Smart pointers help solve memory management issues like leaks by automatically freeing memory when an object goes out of scope. They support the RAII idiom where resource acquisition is tied to object lifetime. Common smart pointers include std::shared_ptr, std::unique_ptr, std::weak_ptr, which help avoid leaks from exceptions or cycles in object graphs. make_shared is preferable to separate allocation as it can allocate the object and control block together efficiently in one allocation.
••• Learn how to safely manage memory with smart pointers! •••
In this presentation you will learn:
▸ the dangers of using raw pointers for dynamic memory
▸ the difference between unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr
▸ how to use factories to increase safety and performance
▸ when raw pointers are still needed
••• Boost your code's performances using C++11 new features! •••
In this presentation you will learn:
▸ the difference between an Lvalue and Rvalue
▸ how to use std::move, std::forward, noexcept
▸ how to implement move semantics to avoid useless copies
▸ how to implement perfect forwarding for the factory pattern
Sometimes you see code that is perfectly OK according to the definition of the language, but which is flawed because it breaks too many established idioms and conventions. On the other hand, a solid piece of code is something that looks like it is written by an experienced person who cares about professionalism in programming.
A presentation at Norwegian Developer Conference 2010
••• Learn how to safely manage memory with smart pointers! •••
In this presentation you will learn:
▸ the dangers of using raw pointers for dynamic memory
▸ the difference between unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr
▸ how to use factories to increase safety and performance
▸ when raw pointers are still needed
••• Boost your code's performances using C++11 new features! •••
In this presentation you will learn:
▸ the difference between an Lvalue and Rvalue
▸ how to use std::move, std::forward, noexcept
▸ how to implement move semantics to avoid useless copies
▸ how to implement perfect forwarding for the factory pattern
Sometimes you see code that is perfectly OK according to the definition of the language, but which is flawed because it breaks too many established idioms and conventions. On the other hand, a solid piece of code is something that looks like it is written by an experienced person who cares about professionalism in programming.
A presentation at Norwegian Developer Conference 2010
This is an overview of C++ (based on 1999 / 2003 standard) and its use in Object Oriented Programming. The presentation assumes that the audience knows C programming.
OOPS concepts are one of the most important concepts in high level languages. Here in this PPT we will learn more about Object oriented approach in python programming which includes details related to classes and objects, inheritance, dat abstraction, polymorphism and many more with examples and code.
It tells about functions in C++,Types,Use,prototype,declaration,Arguments etc
function with
A function with no parameter and no return value
A function with parameter and no return value
A function with parameter and return value
A function without parameter and return value
Call by value and address
Everything about OOPs (Object-oriented programming) in this slide we cover the all details about object-oriented programming using C++. we also discussed why C++ is called a subset of C.
This set of slides introduces the reader to a subset of the C++ Standard Library called the Standard Template Library (STL). The STL provides a collection of parameterized containers and algorithms, and it is the most successful example of an approach to programming called generic programming. In this presentation, we aim at studying the ideals and concepts of the STL by re-implementing small parts of the library. Specifically, we first show how we can discover requirements on types in order to devise generic algorithms. Then, we focus on how to make algorithms independent of containers through the pivotal abstraction of iterators. To this end, we replicate the standard algorithm for finding the minimum in a sequence (min_element), which we subsequently match with a custom forward iterator over intrusive linked lists of integers. Finally, we see how function objects can be used to customize containers and algorithms alike. This allows us to deepen our understanding of ordering relations, and, in particular, to introduce the concept of strict weak orderings.
C++ (pronounced "see plus plus") is a computer programming language based on C. It was created for writing programs for many different purposes. In the 1990s, C++ became one of the most used programming languages in the world.
The C++ programming language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s, and was originally named "C with classes". The language was planned as an improvement on the C programming language, adding features based on object-oriented programming. Step by step, a lot of advanced features were added to the language, like operator overloading, exception handling and templates.
This is an overview of C++ (based on 1999 / 2003 standard) and its use in Object Oriented Programming. The presentation assumes that the audience knows C programming.
OOPS concepts are one of the most important concepts in high level languages. Here in this PPT we will learn more about Object oriented approach in python programming which includes details related to classes and objects, inheritance, dat abstraction, polymorphism and many more with examples and code.
It tells about functions in C++,Types,Use,prototype,declaration,Arguments etc
function with
A function with no parameter and no return value
A function with parameter and no return value
A function with parameter and return value
A function without parameter and return value
Call by value and address
Everything about OOPs (Object-oriented programming) in this slide we cover the all details about object-oriented programming using C++. we also discussed why C++ is called a subset of C.
