"But I'm Not Gay": What Strainht Teachers Need to Know about Queer Theory. Elizabeth ]. Meyer .
Introducción
La mayoría de los académicos y educadores se mantienen alejados de la teoría queer porque la palabra "queer" tiene una larga historia de ser un término peyorativo para gays y lesbianas o cualquier persona percibida como diferente. Lo que muchas personas no entienden es que en los últimos veinte años, este término ha sido activamente en reconstrucción y ha recibido nuevos significados y aplicaciones. Aunque "queer" todavía se usa a menudo con la intención de dañar, en contextos académicos ha llegado a representar nuevos conceptos que, cuando se aplican en el entorno escolar, pueden tener una influencia liberadora y positiva en la forma en que funcionan las escuelas hoy en día.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Barbara McNeil at the Saskatchewan Library Association Conference on the role of public and school libraries in supporting marginalized adolescent youth. The presentation discusses how literacy is key to participation in democratic processes and outlines a research project that used literature circles to promote literacy growth in struggling adolescent boys. The goals of the research were to engage school leadership and librarians to collaboratively support literacy development and examine how critical reading practices can influence literacy skills and understanding of social issues.
Building a pedagogy of engagement for students in povertyJonathan Dunnemann
The only surefire way to eliminate the achievement gap is to eradicate can still take many research-proven steps to foster equality of opportunity in education.
Gender Issues: Creating a Safe Environment for All StudentsChristina Gagnier
This document discusses gender issues in schools and policies to promote inclusion. It defines key terms like gender identity, transgender, and gender expression. It outlines California and federal laws requiring schools to allow students to participate in activities based on gender identity, not assigned sex. The document also discusses cyberbullying based on gender and recommends schools implement gender policies, provide resources for victims, educate parents on technology, and address gender bullying promptly.
Promoting artmaking to dev empathic sch lders nfmij v16 n1, 2019William Kritsonis
Published by NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Since 1982) A national refereed, juried, double-blind reviewed professional journal - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Founding Editor-in-Chief
This document provides an overview of education from several sociological perspectives. It discusses the manifest and latent functions of education according to functionalism. Manifest functions include socialization, social control, and social placement. Latent functions include courtship, social networks, and political advocacy. The document also discusses conflict theory's perspective that education reinforces social inequalities rather than reducing them.
The document discusses the issue of discipline disparities along racial lines in US PreK-12 schools. It notes that the US Department of Justice and Department of Education have made addressing this a priority. It discusses how restorative justice has been proposed as an alternative to exclusionary discipline practices. The author argues that for restorative justice to effectively address discipline disparities, it must critically examine how racism may be implicit in systems and practices, and seek to understand the perspectives of dominant narratives and systems in order to enact continuous improvement.
This document discusses gender differences in communication in the workplace. It argues that workplace environments are typically constructed along masculine norms of communication, placing women at a disadvantage. Gendered communication styles are socially constructed, with research showing women socialized to value collaboration while men focus on status and goals. These differences can influence women's occupational outcomes. The document advocates increasing awareness of gendered communication to reduce misunderstandings and promote equality.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Barbara McNeil at the Saskatchewan Library Association Conference on the role of public and school libraries in supporting marginalized adolescent youth. The presentation discusses how literacy is key to participation in democratic processes and outlines a research project that used literature circles to promote literacy growth in struggling adolescent boys. The goals of the research were to engage school leadership and librarians to collaboratively support literacy development and examine how critical reading practices can influence literacy skills and understanding of social issues.
Building a pedagogy of engagement for students in povertyJonathan Dunnemann
The only surefire way to eliminate the achievement gap is to eradicate can still take many research-proven steps to foster equality of opportunity in education.
Gender Issues: Creating a Safe Environment for All StudentsChristina Gagnier
This document discusses gender issues in schools and policies to promote inclusion. It defines key terms like gender identity, transgender, and gender expression. It outlines California and federal laws requiring schools to allow students to participate in activities based on gender identity, not assigned sex. The document also discusses cyberbullying based on gender and recommends schools implement gender policies, provide resources for victims, educate parents on technology, and address gender bullying promptly.
Promoting artmaking to dev empathic sch lders nfmij v16 n1, 2019William Kritsonis
Published by NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Since 1982) A national refereed, juried, double-blind reviewed professional journal - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Founding Editor-in-Chief
This document provides an overview of education from several sociological perspectives. It discusses the manifest and latent functions of education according to functionalism. Manifest functions include socialization, social control, and social placement. Latent functions include courtship, social networks, and political advocacy. The document also discusses conflict theory's perspective that education reinforces social inequalities rather than reducing them.
The document discusses the issue of discipline disparities along racial lines in US PreK-12 schools. It notes that the US Department of Justice and Department of Education have made addressing this a priority. It discusses how restorative justice has been proposed as an alternative to exclusionary discipline practices. The author argues that for restorative justice to effectively address discipline disparities, it must critically examine how racism may be implicit in systems and practices, and seek to understand the perspectives of dominant narratives and systems in order to enact continuous improvement.
This document discusses gender differences in communication in the workplace. It argues that workplace environments are typically constructed along masculine norms of communication, placing women at a disadvantage. Gendered communication styles are socially constructed, with research showing women socialized to value collaboration while men focus on status and goals. These differences can influence women's occupational outcomes. The document advocates increasing awareness of gendered communication to reduce misunderstandings and promote equality.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in understanding gender and development, including:
(1) Definitions of gender, sex, and theories of gender differences such as biological determinism and gender socialization.
(2) The evolution of studying gender from a focus on sex differences to recognizing social and cultural influences on gender roles.
