By Kevin H a rd y an d Ian Koblick
Following the theme o f manned undersea habitats, outposts to explore, work and live in the sea, we continue the series with an
excerpt fro m Dr. Joseph M aclnnis’s informative March 1966 Scientific Am erican article “Living under the Sea”.
Ed Link’s Submerged Portable
Inflatable Dwelling (SPID)
By Dr. Joseph B. M a c ln n is
Adapted from
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
March 1966
I
n 1956 Edwin A. Link, the inventor of the Link
Trainer for simulated flight training, was engaged in
undersea archaeological investigations. He recognized
that a diver could work more effectively at substantial
depths if he could live there for prolonged periods instead
of having to be decompressed to the surface after each
day’s work. Link set out to build a vehicle that could
operate as an underwater elevator, a diving bell and a
decompression chamber. The “submersible decompression
chamber” (SDC) he designed is an aluminum cylinder
11 feet long and 3 feet in diameter [see Figure 2], With
its outer hatches closed it is a sealed capsule in which a
diver can be lowered to the bottom. On the bottom, with
the internal gas pressure equal to ambient water pressure
and the hatches open, the SDC serves as a dry refuge from
which the occupant can operate as a free diver. Then, with
the hatches again closed, it becomes a sealed chamber in
which the diver can be decompressed safely and efficiently
on shipboard or during his ascent to the surface. An inner
hatch provides an air lock through which someone else
can enter the chamber (or pass food and other supplies
into it) during the decompression phase.
Early in September 1962, the SDC underwent its
critical test in the Mediterranean Sea off Villefranche on
the French Riviera. A young Belgian diver, Robert Stenuit,
descended in it to 200 feet and lived there for 24 hours,
swimming out into the water to work and returning to rest
in the warm safety of the pressurized chamber. When the
time came to return to the surface, Stenuit did not have
to face hours of dangling on a lifeline or perching on a
platform, decompressing slowly in the cold water. Instead
he sealed himself into the chamber, was hoisted to the
deck of Link’s research vessel, the Sea Diver, and there was
42 The Journal of Diving History First Quarter 2016, Volume 24, Number 86
Figure 1: An underw ater dwelling called the SPID (fo r "subm erged, portable,
inflatable dw elling") was designed by Edwin A. Link as a base o f operations
fo r long dives to the continental shelf, here undergoing a pressure te s t at
70 feet. In the sum m er of 1964 tw o divers occupied the SPID fo r tw o days
at 432 feet below the surface.
HATCH
(OPEN)
Fig u re 2: Two chambers used in the Man in Sea 43 2 -fo o t, tw o-day dive are diagram m ed. The "subm ersible decompression
chamber," or SDC (le ft), is an alum inum cylinder II-fe e t long and 3-feet in Diameter. With the hatches open and the inside gas
.
Marine biology is the scientific study of ocean life. It is closely related to but distinct from oceanography, which studies the physical and chemical properties of oceans. Some key figures in the development of marine biology include Aristotle, James Cook, Charles Darwin, and Charles Wyville Thompson. Modern technologies like SCUBA gear, submersibles, sonar, and animal-borne cameras have allowed scientists to study ocean life in new ways and gain insights into ocean ecosystems. The scientific method of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and theory building is used in marine biology research.
Marine biology is the scientific study of ocean life. It is closely related to but distinct from oceanography, which studies the physical and chemical properties of oceans. Some key figures in the development of marine biology include Aristotle, James Cook, Charles Darwin, and Charles Wyville Thompson. Modern technologies like SCUBA gear, submersibles, sonar, and animal-borne cameras have allowed scientists to study ocean life in new ways and gain insights into ocean ecosystems. The scientific method of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and theory building is used in marine biology research.
Hydrothermal vents were first discovered in 1977 at depths around 7,000 feet below sea level. They form where super-heated water from inside the earth's crust, reaching temperatures up to 400°C, meets the cold deep ocean water around 2°C. This interaction causes minerals to precipitate out of the vent fluids, forming chimney-like structures called "smokers". The vent fluids are rich in metals like iron, manganese, and sulfides which sustain unique ecosystems powered by chemosynthesis rather than sunlight. Organisms like giant tube worms and clams thrive in the absence of photosynthesis by consuming chemicals from the vent fluids.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of scuba diving. It discusses early diving equipment like diving bells and snorkels that allowed limited underwater exploration. The document then focuses on the invention of SCUBA in 1943 by Cousteau and Gagnan, which enabled recreational diving. It outlines some of the dangers of decompression sickness and how proper training and equipment can help prevent issues. Finally, it briefly discusses the typical gear used in recreational diving and some career paths in the diving industry.
Cody witherspoon Senior Project Research PaperCodyWitherspoon
This document provides an overview of the history and development of scuba diving. It discusses early diving equipment like diving bells and snorkels that allowed limited underwater exploration. The document then focuses on the invention of SCUBA in 1943 by Cousteau and Gagnan, which enabled recreational diving. It outlines some of the dangers of decompression sickness and how proper training and equipment can help prevent issues. Finally, it briefly discusses the typical gear used in recreational diving and some career paths in the diving industry.
water sports, Snorkeling by Bidhu B MishraBidhu B Mishra
History of snorkeling,and what equipment use in this adventure sport? destinations in India for snorkeling.
institute/organisation which provide training for snorkeling, foreign destination for snorkeling
Deep oceans refer to areas away from coasts that are beyond continental shelves, where the seafloor drops to extreme depths below 10,000 feet. Life exists in these extreme environments where there is almost no light and freezing temperatures. Natural inhabitants feed off debris that drifts down or eat each other, and many live around hydrothermal vents. Humans are beginning to explore and mine resources from these environments, but the high pressure and lack of oxygen pose risks to human physiology.
Marine biology is the scientific study of ocean life. It is closely related to but distinct from oceanography, which studies the physical and chemical properties of oceans. Some key figures in the development of marine biology include Aristotle, James Cook, Charles Darwin, and Charles Wyville Thompson. Modern technologies like SCUBA gear, submersibles, sonar, and animal-borne cameras have allowed scientists to study ocean life in new ways and gain insights into ocean ecosystems. The scientific method of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and theory building is used in marine biology research.
Marine biology is the scientific study of ocean life. It is closely related to but distinct from oceanography, which studies the physical and chemical properties of oceans. Some key figures in the development of marine biology include Aristotle, James Cook, Charles Darwin, and Charles Wyville Thompson. Modern technologies like SCUBA gear, submersibles, sonar, and animal-borne cameras have allowed scientists to study ocean life in new ways and gain insights into ocean ecosystems. The scientific method of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and theory building is used in marine biology research.
Hydrothermal vents were first discovered in 1977 at depths around 7,000 feet below sea level. They form where super-heated water from inside the earth's crust, reaching temperatures up to 400°C, meets the cold deep ocean water around 2°C. This interaction causes minerals to precipitate out of the vent fluids, forming chimney-like structures called "smokers". The vent fluids are rich in metals like iron, manganese, and sulfides which sustain unique ecosystems powered by chemosynthesis rather than sunlight. Organisms like giant tube worms and clams thrive in the absence of photosynthesis by consuming chemicals from the vent fluids.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of scuba diving. It discusses early diving equipment like diving bells and snorkels that allowed limited underwater exploration. The document then focuses on the invention of SCUBA in 1943 by Cousteau and Gagnan, which enabled recreational diving. It outlines some of the dangers of decompression sickness and how proper training and equipment can help prevent issues. Finally, it briefly discusses the typical gear used in recreational diving and some career paths in the diving industry.
Cody witherspoon Senior Project Research PaperCodyWitherspoon
This document provides an overview of the history and development of scuba diving. It discusses early diving equipment like diving bells and snorkels that allowed limited underwater exploration. The document then focuses on the invention of SCUBA in 1943 by Cousteau and Gagnan, which enabled recreational diving. It outlines some of the dangers of decompression sickness and how proper training and equipment can help prevent issues. Finally, it briefly discusses the typical gear used in recreational diving and some career paths in the diving industry.
water sports, Snorkeling by Bidhu B MishraBidhu B Mishra
History of snorkeling,and what equipment use in this adventure sport? destinations in India for snorkeling.
institute/organisation which provide training for snorkeling, foreign destination for snorkeling
Deep oceans refer to areas away from coasts that are beyond continental shelves, where the seafloor drops to extreme depths below 10,000 feet. Life exists in these extreme environments where there is almost no light and freezing temperatures. Natural inhabitants feed off debris that drifts down or eat each other, and many live around hydrothermal vents. Humans are beginning to explore and mine resources from these environments, but the high pressure and lack of oxygen pose risks to human physiology.
Marine geology is the study of the Earth below the oceans and seas. It examines the character and history of ocean floors and coastal areas. Major developments in marine geology include the HMS Challenger expedition in the 1870s which made the first systematic survey of ocean basins, and the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory founded in 1948 which advanced techniques like precision depth recording and piston coring. Deep-sea drilling projects from the 1960s-1980s using vessels like the Glomar Challenger confirmed theories of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics through ocean floor sampling and drilling.
Scientists in Argentina are studying the dissolution rate of chalk in the San Augustin Cavern located in Mendoza province. Cave divers are installing dissolution plates and bags underwater in the cave to measure the loss of chalk over time. The extreme conditions require specialized cave diving skills and equipment to access the diving area. Researchers plan to use remotely operated vehicles in the future to take measurements without risking divers, but transporting the ROV equipment through the cave presents challenges and may require additional animal assistance. The goal is to better understand the growth of the karst system through quantifying the chalk dissolution.
Robotic submarines and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are increasingly being used for military and civilian purposes. The US Navy is testing the use of AUVs to detect mines in very shallow waters where ships and manned submarines cannot operate safely. AUVs can be programmed to systematically scan areas using sonar to locate mine-like objects. Additionally, underwater satellites and autonomous robots are helping with anti-submarine warfare by detecting enemy submarines.
Robert Ballard is a retired US Navy officer and professor of oceanography known for pioneering deep-sea exploration. Some of his major accomplishments include discovering hydrothermal vents and their role in geochemistry, locating historic shipwrecks like the Titanic, and making contributions to the field of archaeology. He developed new underwater technologies that enabled extensive mapping and imaging of the seafloor. Ballard's career breakthroughs enhanced scientific understanding of ocean processes and demonstrated the potential for discovery in marine exploration.
Submarines have existed since the late 16th century but became increasingly important weapons in World War I and II when German U-boats wreaked havoc on Allied ships. During this time, submarines evolved from hand-powered vessels to diesel-electric and eventually nuclear-powered ships. The first nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus, launched in 1954 and could stay submerged for long periods without needing to surface. Modern submarines use sonar and periscopes for navigation and targeting systems to fire torpedoes or missiles at enemy vessels from long distances. Life onboard is difficult, with cramped conditions and no sunlight for months during long deployments.
Submarines have evolved greatly since their invention in the 16th century. Early submarines were powered by oarsmen but eventually adopted steam and diesel engines. During World War 1 and 2, German U-boats effectively attacked Allied ships using torpedoes. The 1954 launch of the USS Nautilus marked the start of the nuclear era, allowing submarines to stay submerged for months. Modern submarines use sonar and periscopes for navigation and can launch advanced torpedoes or missiles from great distances. Life onboard is confined with crews enduring cramped quarters and months cut off from the outside world.
The document discusses depths that can be reached in the ocean. It notes that the deepest dive by a mammal was over 2,000 meters by a sperm whale. The deepest point in the ocean is in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, which has been measured to be over 10,000 meters deep. In 1960, two men piloted a bathyscaphe to a depth of over 10,000 meters in the Mariana Trench, which remains the deepest manned ocean descent.
The document discusses depths that can be reached in the ocean. It notes that the deepest dive by a mammal was over 2,000 meters by a sperm whale. The deepest point in the ocean is in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, which has been measured to be over 10,000 meters deep. In 1960, two men piloted a bathyscaphe to a depth of over 10,000 meters in the Mariana Trench, which is considered the deepest point on Earth.
READING COMPREHENSION 1 Reading text 1 For anyone who has seen Pirates of the...Zimri Rafael
1. The document discusses lost treasure ships from the 16th-17th centuries and 20th century that carried gold and other valuables from Europe to North America. Many ships sank with their cargo, like the Titanic.
2. In 1985, a French-American team located the Titanic wreck and recovered over 5,500 artifacts between 1987-1988, including personal items and ship parts. Many artifacts are now on display at the Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas.
3. Advanced technology like sonar and GPS now help locate sunken wrecks, but ships can be difficult to detect among other wrecks and debris, and marine conditions pose risks to search crews. The exact cargo of ships is often unknown.
