1. INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF NURSING
PROGRAM OF MSC IN ADULT HEALTH NURSING
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT: ADVANCED NURSING LEADERSHIP,
ROLES & CONCEPTS
TITLE: MONITORING
SET BY: REBIRA WORKINEH
SEPTEMBER, 2023
NEKEMTE, ETHIOPIA
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By: Rebira W.( AHN student)
2. Monitoring
Student Name ID No
Rebira Workineh WU1500418
Instructor: Mr. Tesfaye A (BSc, MSc, Assistant Professor )
September, 2023
Nekemte, Ethiopia
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3. Objectives
At the end of this presentation participants will be able to:
▪ Define monitoring
▪ List purpose of monitoring
▪ Understand by whom monitoring information is used
▪ Identify different levels of monitoring
▪ Differentiate between efficiency and effectiveness
▪ Explain indicators in program monitoring
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5. Outlines
What to monitor?
Key features to identify information we need
Efficiency & effectiveness
Monitoring versus evaluation
Components of monitoring
Indicators
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6. Introduction
A process of measuring, recording, collecting & analyzing data on actual
implementation of the program &
Communicating it to the program managers so that any deviation from the
planned operations are detected
Diagnosis for causes of deviation is carried out & suitable corrective actions
are taken.
Monitoring is the routine process of data collection and measurement of progress
toward program objectives
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7. Definition of Monitoring
Is continuous, ongoing collection and review of information on program
implementation, coverage and use for comparison with implementation plans
Is sometimes referred as process evaluation because it focuses on the
implementation process
Is routine collection and analysis of information to track progress against set
plans and check compliance to established standards
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8. Monitoring is continuous follow up of activities to
ensure that they are proceeding according to plan
Monitor inputs Monitor process Monitor outputs
Cont’d…
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9. Purpose of Monitoring
Monitoring helps in :
Setting standards (norms) of performance
Measuring level of performance
Comparing performance level with standards (norms)
Identifying deviations and explain the reasons for the deviation for taking
necessary corrective action
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10. Cont’d…
The main goal is to ensure that program is implemented as planned.
Preparation of action plan
The plan should specify what needs to be done, who is going to do it, &
when it is to be done
Inadequacy in planning will result in inadequacy in monitoring
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13. Who Needs, Uses Monitoring Information?
To Improve program implementation Managers
To Inform and improve future programs Donors
Governments
Technocrats
To inform stakeholders Donors
Governments
Communities
Beneficial
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14. Who Conducts Monitoring?
▪ Program implementer
▪ Stakeholders
▪ Beneficiary
NB: Monitoring & evaluation need technical skills
Participatory process
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15. Different Levels of Monitoring
1. Managers at the top level
Develop health plans based on objectives, goals, and strategies.
Allocate the necessary resources.
2. Managers at the middle level
Worried b whether z expected output is produced from z inputs that are being used.
3. Managers at the operational level
Supervise actual operations.
Ensure that the scheduled activities are being completed as intended.
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16. What to Monitor?
1) Plan: Is program running as per the plan?
2) Compliance
How well program implementation complies with program plan?
3) Budget
To control ongoing activities, resources such supply and equipment, and financial
outlays in respect to budgetary allotments
4) Delivery
Assessment of the process of program delivery
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17. How to Carry out Monitoring?
Key Features
1. Program framework: Analyze and systematically lay out program elements
2. Identify key elements to monitor and evaluate
3. Determine & describe the measures to be used for monitoring &
evaluation
4. Develop a plan of action and M & E frameworks.
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18. Efficiency & Effectiveness
Efficiency
Getting the maximum output with minimum input
Takes into consideration the present state
Doing things consistently
Focuses on the process or means
Monitoring is necessary to ensure efficiency use of measure
Efficiency is usually measured by the ratio of activity to input
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19. Cont’d…
Effectiveness
Measures whether or not the result is as desired
Takes into consideration the long term strategy
Having desires or innovative ways of working
Focuses on the results
Evaluation is necessary to ensure effective use of measure
Effectiveness is measured by the ratio of output to activities
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21. Monitoring Versus Evaluation
Monitoring
Determines program efficiency
Main focus-collecting data on progress
Time focus-present
Attention level-details
Inspires-motivation
Identifies strength & weakness of program operations
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22. Cont’d…
Evaluation
Determines program effectiveness
Main focus-assessing data at critical stages of the process
Time focus-past-future
Attention level-big picture
Inspires- creativity
Identifies the possible side effects of the program
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23. Components of Monitoring
Monitoring broadly covers two components
1. Monitoring of implementation efficiency of various activities
2. Monitoring of the impact of control measures
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24. Monitoring of Implementation Efficiency of Various
Activities
Technical
Case detection by active and passive
Treatment & Referral services
Indoor residual insecticidal spray operations
Anti larval measures
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25. Cont’d…
Logistic flow
Timely indenting based on epidemiological data of previous year
Financial flow
Timely payment of wages for casual laborers involved in spraying
operation
Repair of equipment and local purchases
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26. Monitoring Questions
What is being done?
By whom?
Target population?
When?
How much?
How often?
Additional outputs?
Resources used? (Staff, funds, materials, etc.)
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27. What do we need to answer these questions?
We need indicators to take measurements
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28. Indicators
Indicators are selected measures that describe the quality of the standard
Markers that help to measure change by showing progress towards meeting
objectives
Observable, measurable, and agreed upon as valid markers of a less well-
defined concept or objective
Differ from objectives in that they address specific criteria that will be used
to judge the success of the project or program.
•
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29. Types & Levels of Indicators
Types
Input/Process (Monitoring)
Outcome / Impact (Evaluation)
Levels
Global level
Country level
Program level
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30. What Is a Good Indicator?
Valid : Measures the effect it is supposed to measure
Reliable : Gives the same result if measured in the same way
Precise : Is operationally defined so people are clear about what they are
measuring
Timely : Can be measured at an interval that is appropriate to the level of
change expected
Comparable : Can be compared across different target groups or project
approaches
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31. Criteria for Selecting Indicators
Consistency
Useful
Available
Affordable
✓Where possible, a project/program should select standard indicators based
on these criteria.
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32. Summary
Monitoring is a regular, ongoing activity
Provides information for managers so that they can ensure that project
implementation is on-track.
Results-based monitoring is responding to a call for greater transparency,
accountability and efficiency in project management.
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33. Reference
1. Kusek JZ, Rist RC (2004). A Handbook for Development Practitioners. Ten
Steps to a Results-based Monitoring and Evaluation System.
2. UNDP (2002). Handbook on Monitoring and Evaluating for Results. United
Nations Development Program (UNDP) Evaluation Office, New York.
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