This set of slides introduces the reader to a subset of the C++ Standard Library called the Standard Template Library (STL). The STL provides a collection of parameterized containers and algorithms, and it is the most successful example of an approach to programming called generic programming. In this presentation, we aim at studying the ideals and concepts of the STL by re-implementing small parts of the library. Specifically, we first show how we can discover requirements on types in order to devise generic algorithms. Then, we focus on how to make algorithms independent of containers through the pivotal abstraction of iterators. To this end, we replicate the standard algorithm for finding the minimum in a sequence (min_element), which we subsequently match with a custom forward iterator over intrusive linked lists of integers. Finally, we see how function objects can be used to customize containers and algorithms alike. This allows us to deepen our understanding of ordering relations, and, in particular, to introduce the concept of strict weak orderings.
C++ (pronounced "see plus plus") is a computer programming language based on C. It was created for writing programs for many different purposes. In the 1990s, C++ became one of the most used programming languages in the world.
The C++ programming language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s, and was originally named "C with classes". The language was planned as an improvement on the C programming language, adding features based on object-oriented programming. Step by step, a lot of advanced features were added to the language, like operator overloading, exception handling and templates.
Dynamic Memory Allocation, Pointers and Functions, Pointers and StructuresSelvaraj Seerangan
After go through this ppt the learners could be able to know the c programming concepts like dynamic memory allocation, pointers and functions and pointers to structures with examples.
Slides for the Cluj.py meetup where we explored the inner workings of CPython, the reference implementation of Python. Includes examples of writing a C extension to Python, and introduces Cython - ultimately the sanest way of writing C extensions.
Also check out the code samples on GitHub: https://github.com/trustyou/meetups/tree/master/python-c
Navigating the Metaverse: A Journey into Virtual Evolution"Donna Lenk
Join us for an exploration of the Metaverse's evolution, where innovation meets imagination. Discover new dimensions of virtual events, engage with thought-provoking discussions, and witness the transformative power of digital realms."
Zoom is a comprehensive platform designed to connect individuals and teams efficiently. With its user-friendly interface and powerful features, Zoom has become a go-to solution for virtual communication and collaboration. It offers a range of tools, including virtual meetings, team chat, VoIP phone systems, online whiteboards, and AI companions, to streamline workflows and enhance productivity.
Graspan: A Big Data System for Big Code AnalysisAftab Hussain
We built a disk-based parallel graph system, Graspan, that uses a novel edge-pair centric computation model to compute dynamic transitive closures on very large program graphs.
We implement context-sensitive pointer/alias and dataflow analyses on Graspan. An evaluation of these analyses on large codebases such as Linux shows that their Graspan implementations scale to millions of lines of code and are much simpler than their original implementations.
These analyses were used to augment the existing checkers; these augmented checkers found 132 new NULL pointer bugs and 1308 unnecessary NULL tests in Linux 4.4.0-rc5, PostgreSQL 8.3.9, and Apache httpd 2.2.18.
- Accepted in ASPLOS ‘17, Xi’an, China.
- Featured in the tutorial, Systemized Program Analyses: A Big Data Perspective on Static Analysis Scalability, ASPLOS ‘17.
- Invited for presentation at SoCal PLS ‘16.
- Invited for poster presentation at PLDI SRC ‘16.
Mobile App Development Company In Noida | Drona InfotechDrona Infotech
Looking for a reliable mobile app development company in Noida? Look no further than Drona Infotech. We specialize in creating customized apps for your business needs.
Visit Us For : https://www.dronainfotech.com/mobile-application-development/
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR SolutionsTheSMSPoint
Discover the power of Cloud-Based IVR Solutions to streamline communication processes. Embrace scalability and cost-efficiency while enhancing customer experiences with features like automated call routing and voice recognition. Accessible from anywhere, these solutions integrate seamlessly with existing systems, providing real-time analytics for continuous improvement. Revolutionize your communication strategy today with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions. Learn more at: https://thesmspoint.com/channel/cloud-telephony
AI Pilot Review: The World’s First Virtual Assistant Marketing SuiteGoogle
AI Pilot Review: The World’s First Virtual Assistant Marketing Suite
👉👉 Click Here To Get More Info 👇👇
https://sumonreview.com/ai-pilot-review/
AI Pilot Review: Key Features
✅Deploy AI expert bots in Any Niche With Just A Click
✅With one keyword, generate complete funnels, websites, landing pages, and more.
✅More than 85 AI features are included in the AI pilot.
✅No setup or configuration; use your voice (like Siri) to do whatever you want.
✅You Can Use AI Pilot To Create your version of AI Pilot And Charge People For It…
✅ZERO Manual Work With AI Pilot. Never write, Design, Or Code Again.