Different Expeditions and their contribution in ocean scienceKunal Sinha
This document summarizes several historical expeditions that contributed to the development of ocean science and marine studies. It discusses early expeditions by Vikings and the Chinese admiral Zheng He in the 15th century. It then outlines the voyages of Captain Cook in the 18th century who made accurate maps of many ocean regions. The document also mentions the United States Exploring Expedition led by Wilkes that explored and charted parts of Antarctica. Charles Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle helped establish his theory of evolution by natural selection. The Challenger Expedition in 1872 was the first devoted entirely to marine science and discovered over 4,700 new species. Later, the German Meteor Expeditions introduced echo sounders to study ocean depths
TNY—2006_11_20—PAGE 66—133SC.—livE ArT r15667—CriTiCAl CuT To .docxedwardmarivel
TNY—2006_11_20—PAGE 66—133SC.—livE ArT r15667—CriTiCAl CuT To bE wATChEd ThrouGhouT ENTirE PrESS ruN—
#2 page—new title at top!
annals of science
The darkening sea
What carbon emissions are doing to the ocean.
by elizabeTh kolberT
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TNY—2006_11_20—PAGE 67—133SC.—livE ArT r15667—CriTiCAl CuT To bE wATChEd ThrouGhouT ENTirE PrESS ruN!
The neW yorker, noVeMber 20, 2006 67
Pteropods are tiny marine organisms that belong to the very broad class
known as zooplankton. Related to snails,
they swim by means of a pair of winglike
gelatinous flaps and feed by entrapping
even tinier marine creatures in a bubble of
mucus. Many pteropod species—there
are nearly a hundred in all—produce
shells, apparently for protection; some of
their predators, meanwhile, have evolved
specialized tentacles that they employ
much as diners use forks to spear escargot.
Pteropods are first male, but as they grow
older they become female.
Victoria Fabry, an oceanographer at
California State University at San Mar-
cos, is one of the world’s leading experts
on pteropods. She is slight and soft-
spoken, with wavy black hair and blue-
green eyes. Fabry fell in love with the
ocean as a teen-ager after visiting the
Outer Banks, off North Carolina, and
took up pteropods when she was in grad-
uate school, in the early nineteen-eighties.
At that point, most basic questions about
the animals had yet to be answered, and,
for her dissertation, Fabry decided to
study their shell growth. Her plan was to
raise pteropods in tanks, but she ran into
trouble immediately. When disturbed,
pteropods tend not to produce the mucus
bubbles, and slowly starve. Fabry tried
using bigger tanks for her pteropods, but
the only correlation, she recalled recently,
was that the more time she spent improv-
ing the tanks “the quicker they died.”
After a while, she resigned herself to con-
stantly collecting new specimens. This, in
turn, meant going out on just about any
research ship that would have her.
Fabry developed a simple, if brutal,
protocol that could be completed at sea.
She would catch some pteropods, either
by trawling with a net or by scuba diving,
and place them in one-litre bottles filled
with seawater, to which she had added a
small amount of radioactive calcium 45.
Forty-eight hours later, she would re-
move the pteropods from the bottles,
dunk them in warm ethanol, and pull
their bodies out with a pair of tweezers.
Back on land, she would measure how
much calcium 45 their shells had taken
up during their two days of captivity.
In the summer of 1985, Fabry got a
berth on a research vessel sailing from
Honolulu to Kodiak Island. Late in the
trip, near a spot in the Gulf of Alaska
known as Station Papa, she came upon a
TNY—2006_11_20—PAGE 68—133SC.TNY—2006_11_20—PAGE 68—#2 page new article.
68 The neW yorker, ...
The document provides a history of oceanography, beginning with early exploration by Polynesians, Greeks, Egyptians and others. It then discusses key voyages and discoveries like those of the Vikings, Columbus, and Magellan. Major advances in the 19th century included the Challenger expedition and work by scientists like Forbes and Darwin. The 20th century saw increased technological capabilities like echo sounding and satellites that advanced oceanographic understanding. Modern oceanography focuses on issues like climate change and conservation.
Nyiragongo crater - journey to the center of the worldViorica Munteanu
A team of scientists and explorers embarked on an expedition to walk on the shores of Nyiragongo Crater's lava lake in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the largest lava lake in the world. After extensive training and preparation, they established a base camp 400 feet above the lava lake. Expedition members made multiple descents to collect gas samples and take measurements in order to better understand the volcano's activity and predict future eruptions, with the goal of reaching the rim of the lava lake, which no one had survived before. During their close encounters with the lava, they had to take precautions against heat and gases, communicating by radio to stay safe in the dynamic conditions.
Stealing the Oceans: Humanity Struggles for Survival in This 1000 Year Epic W...Rick Doble
Stealing the Oceans by Rick Doble is a hard science fiction novella based on our current understanding of science and technology. An unusual SF story, it covers 1000 years when the people of the Earth are forced to make drastic changes. This occurs because ocean levels begin to gradually fall for hundreds of years -- with no end in sight. Using the latest technology, world governments work to determine the reason. But the discovery of the cause leads to panic and desperate attempts to rebuild civilizations. This epic story is as much about the forces involved as the individual people -- and comes complete with a city directory for one of the new cities that is established, along with a full description of how a new culture evolved.
Submarines have evolved significantly since their early development in the 16th century. Modern submarines can operate independently underwater for extended periods of time. They use ballast tanks to control buoyancy for diving and surfacing. Submarines maintain air quality through oxygen generation and CO2 scrubbing, produce fresh water through distillation, and use electric heaters to maintain temperature. Navigation is accomplished through GPS on the surface and inertial guidance systems underwater, along with active and passive sonar. Submarines are propelled by conventional or nuclear powerplants and maintain stability both on the surface and while submerged.
Berzinski Writing Sample10-Sink the Vandenburg!pberzins
Stevens Institute of Technology helped create an artificial reef off the Florida Keys by sinking the General Hoyt S. Vandenberg ship. Extensive testing was conducted at Stevens' Davidson Laboratory to ensure the ship would sink properly and land upright. This included repeated sinkings of a mini-Vandenberg model. The successful sinking of the full-scale ship in April 2009 in 140 feet of water will provide an artificial habitat for fish and coral and attract divers as marine life colonizes the wreck over decades.
2.03 Honors - Ocean Exploration Since the Challengerbigike1996
The document outlines key oceanographic expeditions from 1872 to 1985, highlighting advances in ocean exploration and new technologies developed. The HMS Challenger expedition from 1872-1876 conducted the first comprehensive global survey of ocean life and conditions. In 1925, the Meteor expedition studied ocean floor structures using early sonar and sampling technologies. Significant milestones included William Beebe's 1934 deep-sea observations in a bathysphere, the first scuba dive in 1943, discovery of magnetic striping on the ocean floor in 1955, development of remote underwater vehicles in the 1960s, and locating the Titanic wreck in 1985 with specialized deep-sea equipment. Each expedition expanded understanding of oceanography and pioneered new technologies for studying the oceans.
Benjamin Franklin published a map of the Gulf Stream in the 1700s based on fishermen's and merchants' experiences, in an effort to speed up mail delivery across the Atlantic Ocean when he was the first Postmaster General of the United States. The first global oceanographic cruise for scientific study was made by the British ship HMS Challenger between 1872-1876. This expedition circumnavigated the world, took over 360 ocean depth measurements, collected thousands of biological and sediment samples, and identified over 4,700 new species. Modern techniques for studying the ocean include tools like satellites that map ocean features, sonar for seafloor mapping, and submersibles that can investigate the deepest ocean trenches.
This document provides an overview of fishing vessels throughout history. It describes how early fishing vessels were constructed of materials like hide-covered frames and how Egyptians later developed sailboats. Over time, boats grew larger and were used for travel. The document also discusses the development of steam power in fishing vessels in the 1870s and the evolution of trawler designs. Modern trawlers are decked vessels equipped with technologies like navigation systems. The document outlines different types of trawling vessels and gear and describes operations and stability concerns for fishing vessels. It concludes with details about the world's largest fishing vessel.
This document provides a brief history of notable figures and expeditions that advanced ocean exploration from the 1500s to present day. It describes Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan's leadership of the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe in the 1500s. In the 1700s, Benjamin Franklin mapped the Gulf Stream current. Charles Darwin in the early 1800s described how coral reefs form and introduced the theory of natural selection. The multi-year Challenger Expedition in the late 1800s conducted the first truly oceanographic research cruise. More recent pioneers include Jacques Cousteau who developed modern SCUBA gear and Sylvia Earle who is a renowned marine biologist and conservationist.
Calculus Quiz 2 (Derivatives)Covers Units 9-13. This is a 10 quest.docxclairbycraft
Calculus Quiz 2 (Derivatives)
Covers Units 9-13. This is a 10 question, 10 point quiz consisting of multiple choice and calculated numeric answers.
You should complete the homework over these units before beginning the quiz.
You should complete the by
Thursday, November 12.
YOU MAY ATTEMPT THE QUIZ up to 3 timesIF YOU WISH to improve your score.
.
Calculus IDirections (10 pts. each) Answer each of the followin.docxclairbycraft
Calculus I
Directions: (10 pts. each) Answer each of the following questions below. In order to receive ANY credit for a question, you must SHOW YOUR WORK using proper notation and clear and concise logic. You're graded on both the accuracy of your answers AND your explanations that sufficiently support your answers. Unless otherwise stated, you're to give the EXAXCT VALUES of answers instead of decimal approximations. In order to receive ANY credit for any applied/word problem (i.e. Problems #29 - ), you MUST declare a variable (unless the variable(s) have already been declared in the problem) and set up and solve an appropriate mathematical expression that can be used to answer the question. Proper units must also be included in answers to applied problems. NO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN FOR EITHER GUESSING OR CHECKING POSSIBLE ANSWERS WITHOUT SOLVING THE PROBLEM. YOU CANNOT USE CALCULUS TO SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS.
Finally, write ONLY FINAL ANSWERS ON THESE PAGES; you must show your work both according to homework guidelines and on YOUR OWN PAPER.
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Multiply or divide as indicated. Write your answer in factored form.
1) x22 - 9x + 14 · xx22 -- 1618x x ++ 4877 1)
2)
x
-
12
x
+
32
Simplify the complex rational expression.
4
x
2
-
4
x
-
32
-
1
x
-
8
2)
1 + 1 x + 4
Find the difference quotient for the function and simplify it.
3) g(x) = 6x2 + 14x - 1 3)
Find the domain and range of the function. Write your answers using interval notation.
4)
g(z)
=
16
-
z
2
4)
Find a formula for the function graphed.
5) 5)
Determine if the function is even, odd, or neither. You must use algebra to justify your answer; otherwise, no full credit will be given. NO CREDIT is given for an answer without a mathematical explanation.
6) f(x) = x -+7 9 6)
State the domain of the composition.
7)
(
g
H
h)(x) with g(x)
=
x
+
5
and h(x)
=
8
x
+
7
7)
Compute
f(x
+
h)
-
f(x)
h
(h
J
0) for the given function
.
8) f(x) = 4x - 8 8)
9)
f(x)
=
5
x
2
+
6
x
9)
10)
f(x)
=
1
9
x
10)
Solve the equation by multiplying both sides by the LCD.
11) 32x - x 3+ 1 = 1 11)
12)
Solve the equation.
x
+
6
+
2
-
x
=
4
12)
13)
(
4
x
-
2
)
/
3
2
+
6
=
15
13)
14)
3
x
+
4
=
x
-
1
14)
Find the real solutions of the equation by factoring.
15) x3 + 8x2 - x - 8 = 0 15)
Solve the equation by making an appropriate substitution.
16) (x2 - 2x)2 - 11(x2 - 2x) + 24 = 0 16)
Solve the logarithmic equation.
17) log2(x + 7) + log2(x - 7) = 2 17)
Solve the exponential equation. Express the solution set in terms of natural logarithms.
18) 4x + 4 = 52x + 5 18)
Solve the inequality and express the solution in interval notation.
19) 7Ax - 1A L 2 19)
Solve the inequality. Write your answer using interval notation.
20) x 18- 5 > x 15+ 1 20)
Write the equation as f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k. Identify the vertex, range, and axis of symmetry of the function.
21) f(x) = x2 + 5x + 2 21)
23) log
F.
More Related Content
Similar to By Kevin H a rd y an d Ian KoblickFollowing the theme o .docx
Marine geology is the study of the Earth below the oceans and seas. It examines the character and history of ocean floors and coastal areas. Major developments in marine geology include the HMS Challenger expedition in the 1870s which made the first systematic survey of ocean basins, and the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory founded in 1948 which advanced techniques like precision depth recording and piston coring. Deep-sea drilling projects from the 1960s-1980s using vessels like the Glomar Challenger confirmed theories of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics through ocean floor sampling and drilling.
Scientists in Argentina are studying the dissolution rate of chalk in the San Augustin Cavern located in Mendoza province. Cave divers are installing dissolution plates and bags underwater in the cave to measure the loss of chalk over time. The extreme conditions require specialized cave diving skills and equipment to access the diving area. Researchers plan to use remotely operated vehicles in the future to take measurements without risking divers, but transporting the ROV equipment through the cave presents challenges and may require additional animal assistance. The goal is to better understand the growth of the karst system through quantifying the chalk dissolution.
Robotic submarines and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are increasingly being used for military and civilian purposes. The US Navy is testing the use of AUVs to detect mines in very shallow waters where ships and manned submarines cannot operate safely. AUVs can be programmed to systematically scan areas using sonar to locate mine-like objects. Additionally, underwater satellites and autonomous robots are helping with anti-submarine warfare by detecting enemy submarines.