(3) Feminist theories that have influenced the study of gender including liberal, radical, Marxist, socialist feminism and third world political economy approaches.
(4) Different research approaches in gender studies such as feminist empiricism, standpoint theory, and postmodernism.
The document provides annotations for 5 sources on the topic of educating girls.
[1] The first annotation summarizes a book that discusses how identities, including gender identities, shape economic and social outcomes. It notes that schools must promote belonging for all students.
[2] The second annotation summarizes an article that discusses perceived biological differences between boys and girls. It questions relying too heavily on stereotypes and recommends getting to know individual students.
[3] The third annotation analyzes interviews with girls in STEM programs that found girls felt they had to work harder than boys for the same achievements and feared abilities would be attributed to gender.
[4] The fourth annotation discusses research finding benefits of
A Feast of Difference: "Gender Issues" and "Sexuality in Continuity and Change"Gregorio III Caliguia
A Feast of Difference: "Gender Issues" and "Sexuality in Continuity and Change"
A presentation by
Gregorio R. Caliguia III
MA in Philippine Studies*
(Society and Culture)
Prof. Rolando Talampas
(PS 202: Theories and Perspectives)
Asian Center
University of the Philippines - Diliman
9 September 2014
This document provides background information on the context and theoretical framework for analyzing sexuality education policies and curricula. It discusses queer theory and how it challenges heteronormative assumptions. It also outlines the evolution of sexuality education in the US, from its origins to current policies that primarily fund abstinence-only programs, which have been shown to marginalize LGBTQ students. The research aims to examine discourses around sexuality education and their impact on sexually minoritized youth.
This summary provides an overview of the key points in the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses how gendered communication patterns developed due to different historical leadership roles influence perceptions of women's leadership. It analyzes research showing teachers interact with and praise male students more in elementary school, influencing the development of communication styles. The thesis will examine how power-based language used in college classrooms impacts perceptions of leadership for men and women and how addressing this issue requires both structural and individual changes.
Disproportionate Discipline: Appropriate Consequence or Educational Lynching?CPEDInitiative
This document presents a research study examining the disproportionate suspension rates of Black male students. The study aims to understand how effective teachers employ classroom management and caring relationships to impact discipline strategies with Black male middle school students. It utilizes a Critical Race Theory framework to analyze explanations for disproportionate suspension, such as cultural mismatch, teacher bias, and institutional bias. The study will use teacher interviews and observations to identify strategies demonstrating culturally responsive classroom management and authentic caring relationships, in an effort to reduce the effects of bias in discipline practices.
1) The document discusses barriers faced by Latina women in achieving leadership positions in education, including lack of professional networks and mentoring, systemic discrimination, and navigating both professional and cultural expectations.
2) It highlights the stories of five Latina school leaders who overcame these barriers through finding support systems, identifying mentors, and using their cultural skills and experiences to benefit the students and communities they served.
3) While they faced discrimination and feelings of isolation, the women indicated that the very aspects of their identity that caused challenges, such as language skills, also enabled their success in representing and supporting Latino students and families.
Towards The Social Categorisation Of Sexualitiesrichienyhus
This document discusses how viewing sexuality through the lens of natural categories versus social construction can have negative consequences. Viewing sexuality as naturally occurring categories promotes stereotypes, marginalizes some groups, and can justify oppressive social norms. In contrast, understanding sexuality as socially constructed allows for greater cultural understanding, reduces stigma and stereotyping, and promotes safer sexual practices and equitable treatment of all groups.
The document summarizes the work of UN Women's Fund for Gender Equality in providing grants from 2009-2011 to empower women economically and politically. Some key results include over 7,000 Dalit women in India gaining employment, the passage of a gender equality law in El Salvador, and the mainstreaming of gender in agricultural policies in Uganda and Zimbabwe. The Fund supports initiatives to increase women's political participation, representation, and leadership through training. It also aims to increase women's access to economic resources and assets. By 2014, over 13.6 million women were expected to strengthen their leadership skills and influence policies through grantee programs.
The document summarizes the key findings of the 2017 National Urban League Equality Index, which measures racial equality between black and white Americans, and Hispanic and white Americans.
The 2017 Black-White Equality Index was 72.3%, a slight increase from the revised 2016 index of 72.2%. The largest increase was in education, while social justice declined sharply, though most of the decline was due to a change in how one data point is reported.
The 2017 Hispanic-White Equality Index was 78.4%, an increase from the revised 2016 index of 77.9%. The largest increase was in health.
The index measures equality across five categories: economics, health, education, social justice, and
The document provides a long list of potential topics that could be researched for a sociology paper. Some of the topics mentioned include homelessness, domestic violence, racism, social inequality, race/ethnicity, media, food culture, youth culture, gender, social movements, religions/cults, social classes, myths/legends, and families. For each topic, 2-3 specific research areas or questions are outlined to provide more focused paper ideas within the general subject. The document serves as a useful starting point for a student looking for potential research topics within sociology.
Community-Based Queer Research, Methodological Flexibility, and Mixed-Methods...Kamden Strunk
This document discusses using mixed methods research approaches when advocating for LGBTQ policy changes. It describes projects using both quantitative survey data and qualitative narratives to demonstrate issues faced by LGBTQ students and communities. When policymakers dismissed individual findings as "just stories" or "just numbers", combining methods provided a more comprehensive picture that was harder to ignore. The author advocates for community-based and mixed methods approaches to make research more accessible and persuasive for impacting policy.
CAPE Sociology Caribbean families are pathological unitscapesociology
1. The document discusses the social pathological perspective on Caribbean families, which views them as dysfunctional units that contribute to social problems. It describes problems identified in Caribbean families like promiscuity, single mother households, domestic abuse, and delinquent children.
