The document provides an overview of the C++ programming language, including: - A brief history of C++ and how it was developed based on C while incorporating object-oriented programming features. - Descriptions of key computer science concepts like hardware, memory, data types, compilers, and the software development process. - Explanations of core C++ programming concepts like variables, data types, operators, expressions, and identifiers. It also discusses object-oriented features and the standard libraries. - Short sections on C++ keywords, tokens, structures, advantages and disadvantages. So in summary, the document introduces the C++ language by covering its origins and evolution, underlying computer science principles, and

1. C++ PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson
Education, Inc.
Slide 4
C++ History
• C developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs in the 1970s.
• Used to maintain UNIX systems
• Many commercial applications written in c
• C++ developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T Bell Labs in the 1980s.
• Overcame several shortcomings of C
• Incorporated object oriented programming
• C remains a subset of C++

5. Computer Systems
• A computer program is…
• A set of instructions for a computer to follow
• Computer software is …
• The collection of programs used by a computer
• Includes:
• Editors
• Translators
• System Managers

6. Hardware
• Three main classes of computers
• PCs (Personal Computer)
• Relatively small used by one person at a time
• Workstation
• Larger and more powerful than a PC

7. • Mainframe
• Still larger
• Requires support staff
• Shared by multiple users

8. Computer Memory
• Main Memory
• Long list of memory locations
• Each contains zeros and ones
• Can change during program execution
• Binary Digit or Bit
A digit that can only be zero or one
• Byte
Each memory location has eight bits
• Address
Number that identifies a memory location

9. Larger Data Items
• Some data is too large for a single byte
• Most integers and real numbers are too large
• Address refers to the first byte
• Next few consecutive bytes can store the additional
bits for larger data

10. Data or Code
• ‘A’ may look like 01000001
• 65 may look like 01000001
• An instruction may look like 01000001

11. • How does the computer know the meaning of 01000001?
• Interpretation depends on the current instruction
• Programmers rarely need to be concerned with this
problem.
• Reason as if memory locations contain letters and
numbers rather than zeroes and ones

12. Computer Software
• The operating system
• Allows us to communicate with the computer
• Is a program
• Allocates the computer’s resources
• Responds to user requests to run other programs
• Common operating systems include…
• UNIX Linux DOS Windows Macintosh VMS

13. Compilers
• Translate high-level language to machine language
• Source code
• the original program in a high level language
• Object code
• the translated version in machine language

14. Linkers
• Some programs we use are already
compiled
• Their object code is available for us to use
• For example: Input and output routines
A Linker combines
The object code for the programs we write
and
The object code for the pre-compiled routines
into
The machine language program the CPU can run

15. LANGUAGE
A language is a structured system of communication

16. High-level Languages
• Common programming languages include …
C C++ Java Pascal Visual Basic FORTRAN
COBOL Lisp Scheme Ada

17. • These high – level languages
• Resemble human languages
• Are designed to be easy to read and write
• Use more complicated instructions than the CPU can follow
• Must be translated to zeros and ones for the CPU to execute a program

18. Low-level Languages
• An assembly language command such as
ADD X Y Z
might mean add the values found at x and y
in memory, and store the result in location z.
• Assembly language must be translated to machine language (zeros and
ones)
0110 1001 1010 1011
• The CPU can follow machine language

19. SOFTWARE EVOLUTION
Like a tree, the software evolution has had distinct phases “layers” of growth.
 These layers were building up one by one over the last five decades as
shown in below diagram, with each layer representing and improvement over
the previous one.
 However, the analogy fails if we consider the life of these layers.
 In software system each of the layers continues to be functional, whereas in the
case of trees, only the uppermost layer is functional

21. Introduction to C++
• C++ is a general purpose, case-sensitive, free-form
programming language that supports object-oriented,
procedural and generic programming.
• C++ is a middle-level language, as it encapsulates both
high and low level language features.

22. Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs)
• C++ supports the object-oriented programming, the four major pillar of object-
oriented programming (OOPs) used in C++ are:
1.Inheritance
2.Polymorphism
3.Encapsulation
4.Abstraction

23. C++ Standard Libraries
• Standard C++ programming is divided into three important parts:
• The core library includes the data types, variables and literals, etc.
• The standard library includes the set of functions manipulating strings, files,
etc.
• The Standard Template Library (STL) includes the set of methods
manipulating a data structure.

24. Usage of C++
• By the help of C++ programming language, we can develop different types of
secured and robust applications:
•Window application
•Client-Server application
•Device drivers
•Embedded firmware etc

25. Difference between C and C++

27. DISADVANTAGE OF C++
• Data is global or local.
• It emphasis on instructions bur not on data.
• It can be generally heavy if not careful.
• Data is global and global data does not have security.

28. Structure of C++ Program

29. C++ Features

30. C++ Tokens

31. C++ Variable
• A variable is a name of memory location. It is used to store data.
• Its value can be changed and it can be reused many times.
• It is a way to represent memory location through symbol so that it can be easily
identified.
• Let's see the syntax to declare a variable: type variable_list;

32. Rules for defining variables
• A variable can have alphabets, digits and underscore.
• A variable name can start with alphabet and underscore only.
• It can't start with digit.
• No white space is allowed within variable name.
• A variable name must not be any reserved word or keyword e.g. char, float etc.

33. C++ Data Types
• A data type specifies the type of data that a variable can store such as integer,
floating, character etc.

34. Types of Data Types

35. C++ Keywords
• A keyword is a reserved word.
• You cannot use it as a variable name,
constant name etc.
• A list of 32 Keywords in C++
Language.

36. C++ Operators
• An operator is simply a symbol that is used to perform operations
• There can be many types of operations like arithmetic, logical, bitwise etc.

37. Types of Operators

39. Precedence of Operators in C++
• The precedence of operator species that which operator will be evaluated first
and next.
• The associativity specifies the operators direction to be evaluated, it may be left
to right or right to left.
• Let's understand the precedence by the example given below:
int data=5+10*10;

40. C++ Identifiers
• C++ identifiers in a program are used to refer to the name of the
variables, functions, arrays, or other user-defined data types
created by the programmer
• They are the basic requirement of any language.
• Every language has its own rules for naming the identifiers.

41. Rules of Identifiers
• Only alphabetic characters, digits, and underscores are allowed.
• The identifier name cannot start with a digit, i.e., the first letter should be
alphabetical.
• After the first letter, we can use letters, digits, or underscores.
• In C++, uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct.
• Therefore, we can say that C++ identifiers are case-sensitive.
• A declared keyword cannot be used as a variable name.

42. C++ Expression
• C++ expression consists of operators, constants, and variables which are
arranged according to the rules of the language.
• It can also contain function calls which return values.
• An expression can consist of one or more operands, zero or more
operators to compute a value.
• Every expression produces some value which is assigned to the variable
with the help of an assignment operator.

44. What is an Expression?