Robert Ballard is a retired US Navy officer and professor of oceanography known for pioneering deep-sea exploration. Some of his major accomplishments include discovering hydrothermal vents and their role in geochemistry, locating historic shipwrecks like the Titanic, and making contributions to the field of archaeology. He developed new underwater technologies that enabled extensive mapping and imaging of the seafloor. Ballard's career breakthroughs enhanced scientific understanding of ocean processes and demonstrated the potential for discovery in marine exploration.
Submarines have existed since the late 16th century but became increasingly important weapons in World War I and II when German U-boats wreaked havoc on Allied ships. During this time, submarines evolved from hand-powered vessels to diesel-electric and eventually nuclear-powered ships. The first nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus, launched in 1954 and could stay submerged for long periods without needing to surface. Modern submarines use sonar and periscopes for navigation and targeting systems to fire torpedoes or missiles at enemy vessels from long distances. Life onboard is difficult, with cramped conditions and no sunlight for months during long deployments.
Submarines have evolved greatly since their invention in the 16th century. Early submarines were powered by oarsmen but eventually adopted steam and diesel engines. During World War 1 and 2, German U-boats effectively attacked Allied ships using torpedoes. The 1954 launch of the USS Nautilus marked the start of the nuclear era, allowing submarines to stay submerged for months. Modern submarines use sonar and periscopes for navigation and can launch advanced torpedoes or missiles from great distances. Life onboard is confined with crews enduring cramped quarters and months cut off from the outside world.
The document discusses depths that can be reached in the ocean. It notes that the deepest dive by a mammal was over 2,000 meters by a sperm whale. The deepest point in the ocean is in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, which has been measured to be over 10,000 meters deep. In 1960, two men piloted a bathyscaphe to a depth of over 10,000 meters in the Mariana Trench, which remains the deepest manned ocean descent.
The document discusses depths that can be reached in the ocean. It notes that the deepest dive by a mammal was over 2,000 meters by a sperm whale. The deepest point in the ocean is in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, which has been measured to be over 10,000 meters deep. In 1960, two men piloted a bathyscaphe to a depth of over 10,000 meters in the Mariana Trench, which is considered the deepest point on Earth.
READING COMPREHENSION 1 Reading text 1 For anyone who has seen Pirates of the...Zimri Rafael
1. The document discusses lost treasure ships from the 16th-17th centuries and 20th century that carried gold and other valuables from Europe to North America. Many ships sank with their cargo, like the Titanic.
2. In 1985, a French-American team located the Titanic wreck and recovered over 5,500 artifacts between 1987-1988, including personal items and ship parts. Many artifacts are now on display at the Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas.
3. Advanced technology like sonar and GPS now help locate sunken wrecks, but ships can be difficult to detect among other wrecks and debris, and marine conditions pose risks to search crews. The exact cargo of ships is often unknown.
Different Expeditions and their contribution in ocean scienceKunal Sinha
This document summarizes several historical expeditions that contributed to the development of ocean science and marine studies. It discusses early expeditions by Vikings and the Chinese admiral Zheng He in the 15th century. It then outlines the voyages of Captain Cook in the 18th century who made accurate maps of many ocean regions. The document also mentions the United States Exploring Expedition led by Wilkes that explored and charted parts of Antarctica. Charles Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle helped establish his theory of evolution by natural selection. The Challenger Expedition in 1872 was the first devoted entirely to marine science and discovered over 4,700 new species. Later, the German Meteor Expeditions introduced echo sounders to study ocean depths
TNY—2006_11_20—PAGE 66—133SC.—livE ArT r15667—CriTiCAl CuT To .docxedwardmarivel
TNY—2006_11_20—PAGE 66—133SC.—livE ArT r15667—CriTiCAl CuT To bE wATChEd ThrouGhouT ENTirE PrESS ruN—
#2 page—new title at top!
annals of science
The darkening sea
What carbon emissions are doing to the ocean.
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The neW yorker, noVeMber 20, 2006 67
Pteropods are tiny marine organisms that belong to the very broad class
known as zooplankton. Related to snails,
they swim by means of a pair of winglike
gelatinous flaps and feed by entrapping
even tinier marine creatures in a bubble of
mucus. Many pteropod species—there
are nearly a hundred in all—produce
shells, apparently for protection; some of
their predators, meanwhile, have evolved
specialized tentacles that they employ
much as diners use forks to spear escargot.
Pteropods are first male, but as they grow
older they become female.
Victoria Fabry, an oceanographer at
California State University at San Mar-
cos, is one of the world’s leading experts
on pteropods. She is slight and soft-
spoken, with wavy black hair and blue-
green eyes. Fabry fell in love with the
ocean as a teen-ager after visiting the
Outer Banks, off North Carolina, and
took up pteropods when she was in grad-
uate school, in the early nineteen-eighties.
At that point, most basic questions about
the animals had yet to be answered, and,
for her dissertation, Fabry decided to
study their shell growth. Her plan was to
raise pteropods in tanks, but she ran into
trouble immediately. When disturbed,
pteropods tend not to produce the mucus
bubbles, and slowly starve. Fabry tried
using bigger tanks for her pteropods, but
the only correlation, she recalled recently,
was that the more time she spent improv-
ing the tanks “the quicker they died.”
After a while, she resigned herself to con-
stantly collecting new specimens. This, in
turn, meant going out on just about any
research ship that would have her.
Fabry developed a simple, if brutal,
protocol that could be completed at sea.
She would catch some pteropods, either
by trawling with a net or by scuba diving,
and place them in one-litre bottles filled
with seawater, to which she had added a
small amount of radioactive calcium 45.
Forty-eight hours later, she would re-
move the pteropods from the bottles,
dunk them in warm ethanol, and pull
their bodies out with a pair of tweezers.
Back on land, she would measure how
much calcium 45 their shells had taken
up during their two days of captivity.
In the summer of 1985, Fabry got a
berth on a research vessel sailing from
Honolulu to Kodiak Island. Late in the
trip, near a spot in the Gulf of Alaska
known as Station Papa, she came upon a
TNY—2006_11_20—PAGE 68—133SC.TNY—2006_11_20—PAGE 68—#2 page new article.
68 The neW yorker, ...
The document provides a history of oceanography, beginning with early exploration by Polynesians, Greeks, Egyptians and others. It then discusses key voyages and discoveries like those of the Vikings, Columbus, and Magellan. Major advances in the 19th century included the Challenger expedition and work by scientists like Forbes and Darwin. The 20th century saw increased technological capabilities like echo sounding and satellites that advanced oceanographic understanding. Modern oceanography focuses on issues like climate change and conservation.
Nyiragongo crater - journey to the center of the worldViorica Munteanu
A team of scientists and explorers embarked on an expedition to walk on the shores of Nyiragongo Crater's lava lake in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the largest lava lake in the world. After extensive training and preparation, they established a base camp 400 feet above the lava lake. Expedition members made multiple descents to collect gas samples and take measurements in order to better understand the volcano's activity and predict future eruptions, with the goal of reaching the rim of the lava lake, which no one had survived before. During their close encounters with the lava, they had to take precautions against heat and gases, communicating by radio to stay safe in the dynamic conditions.
Stealing the Oceans: Humanity Struggles for Survival in This 1000 Year Epic W...Rick Doble
Stealing the Oceans by Rick Doble is a hard science fiction novella based on our current understanding of science and technology. An unusual SF story, it covers 1000 years when the people of the Earth are forced to make drastic changes. This occurs because ocean levels begin to gradually fall for hundreds of years -- with no end in sight. Using the latest technology, world governments work to determine the reason. But the discovery of the cause leads to panic and desperate attempts to rebuild civilizations. This epic story is as much about the forces involved as the individual people -- and comes complete with a city directory for one of the new cities that is established, along with a full description of how a new culture evolved.
Submarines have evolved significantly since their early development in the 16th century. Modern submarines can operate independently underwater for extended periods of time. They use ballast tanks to control buoyancy for diving and surfacing. Submarines maintain air quality through oxygen generation and CO2 scrubbing, produce fresh water through distillation, and use electric heaters to maintain temperature. Navigation is accomplished through GPS on the surface and inertial guidance systems underwater, along with active and passive sonar. Submarines are propelled by conventional or nuclear powerplants and maintain stability both on the surface and while submerged.
Berzinski Writing Sample10-Sink the Vandenburg!pberzins
Stevens Institute of Technology helped create an artificial reef off the Florida Keys by sinking the General Hoyt S. Vandenberg ship. Extensive testing was conducted at Stevens' Davidson Laboratory to ensure the ship would sink properly and land upright. This included repeated sinkings of a mini-Vandenberg model. The successful sinking of the full-scale ship in April 2009 in 140 feet of water will provide an artificial habitat for fish and coral and attract divers as marine life colonizes the wreck over decades.
2.03 Honors - Ocean Exploration Since the Challengerbigike1996
The document outlines key oceanographic expeditions from 1872 to 1985, highlighting advances in ocean exploration and new technologies developed. The HMS Challenger expedition from 1872-1876 conducted the first comprehensive global survey of ocean life and conditions. In 1925, the Meteor expedition studied ocean floor structures using early sonar and sampling technologies. Significant milestones included William Beebe's 1934 deep-sea observations in a bathysphere, the first scuba dive in 1943, discovery of magnetic striping on the ocean floor in 1955, development of remote underwater vehicles in the 1960s, and locating the Titanic wreck in 1985 with specialized deep-sea equipment. Each expedition expanded understanding of oceanography and pioneered new technologies for studying the oceans.
Benjamin Franklin published a map of the Gulf Stream in the 1700s based on fishermen's and merchants' experiences, in an effort to speed up mail delivery across the Atlantic Ocean when he was the first Postmaster General of the United States. The first global oceanographic cruise for scientific study was made by the British ship HMS Challenger between 1872-1876. This expedition circumnavigated the world, took over 360 ocean depth measurements, collected thousands of biological and sediment samples, and identified over 4,700 new species. Modern techniques for studying the ocean include tools like satellites that map ocean features, sonar for seafloor mapping, and submersibles that can investigate the deepest ocean trenches.
This document provides an overview of fishing vessels throughout history. It describes how early fishing vessels were constructed of materials like hide-covered frames and how Egyptians later developed sailboats. Over time, boats grew larger and were used for travel. The document also discusses the development of steam power in fishing vessels in the 1870s and the evolution of trawler designs. Modern trawlers are decked vessels equipped with technologies like navigation systems. The document outlines different types of trawling vessels and gear and describes operations and stability concerns for fishing vessels. It concludes with details about the world's largest fishing vessel.
This document provides a brief history of notable figures and expeditions that advanced ocean exploration from the 1500s to present day. It describes Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan's leadership of the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe in the 1500s. In the 1700s, Benjamin Franklin mapped the Gulf Stream current. Charles Darwin in the early 1800s described how coral reefs form and introduced the theory of natural selection. The multi-year Challenger Expedition in the late 1800s conducted the first truly oceanographic research cruise. More recent pioneers include Jacques Cousteau who developed modern SCUBA gear and Sylvia Earle who is a renowned marine biologist and conservationist.
Similar to By Kevin H a rd y an d Ian KoblickFollowing the theme o .docx (20)
Calculus Quiz 2 (Derivatives)Covers Units 9-13. This is a 10 quest.docxclairbycraft
Calculus Quiz 2 (Derivatives)
Covers Units 9-13. This is a 10 question, 10 point quiz consisting of multiple choice and calculated numeric answers.
You should complete the homework over these units before beginning the quiz.
You should complete the by
Thursday, November 12.
YOU MAY ATTEMPT THE QUIZ up to 3 timesIF YOU WISH to improve your score.
.
Calculus IDirections (10 pts. each) Answer each of the followin.docxclairbycraft
Calculus I
Directions: (10 pts. each) Answer each of the following questions below. In order to receive ANY credit for a question, you must SHOW YOUR WORK using proper notation and clear and concise logic. You're graded on both the accuracy of your answers AND your explanations that sufficiently support your answers. Unless otherwise stated, you're to give the EXAXCT VALUES of answers instead of decimal approximations. In order to receive ANY credit for any applied/word problem (i.e. Problems #29 - ), you MUST declare a variable (unless the variable(s) have already been declared in the problem) and set up and solve an appropriate mathematical expression that can be used to answer the question. Proper units must also be included in answers to applied problems. NO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN FOR EITHER GUESSING OR CHECKING POSSIBLE ANSWERS WITHOUT SOLVING THE PROBLEM. YOU CANNOT USE CALCULUS TO SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS.
Finally, write ONLY FINAL ANSWERS ON THESE PAGES; you must show your work both according to homework guidelines and on YOUR OWN PAPER.
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Multiply or divide as indicated. Write your answer in factored form.
1) x22 - 9x + 14 · xx22 -- 1618x x ++ 4877 1)
2)
x
-
12
x
+
32
Simplify the complex rational expression.
4
x
2
-
4
x
-
32
-
1
x
-
8
2)
1 + 1 x + 4
Find the difference quotient for the function and simplify it.