2. Functionalists see the nuclear family as universal and providing key functions, but Caribbean families often fail to fulfill these roles. Problems in the family spill over and undermine society.
3. The Marxist perspective views families as reproducing capitalist exploitation, with women and children subjected to the patriarchal control of men. Overall, the document analyzes how the social pathological perspective assesses Caribbean families as problematic social institutions.
Black Males, Social Imagery, and the Disruption of Pathological IdentitiesJonathan Dunnemann
Throughout the history of the U.S., racialized groups have often had their experiences profoundly shaped by social imagery in ways that have created tremendous hardships in the quest for
self-actualization and a healthy sense of self.
The purpose of this article is to shed light on the manner in which Black males have been one of the primary victims of negative social imagery and how the remnants of these constructions continue to have contemporary influences, ....
1. As the workforce has become more diverse, organizations now include more women and people from a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds. This diversity presents both challenges and opportunities for organizations.
2. Women and minorities sometimes face barriers like exclusion from informal networks, lack of mentorship opportunities, and feelings of tokenism. Organizational systems can also disadvantage these groups unintentionally.
3. A truly diverse organization moves beyond legal compliance to deliberately capitalize on diversity and promote inclusion, fairness, empowerment, and openness for all groups. Managing diversity well can provide competitive advantages around costs, talent acquisition, marketing, creativity, and problem-solving.
The document discusses social network analysis approaches used by anthropologists and sociologists to study kinship networks, friendship networks, and community networks. It covers early studies of kinship patterns, the use of sociograms to map friendship networks, and analyses of interpersonal ties within large modern communities. Specific topics summarized include the use of matrix algebra to study kinship systems, analysis of large kinship networks using software tools, a classic longitudinal study of friendship evolution in a college fraternity, and research on personal networks in urban vs. rural communities.
This document discusses theories of gender development including social learning theory, cognitive-developmental theory, and gender schema theory. It also covers gender stereotyping, ideologies like traditional, egalitarian, and transitional views. Key topics are defined such as gender, sex, schema, and how gender relates to equality, power, and education. Gender is a social construct while sex is biological. Theories aim to explain how children learn appropriate gender roles and identities.
WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. He was honored by the Texas National Association for Multicultural Education as Professor, Scholar, and Pioneer Publisher for Distinguished Service to Multicultural Research Publishing. The ceremony was held at Texas A&M University-College Station. He was inducted into the prestigious William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor. He was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Dr. Kritsonis was a Visiting Scholar at Columbia University’s Teacher College in New York, and Visiting Scholar in the School of Education at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
1. Develop basic understanding and familiarity with key concepts- gender, gender bias, gender stereotype, empowerment, gender parity, equity, and equality, patriarchy and feminism;
2. Understand the gradual paradigm shift from women’ studies to gender studies and some important landmarks in connection with gender and education in the historical and contemporary period;
3. Learn about gender issues in school, curriculum, textual materials across disciplines, pedagogical processes and its intersection with class, caste, religion and region; and
4. Understand how gender, power and sexuality relate to education (in terms of access, curriculum and pedagogy).
CHAPTER ONE But Im Not Gay What Strainht Teachers .docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER ONE
"But I'm Not Gay": What Strainht
Teachers Need to Know about
Qyeer Theory
Elizabeth]. Meyer
Introduction
Most scholars and educators steer clear of queer theory because the word
"queer" has a long history of being a pejorative term for gays and lesbians or
anyone perceived to be different. What many people do not understand is that
in the past twenty years, this term has been actively under reconstruction and
has been infused with new meanings and applications. Although "queer" is still
often used with the intent to harm, in scholarly contexts it has come to repre
sent new concepts that, when applied in the school setting, can have a libera
tory and positive influence on the way schools work today.
Another common misunderstanding about queer theory is that it is a syno
nym for gay and lesbian studies. Although queer theory emerged from the
work of scholars in this field, it has evolved to become much more broad and
encompassing than gay and lesbian studies. Queer theory goes beyond explor
ing aspects of gay and lesbian identity and experience. It questions taken-for
granted assumptions about relationships, identity, gender, and sexual orienta
tion. It seeks to explode rigid normalizing categories into possibilities that ex
ist beyond the binaries of man/woman, masculine/feminine, student/teacher,
and gay I straight. Queer theory offers educators a lens through which educa
tors can transform their praxis so as to explore and celebrate the tensions and
new understandings created by teaching new ways of seeing the world. This
chapter will introduce some key tenets of queer theory and describe how the
application of these ideas by all educators can create classrooms that are more
liberatory, inclusive of diversity and socially just.
16 "But I'm Not Gay"
r
The first section describes how the persistence of homophobia and the re
lated tool of sexism in schools harm everyone in the community and how the
most basic expectation of school safety for all cannot be attained until these
issues are addressed. The second section describes how gender codes work to
limit the opportunities available to students and teachers in schools and soci
ety. The third section addresses the concepts of language and discourse and
how understanding this form of power is essential to understanding how to
transform school cultures. The fourth section explains several of the key ideas
in Queer Theory that are most relevant to educators working in schools today.
Finally, this chapter concludes with a brief summary of key points and a de
scription of how queer theory and an application of queer pedagogies can
move schools toward being more liberatory, inclusive, and socially just.
The Harmful Effects of Homophobia and Heterosexism
In recent years there has been growing attention paid to the important issue of
violence in schools. The issue of bullying and harassment is one aspect ...