✅ZERO Limits On Features Or Usages
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✅No Complicated Setup: Get Up And Running In 2 Minutes
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See My Other Reviews Article:
(1) TubeTrivia AI Review: https://sumonreview.com/tubetrivia-ai-review
(2) SocioWave Review: https://sumonreview.com/sociowave-review
(3) AI Partner & Profit Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-partner-profit-review
(4) AI Ebook Suite Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-ebook-suite-review
Top Features to Include in Your Winzo Clone App for Business Growth (4).pptxrickgrimesss22
Discover the essential features to incorporate in your Winzo clone app to boost business growth, enhance user engagement, and drive revenue. Learn how to create a compelling gaming experience that stands out in the competitive market.
OpenMetadata Community Meeting - 5th June 2024OpenMetadata
The OpenMetadata Community Meeting was held on June 5th, 2024. In this meeting, we discussed about the data quality capabilities that are integrated with the Incident Manager, providing a complete solution to handle your data observability needs. Watch the end-to-end demo of the data quality features.
* How to run your own data quality framework
* What is the performance impact of running data quality frameworks
* How to run the test cases in your own ETL pipelines
* How the Incident Manager is integrated
* Get notified with alerts when test cases fail
Watch the meeting recording here - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbNOje0kf6E
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissancesNeo4j
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
Allez au-delà du battage médiatique autour de l’IA et découvrez des techniques pratiques pour utiliser l’IA de manière responsable à travers les données de votre organisation. Explorez comment utiliser les graphes de connaissances pour augmenter la précision, la transparence et la capacité d’explication dans les systèmes d’IA générative. Vous partirez avec une expérience pratique combinant les relations entre les données et les LLM pour apporter du contexte spécifique à votre domaine et améliorer votre raisonnement.
Amenez votre ordinateur portable et nous vous guiderons sur la mise en place de votre propre pile d’IA générative, en vous fournissant des exemples pratiques et codés pour démarrer en quelques minutes.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Need for Speed: Removing speed bumps from your Symfony projects ⚡️Łukasz Chruściel
No one wants their application to drag like a car stuck in the slow lane! Yet it’s all too common to encounter bumpy, pothole-filled solutions that slow the speed of any application. Symfony apps are not an exception.
In this talk, I will take you for a spin around the performance racetrack. We’ll explore common pitfalls - those hidden potholes on your application that can cause unexpected slowdowns. Learn how to spot these performance bumps early, and more importantly, how to navigate around them to keep your application running at top speed.
We will focus in particular on tuning your engine at the application level, making the right adjustments to ensure that your system responds like a well-oiled, high-performance race car.
E-commerce Application Development Company.pdfHornet Dynamics
Your business can reach new heights with our assistance as we design solutions that are specifically appropriate for your goals and vision. Our eCommerce application solutions can digitally coordinate all retail operations processes to meet the demands of the marketplace while maintaining business continuity.
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The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of how you can use AI from XSLT, XQuery, Schematron, or XML Refactoring operations, the potential benefits of using AI, and some of the challenges we face.
GraphSummit Paris - The art of the possible with Graph TechnologyNeo4j
Sudhir Hasbe, Chief Product Officer, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Launch Your Streaming Platforms in MinutesRoshan Dwivedi
The claim of launching a streaming platform in minutes might be a bit of an exaggeration, but there are services that can significantly streamline the process. Here's a breakdown:
Pros of Speedy Streaming Platform Launch Services:
No coding required: These services often use drag-and-drop interfaces or pre-built templates, eliminating the need for programming knowledge.
Faster setup: Compared to building from scratch, these platforms can get you up and running much quicker.
All-in-one solutions: Many services offer features like content management systems (CMS), video players, and monetization tools, reducing the need for multiple integrations.
Things to Consider:
Limited customization: These platforms may offer less flexibility in design and functionality compared to custom-built solutions.
Scalability: As your audience grows, you might need to upgrade to a more robust platform or encounter limitations with the "quick launch" option.
Features: Carefully evaluate which features are included and if they meet your specific needs (e.g., live streaming, subscription options).
Examples of Services for Launching Streaming Platforms:
Muvi [muvi com]
Uscreen [usencreen tv]
Alternatives to Consider:
Existing Streaming platforms: Platforms like YouTube or Twitch might be suitable for basic streaming needs, though monetization options might be limited.
Custom Development: While more time-consuming, custom development offers the most control and flexibility for your platform.
Overall, launching a streaming platform in minutes might not be entirely realistic, but these services can significantly speed up the process compared to building from scratch. Carefully consider your needs and budget when choosing the best option for you.