3) g(x) = 6x2 + 14x - 1 3)
Find the domain and range of the function. Write your answers using interval notation.
4)
g(z)
=
16
-
z
2
4)
Find a formula for the function graphed.
5) 5)
Determine if the function is even, odd, or neither. You must use algebra to justify your answer; otherwise, no full credit will be given. NO CREDIT is given for an answer without a mathematical explanation.
6) f(x) = x -+7 9 6)
State the domain of the composition.
7)
(
g
H
h)(x) with g(x)
=
x
+
5
and h(x)
=
8
x
+
7
7)
Compute
f(x
+
h)
-
f(x)
h
(h
J
0) for the given function
.
8) f(x) = 4x - 8 8)
9)
f(x)
=
5
x
2
+
6
x
9)
10)
f(x)
=
1
9
x
10)
Solve the equation by multiplying both sides by the LCD.
11) 32x - x 3+ 1 = 1 11)
12)
Solve the equation.
x
+
6
+
2
-
x
=
4
12)
13)
(
4
x
-
2
)
/
3
2
+
6
=
15
13)
14)
3
x
+
4
=
x
-
1
14)
Find the real solutions of the equation by factoring.
15) x3 + 8x2 - x - 8 = 0 15)
Solve the equation by making an appropriate substitution.
16) (x2 - 2x)2 - 11(x2 - 2x) + 24 = 0 16)
Solve the logarithmic equation.
17) log2(x + 7) + log2(x - 7) = 2 17)
Solve the exponential equation. Express the solution set in terms of natural logarithms.
18) 4x + 4 = 52x + 5 18)
Solve the inequality and express the solution in interval notation.
19) 7Ax - 1A L 2 19)
Solve the inequality. Write your answer using interval notation.
20) x 18- 5 > x 15+ 1 20)
Write the equation as f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k. Identify the vertex, range, and axis of symmetry of the function.
21) f(x) = x2 + 5x + 2 21)
23) log
F.
Cadence Publishes Comprehensive Book onMixed-Signal Method.docxclairbycraft
Cadence Publishes Comprehensive Book on
Mixed-Signal Methodology; The "Mixed-Signal
Methodology Guide" Provides Expert Direction
on How to Address Design, Verification and
Implementation Challenges of Modern Mixed-
Signal Designs
Publication info: M2 Presswire ; Coventry [Coventry]14 Aug 2012.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
SAN JOSE, Calif. -- Cadence Design Systems, Inc. (NASDAQ: CDNS), a leader in global electronic design innovation,
today announced availability of the critically acclaimed and much anticipated comprehensive design methodology
book for chip designers and CAD engineers that focuses on current and future advanced mixed-signal design
challenges and solutions. The "Mixed-Signal Methodology Guide" provides an overview of the design, verification
and implementation methodologies required for advanced mixed-signal designs. The book brings together top
mixed-signal design experts from across the industry -- including authors from Boeing, Cadence(R), ClioSoft and
Qualcomm -- to address the complex problems facing the mixed-signal design community.
"Modern mixed-signal design require new methodologies to improve productivity, reduce design time and achieve
silicon success," said Hao Fang, engineering director at LSI. "The Mixed-Signal Methodology Guide is a thorough
reference book on advanced verification and implementation methodologies. It will be particularly useful to mixed-
signal verification engineers for its coverage of analog behavioral modeling, and assertion and metric driven
verification methodology as applied to analog and mixed-signal design."
FULL TEXT
M2 PRESSWIRE-August 14, 2012-Cadence Publishes Comprehensive Book on Mixed-Signal Methodology; The
"Mixed-Signal Methodology Guide" Provides Expert Direction on How to Address Design, Verification and
Implementation Challenges of Modern Mixed-Signal Designs
(C)2012 M2 COMMUNICATIONS http://www.m2.com
August 13, 2012
SAN JOSE, Calif. -- Cadence Design Systems, Inc. (NASDAQ: CDNS), a leader in global electronic design innovation,
today announced availability of the critically acclaimed and much anticipated comprehensive design methodology
book for chip designers and CAD engineers that focuses on current and future advanced mixed-signal design
challenges and solutions. The "Mixed-Signal Methodology Guide" provides an overview of the design, verification
and implementation methodologies required for advanced mixed-signal designs. The book brings together top
mixed-signal design experts from across the industry -- including authors from Boeing, Cadence(R), ClioSoft and
Qualcomm -- to address the complex problems facing the mixed-signal design community.
The growing complexity of today's mixed-signal designs requires major changes in design methodology to both
increase productivity and deliver high quality products on time. This wide-ranging compendium examines in depth
such topics as AMS behavioral modeling, mixed-signal me.
Calculate the energy in the form of heat (in kJ) required to change .docxclairbycraft
Calculate the energy in the form of heat (in kJ) required to change 75.0 g of liquid water at 27.0 °C to ice at –20.0 °C. Assume that no energy in the form of heat is transferred to the environment. (Heat of fusion = 333 J/g; heat of vaporization = 2256 J/g; specific heat capacities: ice = 2.06 J/g×K, liquid water = 4.184 J/g×K)
.
CAHIIM Competencies Assessed Subdomain VI.D. Human Resources Ma.docxclairbycraft
CAHIIM Competencies Assessed:
Subdomain VI.D. Human Resources Management
Create and implement staff orientation and training programs (Blooms 6)
Instructions:
You are an HIM Supervisor at a hospital and you have been asked to create a new staff training on data compliance rules. Assume that the new staff has a wide variety of background, with some new staff knowing nothing about data compliance at all. The training should be basic and introductory.
Create an outline for your training.
Requirements:
Include an introduction and summary within your outline
Length of outline should be 3-4 pages
It should be an annotated outline. This means that it should include citations within the outline and a reference page.
Your training should include the topics of HIPAA and The Joint Commission and other data compliance topics that affect hospital staff
.
C8-1 CASE STUDY 8 CARLSON COMPANIES STORAGE SOLUT.docxclairbycraft
C8-1
CASE STUDY 8
CARLSON COMPANIES STORAGE SOLUTIONS
Carlson Companies (www.carlson.com) is one of the largest privately held
companies in the United States, with more than 171,000 employees in more
than 150 countries. Carlson enterprises include a presence in marketing,
business and leisure travel, and hospitality industries. Its Carlson Hotels
Worldwide division owns and operates approximately 1,075 hotels located in
more than 70 countries. Radisson, Park Plaza, and Country Inn & Suites by
Carlson are some of its hotel brands. The hotel loyalty program is named
Club Carlson. The Carlson Restaurants Worldwide includes T.G.I. Friday’s
and the Pick Up Stix chains. The company registered approximately $38
billion in sales in 2011.
Carlson’s Information Technology (IT) division, Carlson Shared Services,
acts as a service provider to its internal clients and consequently must
support a spectrum of user applications and services. The IT division uses a
centralized data processing model to meet business operational
requirements. The central computing environment has traditionally included
an IBM mainframe and over 50 networked Hewlett-Packard and Sun servers
[KRAN04, CLAR02, HIGG02]. The mainframe supports a wide range of
applications, including Oracle financial database, e-mail, Microsoft Exchange,
Web, PeopleSoft, and a data warehouse application.
C8-2
In 2002, the IT division established six goals for assuring that IT
services continued to meet the needs of a growing company with heavy
reliance on data and applications:
1. Implement an enterprise data warehouse.
2. Build a global network.
3. Move to enterprise-wide architecture.
4. Establish six-sigma quality for Carlson clients.
5. Facilitate outsourcing and exchange.
6. Leverage existing technology and resources.
The key to meeting these goals was to implement a storage area
network (SAN) with a consolidated, centralized database to support
mainframe and server applications. Carlson needed a SAN and data center
approach that provided a reliable, highly scalable facility to accommodate
the increasing demands of its users.
Storage Requirements
Prior to implementing the SAN and data center approach, the central DP
shop included separate disc storage for each server, plus that of the
mainframe. This dispersed data storage scheme had the advantage of
responsiveness; that is, the access time from a server to its data was
minimal. However, the data management cost was high. There had to be
backup procedures for the storage on each server, as well as management
controls to reconcile data distributed throughout the system. The mainframe
included an efficient disaster recovery plan to preserve data in the event of
major system crashes or other incidents and to get data back online with
little or no disruption to the users. No comparable plan existed for the many
servers.
C8-3
As Ca.
Caffeine intake in children in the United States and 10-ytre.docxclairbycraft
Caffeine intake in children in the United States and 10-y
trends: 2001–20101–4
Namanjeet Ahluwalia, Kirsten Herrick, Alanna Moshfegh, and Michael Rybak
ABSTRACT
Background: Because of the increasing concern of the potential
adverse effects of caffeine intake in children, recent estimates of
caffeine consumption in a representative sample of children are
needed.
Objectives: We provide estimates of caffeine intake in children in
absolute amounts (mg) and in relation to body weight (mg/kg) to
examine the association of caffeine consumption with sociodemo-
graphic factors and describe trends in caffeine intake in children in
the United States.
Design: We analyzed caffeine intake in 3280 children aged 2–19 y
who participated in a 24-h dietary recall as part of the NHANES,
which is a nationally representative survey of the US population
with a cross-sectional design, in 2009–2010. Trends over time be-
tween 2001 and 2010 were examined in 2–19-y-old children (n =
18,530). Analyses were conducted for all children and repeated for
caffeine consumers.
Results: In 2009–2010, 71% of US children consumed caffeine on
a given day. Median caffeine intakes for 2–5-, 6–11-, and 12–19-y
olds were 1.3, 4.5, and 13.6 mg, respectively, and 4.7, 9.1, and 40.6
mg, respectively, in caffeine consumers. Non-Hispanic black chil-
dren had lower caffeine intake than that of non-Hispanic white
counterparts. Caffeine intake correlated positively with age; this
association was independent of body weight. On a given day,
10% of 12–19-y-olds exceeded the suggested maximum caffeine
intake of 2.5 mg/kg by Health Canada. A significant linear trend
of decline in caffeine intake (in mg or mg/kg) was noted overall for
children aged 2–19 y during 2001–2010. Specifically, caffeine in-
take declined by 3.0 and 4.6 mg in 2–5- and 6–11-y-old caffeine
consumers, respectively; no change was noted in 12–19-y-olds.
Conclusion: A majority of US children including preschoolers con-
sumed caffeine. Caffeine intake was highest in 12–19-y-olds and
remained stable over the 10-y study period in this age group. Am J
Clin Nutr 2014;100:1124–32.
INTRODUCTION
Caffeine is a commonly consumed stimulant present naturally
in or added to foods and beverages. Caffeine consumption in
children has received considerable interest because of the con-
cern of adverse health effects. Caffeine intake of 100–400 mg has
been associated with nervousness, jitteriness, and fidgetiness
(1, 2). Because of the continued brain development involving
myelination and pruning processes, children may be particularly
sensitive to caffeine (3, 4). There has been some evidence that
has linked caffeine intake in children to sleep dysfunction, el-
evated blood pressure, impairments in mineral absorption and
bone health, and increased alcohol use or dependence (1, 5–7).
In addition, the routine use of caffeinated sugar-sweetened
beverages may contribute to weight gain and dental cavities (8).
Caffeine toxicity in children has also.
Cabbage patch hip dance move, The running man hip hop dance move, th.docxclairbycraft
Cabbage patch hip dance move, The running man hip hop dance move, the humpty dance hip hop move and the butterfly hip hop dance move. Describe each using the attachment in the assignment which provides certain words and descriptions. each style of dance ( cabbage patch, running man, the humpty dance, butterfly) has to have description or analysis using B.A.S.T.E See the attachment
use the attachment to describe each hip hop dance move
.
CA4Leading TeamsAre we a teamHi, my name is Jenny .docxclairbycraft
CA4:
Leading Teams
Are we a team?
Hi, my name is Jenny McConnell. I am the newly appointed CIO of a medium-sized technology company. Our company recruits top graduates from schools of business and engineering. Talent, intellect, creativity – it’s all there. If you lined up this crowd for a group photo, credentials in hand, the “wow” factor would be there.
Our company is spread over a dozen states, mostly in the Northwest. The talent pool is amazing across the board, both in IT and in the rest of the company. But when the CEO hired me, he said that we are performing nowhere near our potential. On the surface, the company is doing fine. But we should be a
Fortune 500
organization. With this much talent, we should be growing at a much faster rate. The CEO also said that I was inheriting “a super team with disappointing performance.” His task for me was to pull the IT stars into a cohesive team that would meet company needs for new IT systems and services much faster and more effectively.
Without making our superstars feel that they were being critiqued and second-guessed, or indicating “there’s a real problem here,” I wanted to gather as much information and feedback as possible from the 14 team members (regional CIOs and department heads) who report to me. I held one-on-one meetings in order to give a voice to each person, allowing each individual to provide an honest assessment of the team as well as areas for improvement and a vision for the future of team efforts.