Dalia, bo & heather—gender & sexuality sykeshea
The document summarizes key aspects of four readings related to gender and sexuality education:
1) The first reading discusses developing anti-homophobia education through coming out stories, analyzing homophobic name-calling, and Pride Week activities. It also examines the limitations of "safe" and "positive" approaches.
2) The second analyzes literature at the intersections of heteronormativity and homonormativity in sex education. It discusses critical literacy and queer nationalism.
3) The third summarizes Judith Butler's theory that gender is performative rather than a fixed identity.
4) The fourth introduces questions about incorporating queer pedagogy more broadly in classrooms rather than just for LGBT
This document provides an overview of key concepts in understanding gender and development, including:
(1) Definitions of gender, sex, and theories of gender differences such as biological determinism and gender socialization.
(2) The evolution of studying gender from a focus on sex differences to recognizing social and cultural influences on gender roles.
(3) Feminist theories that have influenced the study of gender including liberal, radical, Marxist, socialist feminism and third world political economy approaches.
(4) Different research approaches in gender studies such as feminist empiricism, standpoint theory, and postmodernism.
The document provides annotations for 5 sources on the topic of educating girls.
[1] The first annotation summarizes a book that discusses how identities, including gender identities, shape economic and social outcomes. It notes that schools must promote belonging for all students.
[2] The second annotation summarizes an article that discusses perceived biological differences between boys and girls. It questions relying too heavily on stereotypes and recommends getting to know individual students.
[3] The third annotation analyzes interviews with girls in STEM programs that found girls felt they had to work harder than boys for the same achievements and feared abilities would be attributed to gender.
[4] The fourth annotation discusses research finding benefits of
A Feast of Difference: "Gender Issues" and "Sexuality in Continuity and Change"Gregorio III Caliguia
A Feast of Difference: "Gender Issues" and "Sexuality in Continuity and Change"
A presentation by
Gregorio R. Caliguia III
MA in Philippine Studies*
(Society and Culture)
Prof. Rolando Talampas
(PS 202: Theories and Perspectives)
Asian Center
University of the Philippines - Diliman
9 September 2014
This document provides background information on the context and theoretical framework for analyzing sexuality education policies and curricula. It discusses queer theory and how it challenges heteronormative assumptions. It also outlines the evolution of sexuality education in the US, from its origins to current policies that primarily fund abstinence-only programs, which have been shown to marginalize LGBTQ students. The research aims to examine discourses around sexuality education and their impact on sexually minoritized youth.
This summary provides an overview of the key points in the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses how gendered communication patterns developed due to different historical leadership roles influence perceptions of women's leadership. It analyzes research showing teachers interact with and praise male students more in elementary school, influencing the development of communication styles. The thesis will examine how power-based language used in college classrooms impacts perceptions of leadership for men and women and how addressing this issue requires both structural and individual changes.
Disproportionate Discipline: Appropriate Consequence or Educational Lynching?CPEDInitiative
This document presents a research study examining the disproportionate suspension rates of Black male students. The study aims to understand how effective teachers employ classroom management and caring relationships to impact discipline strategies with Black male middle school students. It utilizes a Critical Race Theory framework to analyze explanations for disproportionate suspension, such as cultural mismatch, teacher bias, and institutional bias. The study will use teacher interviews and observations to identify strategies demonstrating culturally responsive classroom management and authentic caring relationships, in an effort to reduce the effects of bias in discipline practices.
1) The document discusses barriers faced by Latina women in achieving leadership positions in education, including lack of professional networks and mentoring, systemic discrimination, and navigating both professional and cultural expectations.
2) It highlights the stories of five Latina school leaders who overcame these barriers through finding support systems, identifying mentors, and using their cultural skills and experiences to benefit the students and communities they served.
3) While they faced discrimination and feelings of isolation, the women indicated that the very aspects of their identity that caused challenges, such as language skills, also enabled their success in representing and supporting Latino students and families.
Towards The Social Categorisation Of Sexualitiesrichienyhus
This document discusses how viewing sexuality through the lens of natural categories versus social construction can have negative consequences. Viewing sexuality as naturally occurring categories promotes stereotypes, marginalizes some groups, and can justify oppressive social norms. In contrast, understanding sexuality as socially constructed allows for greater cultural understanding, reduces stigma and stereotyping, and promotes safer sexual practices and equitable treatment of all groups.
The document summarizes the work of UN Women's Fund for Gender Equality in providing grants from 2009-2011 to empower women economically and politically. Some key results include over 7,000 Dalit women in India gaining employment, the passage of a gender equality law in El Salvador, and the mainstreaming of gender in agricultural policies in Uganda and Zimbabwe. The Fund supports initiatives to increase women's political participation, representation, and leadership through training. It also aims to increase women's access to economic resources and assets. By 2014, over 13.6 million women were expected to strengthen their leadership skills and influence policies through grantee programs.
The document summarizes the key findings of the 2017 National Urban League Equality Index, which measures racial equality between black and white Americans, and Hispanic and white Americans.
The 2017 Black-White Equality Index was 72.3%, a slight increase from the revised 2016 index of 72.2%. The largest increase was in education, while social justice declined sharply, though most of the decline was due to a change in how one data point is reported.
The 2017 Hispanic-White Equality Index was 78.4%, an increase from the revised 2016 index of 77.9%. The largest increase was in health.
The index measures equality across five categories: economics, health, education, social justice, and
The document provides a long list of potential topics that could be researched for a sociology paper. Some of the topics mentioned include homelessness, domestic violence, racism, social inequality, race/ethnicity, media, food culture, youth culture, gender, social movements, religions/cults, social classes, myths/legends, and families. For each topic, 2-3 specific research areas or questions are outlined to provide more focused paper ideas within the general subject. The document serves as a useful starting point for a student looking for potential research topics within sociology.