3. Introduction
In programming, the use of pointers are the main source of
errors (or bugs) when developing code.
The main problem found are the occurrences of memory
leaks, this is due to the way pointers interact with memory,
such as allocation and deallocation, which when
performed inefficiently can cause the pointer to hang (or
dangle, meaning that the pointer points to a previous
removed object).
The solution to this problem is the use of Smart Pointers.
4. RAII
This is a programming idiom, In RAII, holding a
resource is tied to object lifetime: resource
allocation (acquisition) is done during object
creation (specifically initialization), by the
constructor, while resource deallocation (release)
is done during object destruction, by the
destructor. If objects are destructed properly,
resource leaks do not occur.
5. Goal of RAII
The main goal of this idiom is->
1] To ensure that resource acquisition occurs at the same
time that the object is initialized, so that all resources for
the object are created and made ready in one line of
code.
2] The resource is automatically freed when the object
gets out of scope.
7. Smart pointers
Smart pointers are crucial to the RAII or Resource Acquisition Is
Initialialization programming idiom.
Smart pointers are class objects that behave like built-in pointers.
They also support pointer operations like dereferencing (operator *)
and indirection (operator ->).
To be smarter than regular pointers, smart pointers need to do things
that regular pointers don't. What could these things be? Probably the
most common bugs in C++ (and C) are related to pointers and
memory management: dangling pointers, memory leaks, allocation
failures and other joys. Having a smart pointer take care of these things
can save a lot of aspirin..
9. It is common to write code such
as..
void myFunction()
{
myClass *p (new myClass());
p->Dosomething();
delete p;
}
10. Example of smart pointers
This code may work. But what if somewhere in the function body an
exception gets thrown? Suddenly, the delete code never gets called!
In this case a memory leak waiting to happen.
However the use of a smart pointer will remove this threat due to the
automatic clean up of the pointer because the pointer will be cleaned
up whenever it gets out of scope, whether it was during the normal
path of execution or during an exception.
Auto_ptr: the simplest smart pointer to use. For situations when there
are no special requirements.
11. auto_ptr
auto_ptr is a class template available in the
C++ Standard Library (declared in the
<memory> header file) that provides some
basic RAII features for C++ raw pointers.
The auto_ptr template class describes an
object that stores a pointer to a single
allocated object of type Type* that ensures
that the object to which it points gets
destroyed automatically when control leaves a
scope.
12. auto_ptr
void myFunction()
{
auto_ptr<myClass> *p (new myClass());
p->DoSomething();
//delete obj; /*memory allocated will
automatically be freed*/
}
13. An Example of Smart Pointers
void foo()
{
MyClass* p(new
MyClass);
p->DoSomething();
delete p;
}
void foo()
{
auto_ptr<MyClass>
p(new MyClass);
p->DoSomething();
}
14. auto_ptr
The auto_ptr has semantics of strict ownership, meaning that the
auto_ptr instance is the sole entity responsible for the object's lifetime. If
an auto_ptr is copied, the source loses the reference. For example:
MyClass* p(new MyClass);
MyClass* q = p;
delete p;
p->DoSomething(); // Watch out! p is now dangling!
p = NULL; // p is no longer dangling
q->DoSomething(); // q is still dangling!
15. An Example of Smart Pointers
For auto_ptr, this is solved by setting its pointer to NULL when it is copied:
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int *i = new int;
auto_ptr<int> x(i);
auto_ptr<int> y;
y = x;
cout << x.get() << endl; // Print NULL
cout << y.get() << endl; // Print non-NULL address i
16. An Example of Smart Pointers
This code will print a NULL address for the first
auto_ptr object and some non-NULL address for
the second, showing that the source object lost
the reference during the assignment (=). The raw
pointer i in the example should not be deleted, as
it will be deleted by the auto_ptr that owns the
reference. In fact, new int could be passed
directly into x, eliminating the need for i.
17. #include <memory> // for std::auto_ptr
#include <stdlib.h> // for EXIT_SUCCESS
using namespace std;
typedef struct { int a, b; } IntPair;
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
auto_ptr<int> x(new int(5));
// Return a pointer to the pointed-to object.
int *ptr = x.get();
// Return a reference to the value of the pointed-to object.
int val = *x;
// Access a field or function of a pointed-to object.
auto_ptr<IntPair> ip(new IntPair);
ip->a = 100;
// Reset the auto_ptr with a new heap-allocated object.
x.reset(new int(1));
// Release responsibility for freeing the pointed-to object.
ptr = x.release();
delete ptr;
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
20. Problem with auto_ptr
The C++ Standard says that an STL element must be "copy-constructible" and
"assignable." In other words, an element must be able to be assigned or copied
and the two elements are logically independent. std::auto_ptr does not fulfill this
requirement. For example-void
foo() {
vector<auto_ptr< > > ivec;
ivec.push_back(auto_ptr< >(new (5)));
ivec.push_back(auto_ptr< >(new (6)));
auto_ptr< > z = ivec[0];
}
21. Problem with auto_ptr
To overcome this limitation, you should use
the std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr or
std::weak_ptr smart pointers or the boost
equivalents if you don't have C++11.
