sum, out int _, out int _, out int _, out int _);
if (int.TryParse(ReadLine(), out int _))

20. 20
Local Functions
• C# 7 allows you to define functions inside other functions
• Local functions may use variables from the enclosing scope
• Have all features of a regular method except that local functions
cannot be static in nature
• Scenario:
• You're implementing function A, and it's starting to get messy
• You can move some complexity into another function B
• You can put function B inside function A, if it's only needed there
• Motivation:
• Reduce the complexity of the class as a whole, also reducing memory
allocation
C# 7

21. 21
Defining ref Return Values
• C# 7 allows a function to return a reference
• Decorate the function return type with ref
• Also decorate all return values with ref
C# 7
static ref double FindMinElem(double[] arr)
{
int minpos = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < arr.Length; i++)
{
if (arr[i] < arr[minpos])
minpos = i;
}
return ref arr[minpos];
}

22. 22
Defining ref Local Variables
• When you call a function that returns a reference…
• If you assign the result to a variable, it just holds a copy
• If you assign the result to a ref variable, it holds a reference
C# 7
double [] array = { 10.5, 3.14, 99.9, 64.1 };
double minElem = FindMinElem(array); // minElem holds a copy of the element value.
Console.WriteLine($"nValue of min element: {minElem}");
minElem = 1.2345; // Modifies local variable, not the array element.
Console.WriteLine($"Value of element [1]: {array[1]}");
double [] array = { 10.5, 3.14, 99.9, 64.1 };
ref double refMinElem = ref FindMinElem(array); // refMinElem refers to element.
Console.WriteLine($"nValue of min element: {refMinElem}");
refMinElem = 1.2345; // Modifies the actual array element now.
Console.WriteLine($"Value of element [1]: {array[1]}");

23. 23
Pattern Matching via "is" Expressions
• In C# 7, you can use is expressions for pattern matching in if
statements
• You can test if a value equals some constant
• You can also test if a value is some type (if so, it is automatically cast
and assigned to a fresh variable of that type)
C# 7
static private int ParseValue(object value)
{
if (value is null) return 0;
else if (value is int iValue) return iValue;
else if (value is double dValue) return (int)Math.Round(dValue);
else if (value is string strValue) return int.Parse(strValue);
else return 0;
}

24. 24
Pattern Matching in switch Statements
• C# 7 also allows the following in a switch statement:
• In a case branch, specify the type you want to test against
• You can use a when clause to refine a case test
• You can mix-and-match constants and types in case branches
C# 7
static private int ParseValue(object value)
{
if (value is null) return 0;
else if (value is int iValue) return iValue;
else if (value is double dValue) return (int)Math.Round(dValue);
else if (value is string strValue) return int.Parse(strValue);
else return 0;
}

25. 25
Generalized async return types
• In C# 7, there is an inbuilt value type ValueTask <T> which can be
used instead of Task<T>
• NuGet package System.Threading.Tasks.Extensions
• Not replace Task, helps to reduce the number of allocation if is
invoked frequently
C# 7
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int x= GetLargestPrimeNumber(20).Result;
.
}
private static async ValueTask<int> GetLargestPrimeNumber(int maxNumber)
{
...

26. 26
Async Main Methods
• Allow await to be used in an application's Main method by allowing
the entry point to return Task / Task<int> and be marked async
Extends the list of allowed entry points to include:
• static async Task Main()
• static Task Main()
• static async Task<int> Main()
• static Task<int> Main()
• static async Task Main(string[])
• static Task Main(string[])
• static async Task<int> Main(string[])
• static Task<int> Main(string[])
C# 7.1

27. 27
Async Main Methods
C# 7.1

28. 28
The default Literal
• The target-typed default feature is a shorter form variation of the
default(T) operator, which allows the type to be omitted
• Its type is inferred by target-typing instead
C# 7.1
// from C# 7.1
int a = default;
bool b = default;
string c = default;
int? d = default;
Action<int, bool> action = default;
Predicate<string> predicate = default;
List<string> list = default;
int a = default(int);
bool b = default(bool);
string c = default(string);
int? d = default(int?);
Action<int, bool> action = default(Action<int, bool>);
Predicate<string> predicate = default(Predicate<string>);
List<string> list = default(List<string>);

29. 29
Inferred Tuple Element Names
• Infer tuple names from parameters
• Similar to anonymous types
C# 7.1

30. 30
C# 7.2
• Digital Separator after Base Specifier
• int binaryValue = 0b_0101_0101;
• Non-trailing Named Arguments
• Method calls may now use named arguments that precede positional
arguments when those named arguments are in the correct positions
C# 7.2

31. 31
C# 7.2
• Private Protected access modifier
• members will only be visible to
subclasses in the same assembly
• Ref Conditional Expression
C# 7.2
ref var firstItem = ref (emptyArray.Length > 0 ? ref emptyArray[0] : ref nonEmptyArray[0]);

32. 32
C# 7.3
• Ref Local Reassignment
• Now, ref locals may be reassigned to refer to different instances after
being initialized
• Additional Generic Constraints
• You can now specify the type System.Enum or System.Delegate as
base class constraints for a type parameter
C# 7.3
ref var max = ref b;
if (a > b)
{
max = ref a;
}
public static TDelegate Combine<TDelegate>(...) where TDelegate : Delegate
public static string GetDescription<TEnum>(...) where TEnum : Enum

33. 33
C# 7.3
• Attributes Targeting Fields of Auto-Implemented Properties
• Expression Variables in Initializers
• out variable declarations has been extended to include field initializers,
property initializers, constructor initializers
• Equality Operators for Value Tuples
C# 7.3
[field: NonSerialized]
public double X { get; set; }

34. 34
C# 8.0 planned features
• Asynchronous Streams / Sequences
• Asynchronous Dispose
• Extension everything
• Adding support for properties, static methods
• Records
• Lightweight class only with fields
C# 8
public class Sword(int Damage, int Durability);

35. 35
C# 8.0 planned features
• Ranges
• new syntax for expressing a range of values
• Nullable reference types
• Default interface implementations
C# 8
var range = 1..5;
…
foreach (var index in min..max)
{ }
String? s = null;

36. Thank You
Questions?