Community-Based Queer Research, Methodological Flexibility, and Mixed-Methods...Kamden Strunk
This document discusses using mixed methods research approaches when advocating for LGBTQ policy changes. It describes projects using both quantitative survey data and qualitative narratives to demonstrate issues faced by LGBTQ students and communities. When policymakers dismissed individual findings as "just stories" or "just numbers", combining methods provided a more comprehensive picture that was harder to ignore. The author advocates for community-based and mixed methods approaches to make research more accessible and persuasive for impacting policy.
CAPE Sociology Caribbean families are pathological unitscapesociology
1. The document discusses the social pathological perspective on Caribbean families, which views them as dysfunctional units that contribute to social problems. It describes problems identified in Caribbean families like promiscuity, single mother households, domestic abuse, and delinquent children.
2. Functionalists see the nuclear family as universal and providing key functions, but Caribbean families often fail to fulfill these roles. Problems in the family spill over and undermine society.
3. The Marxist perspective views families as reproducing capitalist exploitation, with women and children subjected to the patriarchal control of men. Overall, the document analyzes how the social pathological perspective assesses Caribbean families as problematic social institutions.
Black Males, Social Imagery, and the Disruption of Pathological IdentitiesJonathan Dunnemann
Throughout the history of the U.S., racialized groups have often had their experiences profoundly shaped by social imagery in ways that have created tremendous hardships in the quest for
self-actualization and a healthy sense of self.
The purpose of this article is to shed light on the manner in which Black males have been one of the primary victims of negative social imagery and how the remnants of these constructions continue to have contemporary influences, ....
1. As the workforce has become more diverse, organizations now include more women and people from a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds. This diversity presents both challenges and opportunities for organizations.
2. Women and minorities sometimes face barriers like exclusion from informal networks, lack of mentorship opportunities, and feelings of tokenism. Organizational systems can also disadvantage these groups unintentionally.
3. A truly diverse organization moves beyond legal compliance to deliberately capitalize on diversity and promote inclusion, fairness, empowerment, and openness for all groups. Managing diversity well can provide competitive advantages around costs, talent acquisition, marketing, creativity, and problem-solving.
The document discusses social network analysis approaches used by anthropologists and sociologists to study kinship networks, friendship networks, and community networks. It covers early studies of kinship patterns, the use of sociograms to map friendship networks, and analyses of interpersonal ties within large modern communities. Specific topics summarized include the use of matrix algebra to study kinship systems, analysis of large kinship networks using software tools, a classic longitudinal study of friendship evolution in a college fraternity, and research on personal networks in urban vs. rural communities.
This document discusses theories of gender development including social learning theory, cognitive-developmental theory, and gender schema theory. It also covers gender stereotyping, ideologies like traditional, egalitarian, and transitional views. Key topics are defined such as gender, sex, schema, and how gender relates to equality, power, and education. Gender is a social construct while sex is biological. Theories aim to explain how children learn appropriate gender roles and identities.
WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. He was honored by the Texas National Association for Multicultural Education as Professor, Scholar, and Pioneer Publisher for Distinguished Service to Multicultural Research Publishing. The ceremony was held at Texas A&M University-College Station. He was inducted into the prestigious William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor. He was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Dr. Kritsonis was a Visiting Scholar at Columbia University’s Teacher College in New York, and Visiting Scholar in the School of Education at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
1. Develop basic understanding and familiarity with key concepts- gender, gender bias, gender stereotype, empowerment, gender parity, equity, and equality, patriarchy and feminism;
2. Understand the gradual paradigm shift from women’ studies to gender studies and some important landmarks in connection with gender and education in the historical and contemporary period;
3. Learn about gender issues in school, curriculum, textual materials across disciplines, pedagogical processes and its intersection with class, caste, religion and region; and
4. Understand how gender, power and sexuality relate to education (in terms of access, curriculum and pedagogy).
CHAPTER ONE But Im Not Gay What Strainht Teachers .docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER ONE
"But I'm Not Gay": What Strainht
Teachers Need to Know about
Qyeer Theory
Elizabeth]. Meyer
Introduction
Most scholars and educators steer clear of queer theory because the word
"queer" has a long history of being a pejorative term for gays and lesbians or
anyone perceived to be different. What many people do not understand is that
in the past twenty years, this term has been actively under reconstruction and
has been infused with new meanings and applications. Although "queer" is still
often used with the intent to harm, in scholarly contexts it has come to repre
sent new concepts that, when applied in the school setting, can have a libera
tory and positive influence on the way schools work today.
Another common misunderstanding about queer theory is that it is a syno
nym for gay and lesbian studies. Although queer theory emerged from the
work of scholars in this field, it has evolved to become much more broad and
encompassing than gay and lesbian studies. Queer theory goes beyond explor
ing aspects of gay and lesbian identity and experience. It questions taken-for
granted assumptions about relationships, identity, gender, and sexual orienta
tion. It seeks to explode rigid normalizing categories into possibilities that ex
ist beyond the binaries of man/woman, masculine/feminine, student/teacher,
and gay I straight. Queer theory offers educators a lens through which educa
tors can transform their praxis so as to explore and celebrate the tensions and
new understandings created by teaching new ways of seeing the world. This
chapter will introduce some key tenets of queer theory and describe how the
application of these ideas by all educators can create classrooms that are more
liberatory, inclusive of diversity and socially just.