I was surprised by the consistency of remarks and opinions. For example, a picture emerged of the previous CIO, who was obviously awed by the talent level of the team members. Comments such as “Bob pretty much let us do what we wanted” and “Bob would start the meeting and then just fade into the background, as if he found us intimidating” were typical. The more disturbing comment, “Bob always agree with
me
,” was expressed by most of the team members at some point in our conversation. It was as if the regional heads believed that the CIO wanted them to succeed by doing as they thought best for themselves.
I queried members about the level of cooperation during meetings and uncovered areas of concern, including the complaint that others at the table were constantly checking their iPads and smartphones during meetings. One department head told me, “You could turn off the sound while watching one of our meetings, and just by the body language and level of attention, tell who is aligned with whom and who wishes the speaker would just shup up. It would be comical if it weren’t so distressing.”
Such remarks were indicative of a lack of trust and respect and a breakdown of genuine communication. One team member told me, “I recently encountered a problem that a department head from another region had successfully solved, but the information was never shared, so here I am reinventing the wheel and wasting valuable time.” It was apparent that these so-called high performers were .
C7-1 CASE STUDY 7 DATA CENTER CONSOLIDATION AT GUARDI.docxclairbycraft
Guardian Life, a large life insurance company, has undertaken two major data center consolidation initiatives. The first in the early 2000s consolidated 4 data centers into 2 locations and reduced servers by 40% while cutting staff by 60%. A second initiative in 2010 consolidated the remaining 6 data centers into a primary owned center and leased modular pod, while moving applications to cloud services. This reduced costs while improving business continuity and efficiency.
C9-1 CASE STUDY 9 ST. LUKES HEALTH CARE SYSTEM Hospitals have been .docxclairbycraft
C9-1 CASE STUDY 9 ST. LUKE'S HEALTH CARE SYSTEM Hospitals have been some of the earliest adopters of wireless local area networks (WLANs). The clinician user population is typically mobile and spread out across a number of buildings, with a need to enter and access data in real time. St. Luke's Episcopal Health System in Houston, Texas (www.stlukestexas.com) is a good example of a hospital that has made effective use wireless technologies to streamline clinical work processes. Their wireless network is distributed throughout several hospital buildings and is used in many different applications. The majority of the St. Luke’s staff uses wireless devices to access data in real-time, 24 hours a day. Examples include the following: • Diagnosing patients and charting their progress: Doctors and nurses use wireless laptops and tablet PCs to track and chart patient care data. • Prescriptions: Medications are dispensed from a cart that is wheeled from room to room. Clinician uses a wireless scanner to scan the patient's ID bracelet. If a prescription order has been changed or cancelled, the clinician will know immediately because the mobile device displays current patient data. C9-2 • Critical care units: These areas use the WLAN because running hard wires would mean moving ceiling panels. The dust and microbes that such work stirs up would pose a threat to patients. • Case management: The case managers in the Utilization Management Department use the WLAN to document patient reviews, insurance calls/authorization information, and denial information. The wireless session enables real time access to information that ensures the correct level of care for a patient and/or timely discharge. • Blood management: Blood management is a complex process that involves monitoring both patients and blood products during all stages of a treatment process. To ensure that blood products and patients are matched correctly, St. Luke’s uses a wireless bar code scanning process that involves scanning both patient and blood product bar codes during the infusion process. This enables clinicians to confirm patient and blood product identification before proceeding with treatment. • Nutrition and diet: Dietary service representatives collect patient menus at each nursing unit and enter them as they go. This allows more menus to be submitted before the cutoff time, giving more patients more choice. The dietitian can also see current patient information, such as supplement or tube feeding data, and view what the patient actually received for a certain meal. • Mobile x-ray and neurologic units: St. Luke’s has implemented the wireless network infrastructure necessary to enable doctors and clinicians to use mobile x-ray and neurologic scanning units. This makes it possible to take x-rays or to perform neurological studies in patient rooms. This minimizes the need to schedule patients for neurology or radiology lab visits. The mobile units also enable equipment to be brought to t.
C9-1 CASE STUDY 9 ST. LUKES HEALTH CARE SYSTEM .docxclairbycraft
C9-1
CASE STUDY 9
ST. LUKE'S HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
Hospitals have been some of the earliest adopters of wireless local area
networks (WLANs). The clinician user population is typically mobile and
spread out across a number of buildings, with a need to enter and access
data in real time. St. Luke's Episcopal Health System in Houston, Texas
(www.stlukestexas.com) is a good example of a hospital that has made
effective use wireless technologies to streamline clinical work processes.
Their wireless network is distributed throughout several hospital buildings
and is used in many different applications. The majority of the St. Luke’s
staff uses wireless devices to access data in real-time, 24 hours a day.
Examples include the following:
• Diagnosing patients and charting their progress: Doctors and
nurses use wireless laptops and tablet PCs to track and chart patient
care data.
• Prescriptions: Medications are dispensed from a cart that is wheeled
from room to room. Clinician uses a wireless scanner to scan the
patient's ID bracelet. If a prescription order has been changed or
cancelled, the clinician will know immediately because the mobile device
displays current patient data.
http://www.stlukestexas.com/
C9-2
• Critical care units: These areas use the WLAN because running hard
wires would mean moving ceiling panels. The dust and microbes that
such work stirs up would pose a threat to patients.
• Case management: The case managers in the Utilization Management
Department use the WLAN to document patient reviews, insurance
calls/authorization information, and denial information. The wireless
session enables real time access to information that ensures the correct
level of care for a patient and/or timely discharge.
• Blood management: Blood management is a complex process that
involves monitoring both patients and blood products during all stages of
a treatment process. To ensure that blood products and patients are
matched correctly, St. Luke’s uses a wireless bar code scanning process
that involves scanning both patient and blood product bar codes during
the infusion process. This enables clinicians to confirm patient and blood
product identification before proceeding with treatment.
• Nutrition and diet: Dietary service representatives collect patient
menus at each nursing unit and enter them as they go. This allows more
menus to be submitted before the cutoff time, giving more patients
more choice. The dietitian can also see current patient information, such
as supplement or tube feeding data, and view what the patient actually
received for a certain meal.
• Mobile x-ray and neurologic units: St. Luke’s has implemented the
wireless network infrastructure necessary to enable doctors and
clinicians to use mobile x-ray and neurologic scanning units. This makes
it possible to take x-rays or to perform neurological studies in patient
rooms. This min.
C361 TASK 2 2
C361 TASK 2 2
C361 Task 2
WGU
Evidence-Based Practice and Applied Nursing Research
C361
Eve Butler
July 28, 2019
Running head: C361 TASK 2 2
C361 Task 2
A.1 Healthcare problem
Worldwide estimates have shown that greater than 1.4 million patients have acquired nosocomial infections. Adherence to hand hygiene policies are shown to be the most effective way to help prevent these healthcare-associated infections; sadly research shows that healthcare workers have suboptimal compliance with their facilities hand hygiene policies due to lack of education and compliance monitoring. Patients in our healthcare settings are under the assumption that we are doing our best to promote their healing when in fact 7% of them will be subjected to a nosocomial infection with that rate climbing to 10% in developing countries (Finco et al., 2018).
A.2 Significance of the problem
The cost of care that is associated with nosocomial infections is estimated to be over ten billion dollars putting a burden on both patients and health organizations alike. It is estimated that 38% of all infections are caused by cross-contamination due to noncompliance with hand hygiene policies. These infections lead to approximately 99,000 deaths a year in the United States alone (Sickbert-Bennett et al., 2016).
A.3 Current healthcare practices related to the problem
Most healthcare facilities have an educational program that simply teaches how to achieve proper hand hygiene and use the WHO five moments of hand hygiene as their standard. However, this does not educate the healthcare workers on why it is important, nor does it address the far-reaching consequences for noncompliance. Along with the lack of foundational education, most facilities do not monitor for compliance.
A.4 How the problem affects the organization and patients’ cultural background
Inadequate hand hygiene leading to nosocomial infections can affect the organization's cultural background by leading to dissatisfaction in the workplace as staff becomes frustrated by their feelings of inadequacy and helplessness in dealing with patients getting sicker instead of better. The staff may also be feeling stress in the burden of caring for sicker patients. The patient's cultural background may be affected as they may be feeling despair or depression at their inability to get better, and some may feel it is punishment according to their cultural or religious beliefs.
B. Two research evidence sources and two non-research evidence sources considered
In searching for my research evidence sources, I start with the Western Governors University Library online. Once in the library, a boolean phrase was used, which allowed me to search for research articles that contain more than one topic in the same paper. Phrases I used in this search were “nosocomial infections,” “hand hygiene compliance,” and “ hand hygiene education.” With these phrases, thousands of articles were available to peruse.
One of the res.
C6-1 CASE STUDY 6 CHEVRON’S INFRASTRUCTURE EVOLUT.docxclairbycraft
C6-1
CASE STUDY 6
CHEVRON’S INFRASTRUCTURE
EVOLUTION
Chevron Corporation (www.chevron.com) is one of the world’s leading
energy companies. Chevron’s headquarters are in San Ramon, California.
The company has more than 62,000 employees and produces more than
700,000 barrels of oil per day. It has 19,500 retail sites in 84 countries. In
2012, Chevron was number three on the Fortune 500 list and had more than
$244 billion in revenue in 2011 [STAT12].
IT infrastructure is very important to Chevron and to better support all
facets of its global operations, the company is always focused on improving
its infrastructure [GALL12]. Chevron faces new challenges from increased
global demand for its traditional hydrocarbon products and the need to
develop IT support for new value chains for liquid natural gas (LNG) and the
extraction of gas and oil from shale. Huge investments are being made
around the world, particularly in Australia and Angola on massive projects of
unprecedented scale. Modeling and analytics are more important than ever
to help Chevron exploit deep water drilling and hydrocarbon extraction in
areas with challenging geographies. For example, advanced seismic imaging
tools are used by Chevron to reveal possible oil or natural gas reservoirs
beneath the earth’s surface. Chevron’s proprietary seismic imaging
http://www.chevron.com/
C6-2
technology contributed to it achieving a 69% discovery rate in
2011[CHEV12].
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
Systems
Chevron refineries are continually collecting data from sensors spread
throughout the facilities to maintain safe operations and to alert operators to
potential safety issues before they ever become safety issues. Data from the
sensors is also used to optimize the way the refineries work and to identify
opportunities of greater efficiency. IT controls 60,000 valves at Chevron’s
Pascagoula, Mississippi refinery; the efficiency and safety of its end-to-end
operations are dependent on advanced sensors, supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) systems, and other digital industrial control systems
[GALL12].
SCADA systems are typically centralized systems that monitor and
control entire sites and/or complexes of systems that are spread out over
large areas such as an entire manufacturing, fabrication, power generation,
or refining facility. The key components of SCADA systems include:
Programmable logic units (PLCs) that and remote terminal units (RTUs)
connected to sensors that convert sensor signals to digital data and
send it to the supervisory system
A supervisory computer system that acquires data about the process
and sends control commands to the process
A human-machine interface (HMI) that presents process to the human
operators that monitor and control the process.
Process meters and process analysis instruments
Communication infrastructure connecting.
C125C126 FORMAL LAB REPORTFORMAL LAB REPORT, GeneralA f.docxclairbycraft
C125/C126 FORMAL LAB REPORT
FORMAL LAB REPORT, General
A formal lab report is required in conjunction with some of the experiments in each chemistry course. It is your chance to demonstrate to your professor or TA how well you understand the experiment and the chemical principles involved. A formal report is different than a term paper. It should be written in a scientific style, which is not the same style used for English or philosophy papers.
The keys to effective technical writing are organization, brevity, clarity, and an appreciation of the needs of the reader. You must write clearly and be thorough, but concise. Do not ramble. The best way to avoid rambling is to first prepare an outline of the report and stick to it. Always use complete sentences. Bulleted lists are okay in a lab notebook but are unacceptable in a formal report. Formal reports must be typed. Use 1.5 line spacing, 1-inch margins, 12 pt font and 8.5x11 inch paper. Only use third person, past tense. Also, proofread well.
The general structure of a formal lab report follows that of a scientific paper. It is:
Title and Author (s)
Introduction
Experimental Information
Data and Calculation
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Results and discussion sections are combined into one single section. Different instructors may have specific formats that they want you to follow. You should always defer to the instructions given to you by your course. Presented here are general guidelines for writing formal lab reports and scientific papers.
Before writing your first report, visit the library and examine several journal articles. Pay close attention to the style of the prose and the contents of each particular section. Several common journals to investigate are:
The Journal of the American Chemical Society
The Journal of Physical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry
Initialed and dated laboratory notebook pages of the experiment must be submitted. While report sheets may be a joint effort, formal reports must be individually written. A schedule of reports and dates on which they are due is given in the course laboratory schedule. We highly recommend that reports be completed prior to the day of submission to allow time to proofread, and thus avoiding loss of points due to last minute problems. Lost data or the inability to print reports is not acceptable excuses for incomplete or missing reports. You will be informed when notebook pages will be collected before the report is due.
FORMAL LAB REPORT - Title and Author(s)
State the title of the experiment, your name, the date and your laboratory section number, if applicable. Also state the name of your lab partner(s). This information should be at the top of the first page.