22. shared_ptr
Shared pointer is a smart pointer (a C++ object wih
overloaded operator*() and operator->())
It keeps a pointer to an object and a pointer to a shared
reference count.
Every time a copy of the smart pointer is made using the
copy constructor, the reference count is incremented.
When a shared pointer is destroyed, the reference count
for its object is decremented.
After counts goes to zero then managed object
automatically get deleted.
23. int main(int argc, char **argv) {
// x contains a pointer to an int and has reference count 1.
boost::shared_ptr<int> x(new int(10));
{
// x and y now share the same pointer to an int, and they
// share the reference count; the count is 2.
boost::shared_ptr<int> y = x;
std::cout << *y << std::endl;
}
// y fell out of scope and was destroyed. Therefore, the
// reference count, which was previously seen by both x and y,
// but now is seen only by x, is decremented to 1.
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
24. Finally, something that works!
it is safe to store shared_ptrs in containers, since
copy/assign maintain a shared reference count and
pointer-
26. How they work
The process starts when the managed object is dynamically allocated,
and the first shared_ptr (sp1) is created to point to it; the shared_ptr
constructor creates a manager object (dynamically allocated). The
manager object contains a pointer to the managed object; the
overloaded member functions like shared_ptr::operator-> access the
pointer in the manager object to get the actual pointer to the
managed object.1 The manager object also contains two reference
counts: The shared count counts the number of shared_ptrs pointing to
the manager object, and the weak count counts the number of
weak_ptrs pointing to the manager object. When sp1 and the
manager object are first created, the shared count will be 1, and the
weak count will be 0.
28. How they work….
If another shared_ptr (sp2) is created by copy or assignment from sp1,
then it also points to the same manager object, and the copy
constructor or assignment operator increments the shared count to
show that 2 shared_ptrs are now pointing to the managed object.
Likewise, when a weak pointer is created by copy or assignment from
a shared_ptr or another weak_ptr for this object, it points to the same
manager object, and the weak count is incremented. The diagram
shows the situation after three shared_ptrs and two weak_ptrs have
been created to point to the same object.
29. Problem with shared_ptr
If you used shared_ptr and have a cycle in the
sharing graph, the reference count will never hit
zero.
30. cycle of shared_ptr’s
#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
boost::shared_ptr;
A {
shared_ptr<A> next;
shared_ptr<A> prev;
};
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
shared_ptr<A> head( A());
head->next = shared_ptr<A>( A());
head->next->prev = head;
}
2
0
2
1
next
prev
0
next
prev
head
31. breaking the cycle with weak_ptr
A {
shared_ptr<A> next;
weak_ptr<A> prev;
};
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
shared_ptr<A> head(new A());
head->next = shared_ptr<A>(new A());
head->next->prev = head;
}
1
0
1
1
next
prev
0
next
prev
head
33. use of make_shared to create an
object
If you need to create an object using a custom allocator, you can use
make_shared. So, why use make_shared ? There are two main reasons:
simplicity, and efficiency.
First, with make_shared the code is simpler. Write for clarity and
correctness first.
Second, using make_shared is more efficient.
The shared_ptr implementation has to maintain housekeeping
information in a control block shared by all shared_ptrs
and weak_ptrs referring to a given object. In particular, that
housekeeping information has to include not just one but two
reference counts:
34. use of make_shared to create an
object
A “strong reference” count to track the number
of shared_ptrs currently keeping the object alive.
A “weak reference” count to track the number
of weak_ptrs currently observing the object.
Example-sp1
= shared_ptr<widget>{ new widget{} };
sp2 = sp1
36. use of make_shared to create an
object
We’d like to avoid doing two separate allocations
here. If you use make_shared to allocate the
object and the shared_ptr all in one go, then the
implementation can fold them together in a single
allocation, as shown in Example-sp1
= make_shared<widget>();
sp2 = sp1;
38. use of make_shared to create an
object
It reduces allocation overhead, including
memory fragmentation.
It improves locality. The reference counts
are frequently used with the object, and
for small objects are likely to be on the
same cache line, which improves cache
performance.