16 "But I'm Not Gay"
r
The first section describes how the persistence of homophobia and the re
lated tool of sexism in schools harm everyone in the community and how the
most basic expectation of school safety for all cannot be attained until these
issues are addressed. The second section describes how gender codes work to
limit the opportunities available to students and teachers in schools and soci
ety. The third section addresses the concepts of language and discourse and
how understanding this form of power is essential to understanding how to
transform school cultures. The fourth section explains several of the key ideas
in Queer Theory that are most relevant to educators working in schools today.
Finally, this chapter concludes with a brief summary of key points and a de
scription of how queer theory and an application of queer pedagogies can
move schools toward being more liberatory, inclusive, and socially just.
The Harmful Effects of Homophobia and Heterosexism
In recent years there has been growing attention paid to the important issue of
violence in schools. The issue of bullying and harassment is one aspect ...
Dalia, bo & heather—gender & sexuality sykeshea
The document summarizes key aspects of four readings related to gender and sexuality education:
1) The first reading discusses developing anti-homophobia education through coming out stories, analyzing homophobic name-calling, and Pride Week activities. It also examines the limitations of "safe" and "positive" approaches.
2) The second analyzes literature at the intersections of heteronormativity and homonormativity in sex education. It discusses critical literacy and queer nationalism.
3) The third summarizes Judith Butler's theory that gender is performative rather than a fixed identity.
4) The fourth introduces questions about incorporating queer pedagogy more broadly in classrooms rather than just for LGBT
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Influence of W.E.B. DuBois - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. ⇉WEB Dubois Presented Objectively Research Paper Essay Example .... Dubois Washington Essay | W. E. B. Du Bois | Politics. W.E.B. DuBois life and role in the history of education Essay. Unique Booker T Washington Vs Web Dubois Essay ~ Thatsnotus. W E B Dubois Essay – Telegraph.
Learning OutcomesThis week students will1. Apply the concep.docxsmile790243
Learning Outcomes
This week students will:
1. Apply the concept of inclusion to educational settings.
2. Describe how to implement the Four S’s of inclusion within a physical education lesson.
3. Reflect on the influence of home and school environment on motivation and motor development.
Introduction
This week you will discuss how inclusion extends beyond formally recognized disabilities, and into having more sensitivity and respect for others. In the text, you will read how inclusion can relate to children from different cultural backgrounds, where certain beliefs, values, and practices are different from traditional American ones. Therefore, you extend the notion of inclusion to children who may face barriers while engaging in physical education, not only from a particular disability, but also perhaps due to their body composition, the language they speak, or their cultural background. You will discuss how you can use teaching strategies to provide an enjoyable physical education for every child.
Required Resources
Required Text
1. Foundations of Moving and Learning
a. Chapter 8 – Including All Children for Success
· This chapter explores the concept of inclusion as it applies to educational settings
.
Recommended Resources
Multimedia
1. Goodman, R. (Director) & Read, M. R. (Producer). (2005). Special needs students in regular classrooms? Sean’s story [Television series episode]. In J. Tomlin (Executive producer) Turning point. New York, NY: ABC News. Retrieved from Films on Demand.
· This is the story of an 8-year-old boy with Down syndrome who was part of a battle over "inclusion," the practice of placing mentally or physically challenged students in regular classrooms.
Running head: GENDER DISCRIMINATION; A CONSEQUENCE OF INEQUALITY 1
GENDER DISCRIMINATION; A CONSEQUENCE OF INEQUALITY 2
Gender Discrimination; a Consequence of Inequality
Student’s Name:
Course Name and Number:
Instructor’s Name:
Date Submitted:
Gender Discrimination; a Consequence of Inequality
Introduction
Description
Inequality is a theme that has become rampant in society over the years receiving interest from big organizations. It is an unseen ailment that arises from poverty, gender disparity, educational level, age, and even race. With the far reach of inequality, it is no surprise several bodies are looking into the issue with the aim of closing that chapter and advancing to newer issues.
Gender Discrimination (Social Problem)
Associated to Meyer (2004), we contemplate the definition of sex to be all practices that are communal, traditional and dialectal that result in processes which differ males from females. Some cultural aspects in our communities have pre-programed individuals to adhere to certain norms that create the disparity between genders. Those of the male gender are usually given the upper hand in some populations, leaving out women and children to the mercy of the men in their lives. There is a constant scuffle for ...
This document discusses gender and educational attainment. It explores how gender norms are constructed and enacted in schools. Gender influences educational experiences through factors like subject selection, teacher expectations, and peer relationships. While girls have made gains, subject selection remains influenced by 19th century ideas. Boys still face issues like lower rates of university completion. The document examines how students "do gender" and negotiate norms through interactions. It also discusses challenges like gendered bullying and pressures of heteronormativity.
An Avenue for Challenging Sexism Examining the High School Sociology Classro...Jessica Navarro
This document summarizes a research study that examined the beliefs and practices of six high school sociology teachers regarding their teaching of gender issues. The study found that the teachers viewed sociology class as an important way to reduce sexism and address gender inequity. The teachers believed sociology provided a space for students to grapple with these important issues. The teachers' own beliefs about gender and sexism strongly influenced what they saw as the purpose of sociology class and their instructional practices. The study recommends professional development for teachers on gender equity issues.
This document summarizes the course content for Course 6 - Gender, School and Society. The course covers 5 units: (1) gender roles in society and the factors that influence them, (2) gender identity and socialization, (3) gender and the school curriculum, (4) violence and safety issues faced by girls and women, and (5) the portrayal of gender in mass media. Key topics discussed include the difference between gender and sex, how family, culture, religion and other institutions shape gender roles, and the role of schools, textbooks and teachers in challenging or reinforcing gender inequalities. The course aims to examine gender issues and promote equality in education.