FORMAL LAB REPORT – Introduction
The Introduction states the purpose of the study and introduces the reader with new ideas and topics. It also provides any background necessary to acquaint the read.
C10-1 CASE STUDY 10 CHOICE HOTELS INTERNATIONAL .docxclairbycraft
C10-1
CASE STUDY 10
CHOICE HOTELS INTERNATIONAL
Within the hospitality industry, there has traditionally been a division
between networks that serve guest functions and those that serve
operations and administration, both with respect to data transmission and
voice transmission. In recent years, most hotel and motel chains have
moved in the direction of consolidating multiple functions on networks that
used to be dedicated to one use. Tighter integration of voice and data and of
guest and operations/administration networking is a fast-growing trend.
Choice Hotels International (www.choice.com) is a good example of this
trend.
Choice Hotels International (NYSE: CHH) is one of the largest and most
successful lodging companies in the world. It franchises more than 6,100
hotels, representing more than 490,000 rooms, in the United States and
more than 30 countries and territories. The company's best known brands
include Comfort Inn, Comfort Suites, Quality, Sleep Inn, Clarion, Cambria
Suites, MainStay Suites, Suburban Extended Stay Hotel, Econo Lodge and
Rodeway Inn.
In-House Networking Functions
Choice supports two distinct networking functions. A central Web site
enables customers to reserve rooms at any Choice franchise
http://www.choice.com/
C10-2
accommodation. The central reservation system, known as Profit Manager,
automatically finds the most appropriate hotel based on location, price
range, or standard. Individual hotels also take bookings, so there needs to
be a way for hotels and the central system to remain synchronized.
Choice networks also support its franchisees. Choice is in fact a
relatively small company in terms of personnel (about 2000 employees) and
does not own or operate any hotels. All of the establishments under its brand
names are independently owned and pay Choice licensing fees and a royalty
on all sales. In return, they receive a variety of services, including
marketing, quality control, and inventory management. Many of these
services are offered via network, such as allowing managers to order
supplies online and check booking status. This support network is similar to a
corporate intranet but has a higher reliability requirement. The 6100 hotel
managers are, in effect, Choice's customers, not employees. Thus, the
standards for reliability and performance of the network are high.
In the late 1990s, Choice began to focus on providing a state-of-the-art
global reservation system. At this point, the synchronization of local and
online reservations was done manually. Each hotel provided Choice with a
fixed block of inventory to sell over the central reservation system, with an
average of 30% of capacity. Once that 30% was sold, Profit Manager listed
the hotel as fully booked, even though there might be plenty of rooms
available from the other 70%. The reverse problem also occurred: If the
local reservation system had so.
C11-1 CASE STUDY 11 CLOUD COMPUTING (IN)SECURITY .docxclairbycraft
This document discusses security issues and concerns regarding cloud computing. It outlines how cloud computing allows businesses to access applications and infrastructure over the internet as utility services. However, migrating systems to the cloud raises security risks around unauthorized access, data loss, and availability. The document recommends that businesses research cloud providers' security mechanisms like encryption, authentication, and virtualization to protect data before moving critical systems to the cloud. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) guidelines also provide best practices for selecting cloud providers that can adequately address security risks.
C1-1 CASE STUDY 1 UNIFIED COMMUNICATIONS AT BOEING .docxclairbycraft
C1-1
CASE STUDY 1
UNIFIED COMMUNICATIONS AT BOEING
The Boeing Company (http://www.boeing.com/), headquartered in Chicago,
Illinois, is the world’s largest manufacturer of military aircraft and
commercial jetliners. Boeing has more than 159,000 employees working in
70 different countries who require effective communication to develop and
build some of the world’s most complex products using components from
more than 22,000 global suppliers.
The company’s workforce is one of the most highly educated in the
world. Most employees hold a college degree and many hold advanced
degrees. Collectively Boeing employees have very broad and deep
knowledge that can be harnessed to solve problems and design next
generation products.
Like many major corporations, Boeing has experienced an uptick in the
number of employees who work remotely or travel the majority of each work
week. Boeing’s engineers number in the thousands and are purposely
scattered worldwide to support the company’s global operations.
Boeing organizes its employees into work and project teams. Given the
company’s size and geographic footprint, many of Boeing work’s teams
include globally dispersed members. Engineers on the same team may be
separated by multiple time zones and thousands of miles. Time zone
differences and distance frequently present teams with communication
challenges when they are faced with time sensitive issues that must be
resolved quickly.
http://www.boeing.com/
C1-2
Additional communication issues are associated with the sheer breadth
and depth of Boeing’s knowledge base. When faced with questions about a
particular part included in one of Boeing’s new airliners, an engineer can be
challenged to identify the right person in the company to contact for
answers.
Collaboration Technologies
Boeing knows that continual innovation is important to its long term success.
It also recognizes that effective communication among its employees,
customers, and suppliers is an important enabler of continual innovation.
Boeing has traditionally relied on a variety of systems to facilitate
collaboration among its employees and business partners. As illustrated in
Figure C1-1a, Web conferencing, audio conferencing, desktop sharing, and
mobile voice and data services have been used by Boeing employees to
facilitate communication among geographically dispersed team members.
Historically, these capabilities have been provided by different third-party
providers who were selected on the basis of their ability to provide high-
quality communication services at competitive rates.
By the mid-2000s, Boeing had begun its migration toward unified
messaging and unified communications. At that time, instant messaging (IM)
was one of the more popular messaging services used Boeing employees. At
Boeing, IM has traditionally been supplemented by Web and audio
conferencing services as well as by de.
C09 07222011 101525 Page 88IT leader who had just been.docxclairbycraft
C09 07/22/2011 10:15:25 Page 88
IT leader who had just been hired and would be focused on developing a long-term IT
strategy for the company.
This chapter shows how to develop a strategy for your IT organization and avoid
getting overwhelmed with day-to-day issues. Many CIOs get caught up in tactical
issues and never take the time to establish a future strategy for the organization. The
process is not new or difficult, but many CIOs fail to devote the time to this area and
end up like Fred.
OVERVIEW
Developing an IT strategy is critical for IT leaders. Unless your organization has
developed an understanding of your future goals and objectives, you will not be
successful in leading it forward. In the same manner that you must first decide where
you want to live and build your dream house before engaging the architect and building
contractors, you need to develop a future strategy in order to successfully build your
IT organization.
This chapter is written for someone who has never developed an IT strategy in the
past or needs to revise an existing strategy to align with the company’s future direction.
We first review the methodology you can use to develop your strategy and then go
through the actual steps necessary to complete the strategy. It is important to note that
this is a collaborative process between the IT organization and its business partners. You
must actively engage them during the process and solicit their input during the
development of the strategy. The IT strategy should be considered a component of
an effective business strategy. Finally, we recommend that your strategy is a living
document that is updated on a regular basis to support the evolving nature of your
business. If you decide to enter a new market, offer new products or services, or change
your business model, the IT strategy must be revised to support the business.
IT STRATEGY METHODOLOGY
The methodology for creating your IT strategy consists of three steps, and development
of your improvement road map encompasses three critical elements, as shown in
Figure 9.1.
The first step is to understand the current state of the IT organization. Key questions
for determining current state include:
& Has the organization been successful in meeting the needs of the business?
& Are the relations between the IT organization and its business partners collaborative?
& Does the business feel that investments in the IT organization are providing the
desired benefits?
It is important to take an objective view of how the organization is operating today
and not assume that things are going great.
88 & Process
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C053GXML 10192012 214425 Page 131cC H A P T E R.docxclairbycraft
C053GXML 10/19/2012 21:44:25 Page 131
c
C H A P T E R
5
Privacy and Cyberspace
Of all the ethical issues associated with the use of cybertechnology, perhaps none has
received more media attention than concern about the loss of personal privacy. In this
chapter, we examine issues involving privacy and cybertechnology by asking the
following questions:
� How are privacy concerns generated by the use of cybertechnology different from
privacy issues raised by earlier technologies?
� What, exactly, is personal privacy, and why is it valued?
� How do computerized techniques used to gather and collect information, such as
Internet “cookies” and radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, raise
concerns for personal privacy?
� How do the transfer and exchange of personal information across and between
databases, carried out in computerized merging and matching operations,
threaten personal privacy?
� How do tools used to “mine” personal data exacerbate existing privacy concerns
involving cybertechnology?
� Can personal information we disclose to friends in social networking services
(SNS), such as Facebook and Twitter, be used in ways that threaten our privacy?
� How do the use of Internet search engines and the availability of online public
records contribute to the problem of protecting “privacy in public”?
� Do privacy-enhancing tools provide Internet users with adequate protection for
their online personal information?
� Are current privacy laws and data protection schemes adequate?
Concerns about privacy can affect many aspects of an individual’s life—from
commerce to healthcare to work to recreation. For example, we speak of consumer
privacy, medical and healthcare privacy, employee and workplace privacy, and so forth.
Unfortunately, we cannot examine all of these categories of privacy in a single chapter. So
we will have to postpone our analysis of certain kinds of privacy issues until later chapters
in the book. For example, we will examine some ways that medical/genetic privacy issues
are aggravated by cybertechnology in our discussion of bioinformatics in Chapter 12, and
131
C053GXML 10/19/2012 21:44:25 Page 132
we will examine some particular employee/workplace privacy issues affected by the use
of cybertechnology in our discussion of workplace surveillance and employee mon-
itoring in Chapter 10. Some cyber-related privacy concerns that conflict with cyberse-
curity issues and national security interests will be examined in Chapter 6, where
privacy-related concerns affecting “cloud computing” are also considered. In our
discussion of emerging and converging technologies in Chapter 12, we examine
some issues that affect a relatively new category of privacy called “location privacy,”
which arise because of the use of embedded chips, RFID technology, and global
positioning systems (GPS).
Although some cyber-related privacy concerns are specific to one or more spheres or
sectors—i.e., employment, healthcare, and so f.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
By Kevin H a rd y an d Ian KoblickFollowing the theme o .docx
1. By Kevin H a rd y an d Ian Koblick
Following the theme o f manned undersea habitats, outposts to
explore, work and live in the sea, we continue the series with an
excerpt fro m Dr. Joseph M aclnnis’s informative March 1966
Scientific Am erican article “Living under the Sea”.
Ed Link’s Submerged Portable
Inflatable Dwelling (SPID)
By Dr. Joseph B. M a c ln n is
Adapted from
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
March 1966
I
n 1956 Edwin A. Link, the inventor of the Link
Trainer for simulated flight training, was engaged in
undersea archaeological investigations. He recognized
that a diver could work more effectively at substantial
depths if he could live there for prolonged periods instead
of having to be decompressed to the surface after each
day’s work. Link set out to build a vehicle that could
operate as an underwater elevator, a diving bell and a
decompression chamber. The “submersible decompression
chamber” (SDC) he designed is an aluminum cylinder
11 feet long and 3 feet in diameter [see Figure 2], With
its outer hatches closed it is a sealed capsule in which a
diver can be lowered to the bottom. On the bottom, with
the internal gas pressure equal to ambient water pressure
and the hatches open, the SDC serves as a dry refuge from
which the occupant can operate as a free diver. Then, with
2. the hatches again closed, it becomes a sealed chamber in
which the diver can be decompressed safely and efficiently
on shipboard or during his ascent to the surface. An inner
hatch provides an air lock through which someone else
can enter the chamber (or pass food and other supplies
into it) during the decompression phase.
Early in September 1962, the SDC underwent its
critical test in the Mediterranean Sea off Villefranche on
the French Riviera. A young Belgian diver, Robert Stenuit,
descended in it to 200 feet and lived there for 24 hours,
swimming out into the water to work and returning to rest
in the warm safety of the pressurized chamber. When the
time came to return to the surface, Stenuit did not have
to face hours of dangling on a lifeline or perching on a
platform, decompressing slowly in the cold water. Instead
he sealed himself into the chamber, was hoisted to the
deck of Link’s research vessel, the Sea Diver, and there was
42 The Journal of Diving History First Quarter 2016, Volume
24, Number 86
Figure 1: An underw ater dwelling called the SPID (fo r "subm
erged, portable,
inflatable dw elling") was designed by Edwin A. Link as a base
o f operations
fo r long dives to the continental shelf, here undergoing a
pressure te s t at
70 feet. In the sum m er of 1964 tw o divers occupied the SPID
fo r tw o days
at 432 feet below the surface.
HATCH
3. (OPEN)
Fig u re 2: Two chambers used in the Man in Sea 43 2 -fo o t,
tw o-day dive are diagram m ed. The "subm ersible
decompression
chamber," or SDC (le ft), is an alum inum cylinder II-fe e t
long and 3-feet in Diameter. With the hatches open and the
inside gas
pressure equal to the external w ater pressure, the SDC serves
as a diving bell. The SPID (rig h t) is an e ig h t-b y -fo u r-fo o
t inflatable
rubber dw elling w ith a steel fram e and ballast tray. Access to
it is through an open entry port at the bottom
First Quarter 2016, Volume 24, Number 86 The Journal of
Diving History 43
decompressed in safety and relative (although somewhat
cramped) comfort.