Yuming Liu
1630005
Professor Arthur
Writ 2-Essay One
Oct 31,2018
Xxx
Hi Katharine Mitchell,
I am Jessica Waldorf, a scholar research in Sex and Gender for 5 years, who just travel to Santa Cruz. And I write this paper for suggesting that UCSC should add a new major or some courses for students, which deal with the topic of Sex and Gender.
Over the last couple of years, significant changes have taken place in the world. As the world has entered the “Internet Age”, it has changed the entire face of the world, how life used to be and how things are right now. With this border context, some emerging problems which might be only cared for by a small group of people might evolve a heated discussion. Nowadays, with more and more incident and city news came out, like Harvey Weinstein’s and Trump’s sexual harassment news, more and more people start to care about “Sex and Gender” problems. What’s more, recently, in the scientific community, interdisciplinary research become a general trend of subject development. Because of this, the research of “Sex and Gender” as a cross-disciplinary subject must have more and more scientists to commit. The importance of Sex and Gender research can also be understood by the statement of Carol Colaterlla who is the associate dean at the Ivan Allen CLA and also co-director of the Center for the Study of Technology at the Georgia Institute of Technology, “Gender students as a field illustrates the potential of interdisciplinary scholarship in today’s scientific and technical university” (Carol, 2014). How can we miss the chance to build up such a subject, which is popular and have scientific research value, in such a beautiful campus?
In the United States, sex and gender education has always remained a hot debate or issue. “While the debate about sex and gender studies are mostly related to grad school and high school, there were rarely any talk about the discussion of sex and gender course at the collegiate level or graduation level” (Sollie, Donna & Kaetz, 1992). This actually tells a lot about as educationists and as a nation, we have failed to understand the importance of this education for students and how it will help them in the rest of their lives. Because of the resource available nowadays, there remains no reason why gender and sex courses should not become a part of educational institutions and teach to students. This is a humble effort of convincing the school to include gender and sex courses in their curriculum and play their part in educating students and prepare them for life completely. It should be taught as an essential course to all students – regardless of their fields. Just like language composition, report writing and math is taught to every student, sex and gender courses should also be introduced in the school. This task can be accomplished by creating multiple courses that meet the health science general education requirements. Although, we are always debate about when sex education shoul.
This literature review examines the influence of teen magazines on young girls' development of gender and sexual identities. Several studies are summarized that analyze the content of teen magazines. They find the magazines primarily promote heterosexual, feminine norms. Messages focus on a girl's appearance, attracting boys, and adapting to male desires. They also lack diversity and portray a narrow definition of acceptable female sexuality. The review proposes future research should explore how messages are interpreted across different races and elicit girls' direct perspectives.
The document provides an overview of critical ethnography and Pascoe's ethnographic study of masculinity in a California high school. It discusses several key aspects of critical ethnography including the researcher's ethical responsibility to engage with injustice and move situations toward greater equity. It summarizes Pascoe's goals in examining how gender and sexuality shape power dynamics and influence among students. The document also discusses several factors that influenced Pascoe's positionality as a researcher, such as her gender, age, education, and desire to enact social change. Overall, it analyzes how Pascoe navigated her role and relationships with students to gain insights while maintaining ethical standards.
1. The document discusses theories of gender development including social learning theory, developmental theory, and gender schema theory.
2. It describes gender stereotyping as simplistic generalizations about gender attributes and roles, and some problems that can arise from stereotyping.
3. The document advocates for gender equality and empowering women as central to human development and economic growth. It discusses how unequal power dynamics between men and women have historically disadvantaged women.
This document discusses the need to create supportive spaces for transgender youth. It notes that transgender youth face unique challenges, such as lack of role models, victimization, and family rejection. The document outlines how community centers can help by providing resources to address basic needs, support identity development, and foster connections. Focus groups with transgender youth found that centers helped them access services, counseling, and social support networks. Centers should receive training to better understand transgender issues and support the well-being of these youth.
Similar to "But I'm Not Gay": What Strainht Teachers Need to Know about Queer Theory. Elizabeth ]. Meyer (13)
Evaluación de t-MOOC universitario sobre competencias digitales docentes medi...eraser Juan José Calderón
Evaluación de t-MOOC universitario sobre competencias
digitales docentes mediante juicio de expertos
según el Marco DigCompEdu.
Julio Cabero-Almenara
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
cabero@us.es
Julio Barroso--‐Osuna
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
jbarroso@us.es
Antonio Palacios--‐Rodríguez
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
aprodriguez@us.es
Carmen Llorente--‐Cejudo
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
karen@us.es
This document announces a special issue of the journal "Comunicar" on hate speech in communication. It provides details such as the issue date, submission deadline, thematic editors, and scope. The scope describes hate speech and calls for research analyzing hate speech messages, backgrounds, and intervention strategies. The document lists descriptive keywords and questions to guide submitted papers. It introduces the three thematic editors and provides their backgrounds and research interests related to communication, media, and online environments. Submission guidelines and relevant website links are also included.
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONIS...eraser Juan José Calderón
Proposal for a
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT) AND AMENDING CERTAIN UNION
LEGISLATIVE ACTS
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Predecir la adopción de Big Data en empresas con un modelo explicativo y predictivo. @currovillarejo @jpcabrera71 @gutiker y @fliebc
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Ética y Revolución Digital
Revista Diecisiete nº 4 2021. Investigación Interdisciplinar para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.