Link had decided that the second phase of his “Man in Sea”
project
would attempt to demonstrate that men could work effectively
at 400 feet
for several days. He established a “life-support” team under the
direction
of Christian J. Lambertsen of the University of Pennsylvania
School of
Medicine to undertake preliminary research and supervise the
medical
aspects of the dive. Under Lambertsen’s direction James G.
Dickson and
1 first evaluated the accuracy and reliability of gas analyzers
that would
4. monitor the divers’ breathing atmosphere. In addition to proving
out the
system, our experiments showed that mice could tolerate
saturation at
(and decompression from) pressures equivalent to 4,000 feet of
seawater.
The 400-foot dive required the design of a larger and more
comfortable “dwelling” on the ocean floor. Such a dwelling
presents
unusual engineering problems. It must provide shelter and
warmth and
be easy to enter and leave underwater, simple to operate and
resistant to
the corrosive effects of seawater. The dwelling must be heavy
enough to
settle on the bottom but not so heavy that it is hard to handle
from the
deck of a support ship.
Links unique solution was in effect an underwater tent: a fat
rubber
sausage eight feet long and four feet in diameter, mounted on a
rigid
steel frame. Deflated at the surface, the “submerged, portable,
inflatable
dwelling” (SPID) is remarkably easy to handle: an important
advantage
when undersea habitations are established in remote locations.
As it is
submerged, the tent is inflated so that its internal gas pressure is
equal to
the ambient water pressure. There are no hatches; an open, cuff
like entry
port in the floor of the SPID allows easy access and provides
5. the necessary
vertical latitude for variations in the pressure differential.
Inside the SPID
HE|
» 9
J
Jr *
1# 1
(M
F ig u re 3 : T he d e fla te d SPID is h o iste d o v e r th e
side o f Link's vessel Sea Diver. One end o f th e SDC is v is ib
le in th e le ft fo re g ro u n d ,
w ith p a rt o f th e deck d e co m p re ssio n c h a m b e r b
eyond it.
44 The Journal of Diving History First Quarter 2016, Volume
24, Number 86
and in watertight containers on the frame and on the ballast tray
below it
are stored supplies and equipment: gas cylinders and the gas-
circulating
system, a closed-circuit television camera, communications
equipment,
food, water, tools and underwater breathing gear.
In the 400-foot dive the SPID was to be one of three major
6. pressure
chambers. The second was the proved SDC and the third was a
new
deck decompression chamber (DDC). This time the SDC was to
serve
as an elevator and also as a backup refuge on the bottom but not
as the
main decompression chamber. After a long, deep dive,
decompression
takes several days, and it is important that the divers be as
comfortable
as possible. An eight-by-five-foot decompression chamber with
a four-
foot air lock was therefore secured to the deck of the Sea Diver.
The SDC
could be mated to it so that the divers could be transferred to it
under
deep-sea pressure. Decompression could then proceed under the
direct
supervision of life support personnel.
Early in June 1964, Link and his research group sailed to the
Bahamas
to test the three-chamber diving concept. We checked the
chambers with
dives to 40 and 70 feet, spending several weeks refining
techniques for
handling the SDC and the SPID and coping with potential
emergencies.
The exact site for the dive, chosen with the cooperation of Navy
personnel
using sonar and underwater television, was a gentle coral sand
slope 432
feet deep, about three miles northwest of Great Stirrup Cay.
On June 28 the underwater dwelling, with its vital gear
7. carefully
stowed aboard, was lowered slowly to the ocean floor. When it
had settled
on the shelf, the oxygen level inside was adjusted to 3.8
percent, the
equivalent of a sea-level partial pressure of 400 millimeters of
mercury.
The inert gas was helium with a trace of nitrogen because there
had been
air in the tent to start with. Then the SPID was left, a habitable
outpost
autonomous except for communications, power and gas lines,
ready for
its occupants.
The next step was to transport Stenuit and Jon Lindbergh,
another
experienced diver, to the shelf. As usual, the SDC was placed in
the water
at the surface so that the divers could enter it from below. At
10:15 A.M.
on June 30 Stenuit and Lindbergh went over the side and swam
up into
the chamber, closed the outer hatches and checked their
instruments. At
10:45, still at the surface, the SDC was pressurized to the
equivalent of
150 feet with oxygen and helium to check for leaks; one minor
leak was
discovered and repaired. At noon the chamber started down,
slipping
through the clear purple water toward the deep shelf. When it
reached
300 feet, Lindbergh reported the bottom in sight. At 1:00 P.M.
the
anchor weights touched bottom and the chamber came to a stop
8. five feet
above the sand. It was just 15 feet from the waiting SPID.
During the
descent the SDC’s internal pressure had been brought to 200
feet; now
pressurization was completed. At 1:15 the bottom hatches were
opened
and Stenuit swam over and entered the dwelling. Lindbergh
joined him
and they began to arrange the SPID for their stay.
At that point Lindbergh reported that the carbon dioxide
scrubber
had been flooded and was not functioning. The divers found the
backup
scrubber in its watertight container and prepared to set it up as
the
carbon dioxide level rose to almost 20 millimeters of mercury.
Then they
found they could not get at the reserve scrubber: the pressure-
equalizing
valve that would make it possible to open the container was
missing.
With the carbon dioxide level rising rapidly as a result of their
muscular
exertion, they had to leave the dwelling and return to the SDC.
We had
hoped to maintain the diving team on the shelf with a minimum
of
support from the surface, but it now became necessary to send a
spare
scrubber down on a line from the Sea Diver. The divers
installed it in the
SPID and the dwelling was soon habitable.
9. Later that evening the divers took over control of the dwellings
atmosphere, monitoring it with their own high-pressure gas
analyzer and
adding makeup oxygen as required. We kept watch from the
surface by
closed-circuit television as Stenuit and Lindbergh settled down
for the
night. While one slept the other kept watch, checking
instruments and
communications (a procedure that, as confidence in the system
increases,
should not be necessary in the future). The water temperature
that night
was 72 degrees and the dwelling was at 76 degrees, yet both
divers later
reported that the helium atmosphere was too cold for
comfortable sleeping.
In the morning the divers swam over to check the SDC, making
sure that it was available as a refuge in case of trouble in the
SPID. For
the rest of the day both men worked out of the dwelling,
observing,
photographing and collecting samples of the local marine life.
While they
were in the water the divers breathed from a “closed”
rebreathing system
connected to the SPID rather than from an “open” SCUBA
system. An
open apparatus spills exhaled gas into the sea. At 432 feet,
under 14
atmospheres of pressure, each exhalation expends gas equal to a
sea-level
volume of some seven liters, which would be prohibitively
wasteful. Link
had designed a system that pumped the dwelling atmosphere
10. through
a long hose to a breathing bag worn by the diver. Exhaled gases
were
drawn back to the dwelling through a second hose to be purified
and re-
circulated. The apparatus worked well except that the breathing
mixture
was so dense under 14 atmospheres that the pumps could not
move quite
enough of it to meet the divers’ maximum respiratory demand.
During the second evening we carried out and recorded voice-
communication tests with the divers breathing either pure air or
a
mixture of 75 percent air and 25 percent helium. Voice quality
was
considerably better than in a helium atmosphere, but even 30
seconds
of breathing air caused a noticeable degree of nitrogen narcosis.
At
11:00 P.M. the two men bedded down for the second night.
They were
disturbed from time to time by heavy thumps against the outside
of the
dwelling. It was found that large groupers, attracted by the
small fishes
that swarmed into the shaft of light spilling from the open port
of the
SPID, were charging the swarm and hitting the dark bulk of the
dwelling.
The next day the divers measured the visibility in the
remarkably
clear water; they could see almost 150 feet in the horizontal
plane and
200 feet vertically. Then they took more photographs and
11. collected
animal and plant specimens. At 1:30 P.M. on July 2 both men
were back
in the SDC with the hatches secured. At 2:20, after 49 hours on
the deep
shelf, the SDC began its ascent. The internal pressure was
maintained
at 432 feet; although the divers were being lifted toward the
surface,
they were not yet being decompressed. At 3:15 the dripping
SDC was
hoisted onto its cradle aboard the Sea Diver. Now the internal
pressure
was decreased to 400 feet to establish a one-atmosphere
differential
between the divers’ tissues and the chamber environment and
make it
possible for helium to begin escaping effectively from their
tissues. Then,
at 4:00, the SDC was mated to the deck decompression chamber,
which
was also at a pressure of 400 feet. Stenuit and Lindbergh,
transferred to
the deck chamber and we began to advance them to surface
pressure at
the rate of five feet, or about 0.15 atmosphere, per hour. With
the divers
safe in their chamber another advantage of deck decompression
became
evident: mobility. While decompression proceeded the Sea
Diver weighed
First Q ua rte r 2016, Volum e 24, N um ber 86 The Journal o f
Diving History 45
12. anchor and steamed for Florida. By the time it moored in Miami
on the
afternoon of July 5 the pressure had been reduced to 35 feet.
During the shallow stages of decompression, breathing pure
oxygen
establishes a larger outward pressure gradient in the lung for the
inert
gas to be pulled out of the diver’s tissues, thus helping prevent
the bends.
Since breathing pure oxygen under pressure for a sustained
period can
cause lung damage, Lambertsen had in the past suggested
alternating
between pure oxygen and compressed air. We instituted this
interrupted
oxygen-breathing schedule when the divers reached 30 feet.
Still, we had
one period of concern about decompression sickness. At about
20 feet
Stenuit reported a vague “sawdust feeling” in his fingers that
seemed to
progress to the wrists. I examined him under pressure in the
chamber.
There were no abnormal neurological findings, but
decompression
sickness is so diverse in its manifestations that almost any
symptom has
to be taken seriously. Dickson and I therefore recompressed the
chamber
one atmosphere and then resumed decompression at the slower
rate
of four feet per hour. Finally, at noon on July 6, Stenuit and
Lindbergh
emerged from the chamber in excellent condition after 92 hours
13. of
decompression. The important point about saturation diving is
that their
decompression time would have been the same if they had
stayed down
49 days instead of 49 hours.
Their dive had shown that men could live and work effectively
more
than 400 feet below the surface for a substantial period,
protected by an
almost autonomous undersea dwelling, and be successfully
recovered from
such depths and decompressed on the surface at sea. More
specifically, it
demonstrated the flexibility and mobility of the three-chamber
concept. It
also emphasized some problems, including the voice distortion
caused by
helium and the need for a larger breathing-gas supply to support
muscular
exertion. It showed that the control of humidity in an
atmosphere in direct
contact with the sea is extraordinarily difficult. The relative
humidity in the
chamber was close to 100 percent and both divers complained of
softened
skin and rashes. Temperature was a problem, too. Both men
preferred
having the chamber temperature between 82 and 85 degrees. In
the water,
we realized, heated suits are required to keep divers
comfortable even in
the Caribbean Sea. £
14. Author: Dr. Joesph Maclnnis currently studies leadership in
lethal
environments. He worked on James Camerons last three deep-
sea science
expeditions, including the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE Expedition.
His latest
book, “Deep Leadership: Essential Insights From High-Risk
Environments,”
was published by Random House.
The fu ll text o f Maclnnis’ original Scientific American article
is
available fo r a small fee at:
<http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/
living-under-the-sea/>
( oceaneering)
www.oceaneering.com
Proud Sponsor of the Historical Diving Society
46 The Journal o f Diving History First Q ua rte r 2016, Volum
e 24, N um ber 86
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/living-under-the-sea/
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/living-under-the-sea/
http://www.oceaneering.com
Copyright of Journal of Diving History is the property of
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15. HuTHE HISTORY OF MANNED SUBMERSIBLES
By Kevin H ardy and Ian Koblick
Following the theme of undersea habitats in the Journal of
Diving History, starting with the 50th Anniversaries of
SEALAB I then SEALAB II, this series of reports continues
with an adaptation of Dr. Joseph Maclnniss informative
March 1966 Scientific American article “Living under the Sea.”
Living under the Sea
By Dr. Joseph B. Maclnnis
Adapted from
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
March 1966
It is one thing to glimpse a new world and quite another to
establish permanent outposts in it, to explore it and to work and
live in it. Now, however,
men are beginning to try to live underwater- to remain
on the bottom exposed to the ocean’s pressure for long
periods and to move about and work there as free
divers. The submerged domain potentially available
to man for firsthand investigation and eventual
exploitation can be regarded as a new continent with
an area of about 11,500,000 square miles the size of
Africa. It comprises the gently sloping shoulders of the
continents, the continental shelves that rim the ocean
basins. The shelves range up to several hundred miles
in width and are generally covered by 600 feet of water
or less. That they are submerged at all is an accident
of this epoch’s sea level: the ocean basins are filled
to overflowing and the sea has spilled over, making
ocean floor of what is really a seaward extension
16. of the coastal topography. Geologically the shelf
belongs more to the continents than to the oceans.
Its basement rock is continental granite rather than
oceanic basalt and is covered largely with continental
sediments rather than abyssal ooze.
Not surprisingly, mineral deposits similar to
those under dry land lie under the shelf. Oil and
natural gas are the foremost examples. But there are
other reasons direct undersea investigations. One is
the increasing interest in all aspects of oceanography,
including geological, chemical, biological and
meteorological. Likewise salvage and submarine
rescue will benefit from manned bottom outposts.
The reasons for going underwater are balanced by
an impressive list of potential hazards. Most of them
stem from the effects of pressure, which increases at
the rate of one atmosphere (14.7 pounds per square
FIG URE 1: C O N TINEN TA L SHELF (ligh tes t areas) o ff
part o f North America
is shown. I t is less a part o f the ocean basin than it is an
extension o f the
continenta l land mass. As in m ost parts o f the w orld , the
shelf slopes gently
to about 600 fee t below sea level; then the continenta l slope
plunges tow ard
the floo r o f the ocean basin. On th is map, based on charts o
f the In te rna tiona l
Hydrographic Bureau, the contour in terva ls are in m eters ra
ther than feet. The
ligh test tone shows the bottom from sea level down to 200 m
eters (655 fe e t);
successively darker blacks indicate bottom from 200 to 1,000,
1,000 to 3 ,000
17. and deeper than 3,000 m eters.
40 The Journal of Diving History Fourth Quarter 2015, Volume
23, Number 85
inch, or 760 millimeters of mercury) with every 33 feet (10 m)
of depth
in seawater.
The best-known hazard and one of the most dangerous is
decompression sickness, the “bends.” Under pressure the inert
gas in
a breathing mixture (nitrogen or helium) diffuses into the blood
and
other tissues. If the pressure is relieved too quickly, bubbles
form in the
tissues much as they do in a bottle of carbonated water when it
is opened.
Sudden decompression from a long, deep dive can be fatal; even
a slight
miscalculation of decompression requirements can cause serious
injury
to the joints or the central nervous system. A diver must
therefore be
decompressed slowly, according to a careful schedule, so that
the inert
gas can be washed out of the tissues by the blood and then
exhaled by the
lungs. Whereas the demands of decompression become more
stringent
with depth, with time they increase only up to a point.
After about 24 hours at a given depth the tissues become
essentially
18. saturated with inert gas at a pressure equivalent to the depth;
they do not
take up significantly more gas no matter how long the diver
stays at that
level. Therefore if a diver must descend to a certain depth to
accomplish
a time-consuming underwater task, it is far more efficient for
him to
stay there than to return to the surface repeatedly, spending
hours in
decompression each time. Although this “saturation diving” is
efficient, it
imposes an extra technical burden, because the schedules for the
ultimate
decompression must be calculated and controlled with particular
care.
Pressure also has significant effects on a divers breathing
requirements. For one thing, hyperoxia (too much oxygen)
becomes almost
as dangerous as hypoxia (too little). Acute hyperoxia can affect
the central
nervous system, causing localized muscular twitching and
convulsions;
chronic hyperoxia impairs the process of gas exchange in the
alveoli, or
air sacs, of the lung. Optimum oxygen levels are still under
investigation;
they vary with the duration, depth and phase of the dive and the
muscular
effort required of the diver. It is clear, however, that the
“partial pressure”
of oxygen should be kept at a constant 150 and 400 millimeters
of mercury
during the at-depth phase of a long saturation dive. The partial
pressure of
19. oxygen in the air we breathe at sea level is 160 millimeters of
mercury (21
percent of 760). If oxygen is kept at 21 percent of the mixture,
however, its
partial pressure increases with depth, rising to 1,127 millimeters
200 feet
down, for example. As a result, the proportion of oxygen in the
air or other
breathing mixture must be cut back sharply from 21 percent.
The band of
permissible percentages narrows rapidly with depth calling for
increasing
accuracy in the systems that analyze and control the gas
mixture.
Nitrogen, which is physiologically inert at sea level, has an
anesthetic
effect under pressure. At depths greater than 100 feet it begins
to produce
“nitrogen narcosis,” that can impairment a divers judgment and
motor
ability. Helium has been found to be much less narcotic and
currently
replaces nitrogen in almost all deep-sea dives. Being less dense,
it also
offers less breathing resistance under pressure; important to a
working
diver. Helium has two disadvantages, however. Because its
thermal
conductivity is almost six times as great as nitrogens, it
accelerates the loss
of body heat and makes a diver uncomfortably cold even at
temperatures
of 70 or 80 degrees. Helium also distorts the resonance of a
divers voice,
making his speech almost unintelligible and thus giving rise to a
20. serious
communication problem.
In any confined environment the buildup of exhaled C02
(carbon
dioxide) must be monitored carefully.
In diving experiments at Ocean Systems, Inc., we kept the
partial
pressure of C02 below 7mm of mercury (compared with the sea-
level
pressure in fresh air of 0.3 millimeter), while at the U.S. Naval
Medical
Research Laboratory in New London, Conn., Karl E. Schaefer
has found
that at sea level slightly higher levels are tolerable for several
weeks. In any
case, C02 accumulates rapidly in a small space and soon reaches
a toxic
level, causing dizziness, headache and an increase in the rate of
breathing.
It must therefore be continuously “scrubbed” out of the divers
atmosphere,
usually by being passed through a chemical with which it will
react. Other
gases, such as CO (carbon monoxide) and certain volatile
hydrocarbons,
can also reach toxic levels quickly if they are allowed to
concentrate in the
divers breathing mixture.
There are sometimes other obstacles to casual access to the
ocean
floor: a demoralizing lack of visibility, strong currents, and
uncertain
21. bottom profiles. There are also dangerous marine animals,
ranging in size
from a unicellular infective fungus to the widely feared great
white shark.
Finally, the water of the continental shelf is cold. Temperatures
average
between 40 and 60 degrees, and without protective clothing a
diver soon
becomes totally ineffective.
100
160
200
x
CL
Q
250
M A N IN S E A S EP TE M B E R . 1962
■ M A N . 24 H O U R S (200 FEET)
S E A L A B II S EP TE M B E R . 1965
28 M E N . 15 O R 30 D A Y S
E A C H (205 FEET)
CONSHELF 3 S EP TE M B E R . 1965
6 M EN. 22 D A Y S (330 FEET)
MAN IN SEA JU N E . 1964
2 M E N . 49 H O U R S (432 FEET)
Figure 2: SATU RATIO N D IV IN G , in which the divers stay
22. down fo r prolonged periods, is made possible by underw ater
shelters. The chart gives data fo r seven such dives. "Man in
Sea"
is the Link pro ject, "C onshelf" is Jacques-Yves Cousteau's,
and
"SEALAB" is the U.S. Navy's.
Fourth Quarter 2015, Volume 23, Number 85 The Journal of
Diving History 41
Faced with these difficulties commercial
divers and undersea investigators found it
impossible to spend time and do useful work
on the continental shelf. Those who went
down in pressurized suits and thick-hulled
submersible vehicles were held prisoner by
their protective armor. Free divers, on the other
hand, could not go very deep or stay very long.
Before open-sea experiments were possible
some preliminary research was necessary.
How deep could a man go as a free diver?
How long could he stay down? What would
be the acute and the long-term medical effects
of the pressure itself and of the synthetic
atmosphere? What would be the response to
the cold, the confinement and the psychological
hazards of deep submergence? Some early and
significant answers were provided by Captain
George F. Bond, a U.S. Navy physician who
in 1957 conceived and carried out a series of
simulated dives in a compression chamber
23. on land at the Naval Medical Research
Laboratory. Bond’s group first exposed small
animals, including some primates, to a pressure
equivalent to a depth of 200 feet. Volunteer
Navy divers then lived in the chamber under
precisely controlled conditions of pressure,
temperature and humidity. These experiments
showed, among other things, that men could
breathe helium instead of nitrogen for long
periods without ill effects and encouraged Link
and others to move ahead.
In the U.S., Link and Bond were designing
pressure experiments and engineering diving
systems that would enable free divers to reach
greater depths safely. From late 1963 until
March 1964, a series of simulated saturation
dives-the first such dives deeper than 200 feet-
were carried out under the technical direction
of Captain R. D. Workman at the Navy’s
Experimental Diving Unit in Washington
DC. The tests showed that divers suffered no
harmful effects when exposed to depths of
300 and 400 feet for 24 hours and that they
could be decompressed successfully on a linear
decompression schedule.
In addition to Link’s Man-in-Sea
“Submerged Portable Inflatable Swelling”
(SPID), (the subject of an upcoming JoDH
article, 2016, Vol 24, Issue 86) there have been
a number of other recent saturation diving
experiments, two of them conducted by Bond’s
Navy group. The first, “SEALAB I,” took place
off Bermuda later in July, 1964 (the subject of
24. the JoDH Volume 22, Number 79). Four men
lived for 10 days in a large cylindrical chamber
192 feet below the surface. Last summer the
Navy conducted “SEALAB II,” a massive 45-day
effort involving three teams of 10 men, each of
which spent 15 days underwater (the subject
of the JoDH Volume 23, Number 84). The base
of operations was a cabin 57 by 12 feet in size
submerged in 205 feet of water near the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography at La Jolla, Calif.
The SEALAB “aquanauts” salvaged an airplane
hulk, did biological and oceanographic
research and conducted psychological and
physiological tests. Electrically heated suits
made it possible for them to work comfortably
in the 55-degree water.
In the Mediterranean off Cap Ferrat,
Cousteau’s group last fall made another
significant advance in underwater living. Six
men lived for almost 22 days in Conshelf III, a
spherical dwelling 330 feet below the surface,
linked to the surface by only an electrical and
communications cable. Cousteau’s “oceanauts”
concentrated on difficult underwater work,
including the successful emplacement and
operation at 370 feet of a five-ton oil-well head
in which oil under pressure was simulated by
compressed air.
As men go deeper and stay longer the
hazards increase and safety margins narrow,
new questions arise. At what depth will even
helium become too narcotic or too dense to
breathe? Can hydrogen serve as an acceptable
substitute? At what depth will pressure effects
25. Figure 3: An UNDERW ATER DW ELLING called th e S P ID
(fo r "subm erged, portable,
inflatable dw elling") was designed by Edwin A. Link as a base
o f operations fo r long dives
to the continental shelf, here undergoing a pressure tes t a t 70
feet. In the sum m er of
1964 tw o divers occupied the SPID fo r tw o days a t 432 feet
below the surface.
42 The Journal of Diving History Fourth Quarter 2015, Volume
23, Number 85
Figure 4: "CONSHELF I I I " station at 330 fee t was occupied
by six divers o f Cousteau's group last fa ll. The spherical
dwelling in
which they lived is shown a t the le ft in a photograph made
from Cousteau's diving saucer. The elongated shape (fa r le ft)
is a fin fo r
s tab ility under to w ; the tu rre t- shaped s tructu re is a
compression cham ber fo r em ergency escape to the surface.
The m a jo r task
accomplished by the divers was the insta lla tion and repair o f
an oil-well head (r ig h t). They were able to m anipu late
repair tools to
handle em ergency breakdown s itua tions m et in actual
production. In the photograph a d ive r is guiding a tool pipe
into the wellhead
cause unacceptable changes in tissue structure?
What will be the decompression obligation
after saturation at 1,000 feet or more? And what
are the residual effects of repeated exposure to
great depths?
26. Again, the answers are beginning to come
from dry-land experimentation. Last fall two
Ocean Systems divers simulated a dive to 650
feet in our test chamber. They stayed at that
pressure for 48 hours, becoming completely
saturated with 20 atmospheres of helium.
Our results indicated that helium is safe -at
least at the depth and for the length of time
involved in the test- and suggested that it may
be possible to continue with helium as the
inert gas even beyond 1,000 feet. We found
that breathing an oxygen-neon mixture for
Fourth Quarter 2015, Volume 23, Number 85
30 minutes at 650 feet caused no measurable
narcotic or other detrimental effects and
that it markedly improved voice quality.
Heart and lung function, exercise tolerance,
psychomotor performance and blood and urine
characteristics were all within normal limits. I
think the most significant result of this longest
deep-pressure experiment to date was our
impression that divers will be able to perform
physical and mental work almost as effectively
at 650 feet as at the surface.
There do not, then, seem to be any
physiological or psychological barriers that
will prevent the occupation of any part of the
continental shelf. Nonetheless, it is important to
recognize that so far all efforts to live under the
sea have been investigations or demonstrations
The Journal of Diving History
27. of mans ability to do so. In the last analysis men
will live underwater only when specific tasks,
with economic or other motivations, present
themselves. At this point, however, the gates of
the deep shelf have been opened. £
Author: Dr. foesph Maclnnis currently studies
leadership in lethal environments. He worked
on James Camerons last three deep-sea
science expeditions, including the DEEPSEA
CHALLENGE Expedition. His latest book, Deep
Leadership: Essential Insights From High-Risk
Environments, was published by Random House.
The full text of Maclnnis’ original Scientific American
article is available for a small fee at: <http://www.
scientificamerican.com/article/living-under-the-sea/>
43
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/living-under-the-sea/
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/living-under-the-sea/
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