PANORAMA
Ética y Derecho en la Revolución Digital
Txetxu Ausín y Margarita Robles Carrillo
artículoS
¿Cuarta Revolución Industrial? El reto de la digitalización y sus consecuencias ambientales y antropológicas
Joaquín Fernández Mateo
Hacia una ética del ecosistema híbrido del espacio físico y el ciberespacio
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Aprendizaje-Servicio y Agenda 2030 en la formación de ingenieros de la tecnología inteligente
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Raquel Esther Jorge Ricart
Revolución digital, tecnooptimismo y educación
Ricardo Riaza
Desafíos éticos en la aplicación de la inteligencia artificial a los sistemas de defensa
Juan A. Moliner González
notas y colaboraciones
Hacerse viral: las actividades artísticas y su respuesta ante los retos que impone la transformación digital
Marta Pérez Ibáñez
Salud digital: una oportunidad y un imperativo ético
Joan Bigorra Llosas y Laura Sampietro-Colom
El futuro digital del sector energético
Beatriz Crisóstomo Merino y María Luz Cruz Aparicio
Innovación y transformación digital en las ONG. La visión de Acción contra el Hambre
Víctor Giménez Sánchez de la Blanca
El impacto de la inteligencia artificial en la Sociedad y su aplicación en el sector financiero
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Los datos en una administración pública digital - Perspectiva Uruguay
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#StopBigTechGoverningBigTech: More than 170 Civil Society Groups Worldwide Oppose Plans for a
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Not only in developing countries but also in the US and EU, calls for stronger regulation of Big Tech
are rising. At the precise point when we should be shaping global norms to regulate Big Tech, plans
have emerged for an ‘empowered’ global digital governance body that will evidently be dominated
by Big Tech. Adding vastly to its already overweening power, this new Body would help Big Tech
resist effective regulation, globally and at national levels. Indeed, we face the unbelievable prospect
of ‘a Big Tech led body for Global Governance of Big Tech’.
Este documento presenta un pacto por la ciencia y la innovación en España. Propone aumentar la inversión pública en I+D+I gradualmente hasta alcanzar el 1.25% del PIB en 2030 para alcanzar los niveles de inversión de la UE. También compromete dotar de autonomía a las entidades financiadoras de I+D+I y consolidar una carrera pública estable para los investigadores.
The document announces the expert panel members of the European Blockchain Observatory and Forum. It lists over 100 experts from academia and industry across Europe who will advise on strengthening the European blockchain ecosystem. The experts come from a variety of backgrounds including law, technology, finance, government, and consulting.
Desigualdades educativas derivadas del COVID-19 desde una perspectiva feminis...eraser Juan José Calderón
Desigualdades educativas derivadas del COVID-19 desde una perspectiva feminista. Análisis de los discursos de profesionales de la educación madrileña.
Melani Penna Tosso * Mercedes Sánchez SáinzCristina Mateos CasadoUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, España
Objetivos: Especificar las principales dificultades percibidas por las profesoras y los departamentos y equipos de orientación en relación con la atención a las diversidades en la actual situación de pandemia generada por el COVID-19. Exponer las prácticas educativas implementadas por dichas profesionales para disminuir las desigualdades. Visibilizar desigualdades de género que se dan en el ámbito educativo, relacionadas con la situación de pandemia entre el alumnado, el profesorado y las familias, desde una perspectiva feminista. Analizar las propuestas de cambio que proponen estas profesionales de la educación ante posibles repeticiones de situaciones de emergencia similares.
Resultados: Los docentes se han visto sobrecargados por el trabajo en confinamiento, en general el tiempo de trabajo ha tomado las casas, los espacios familiares, el tiempo libre y los fines de semana. Las profesionales entrevistadas se ven obligadas a una conexión permanente, sin limitación horaria y con horarios condicionados por las familias del alumnado. Se distinguen dos períodos bien diferenciados, en que los objetivos pasaron de ser emocionales a académicos. Como problemática general surge la falta de coordinación dentro los centros educativos.
Método: Análisis de entrevistas semiestructuradas a través de la metodología de análisis crítico de discurso.
Fuente de datos: Entrevistas
Autores: Melani Penna Tosso, Mercedes Sánchez Sáinz y Cristina Mateos Casado
Año: 2020
Institución: Universidad Complutense de Madrid
País al que refiere el análisis: España
Tipo de publicación: Revista arbitrada
"Experiencias booktuber: Más allá del libro y de la pantalla"
Maria Del Mar Suárez
Cristina Alcaraz Andreu
University of Barcelona
2020, R. Roig-Vila (Coord.), J. M. Antolí Martínez & R. Díez Ros (Eds.), XARXES-INNOVAESTIC 2020. Llibre d’actes / REDES-INNOVAESTIC 2020. Libro de actas (pp. 479-480). Alacant: Universitat d'Alacant. ISBN: 978-84-09-20651-3.
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Este documento presenta el índice del número 391 de la Revista de Educación, correspondiente a enero-marzo de 2021. La revista es un medio de difusión de investigaciones y avances en educación publicado por el Ministerio de Educación de España. El número presentado es monotemático y se centra en el modelo de enseñanza conocido como "flipped classroom". Incluye 7 artículos en la sección monográfica sobre este tema y una sección de investigaciones.
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This document discusses using one's own thinking as a pedagogical strategy to promote critical thinking, leadership, and humanism in university students. It describes teaching an epistemology course where collaborative dynamics and transdisciplinary integration were used to develop students' cognitive abilities and social construction of knowledge. The strategy began with collaborative practice in the classroom and concluded with students publishing a reflective journal.
Escuela de Robótica de Misiones. Un modelo de educación disruptiva. 2019, Ed21. Fundación Santillana.
Carola Aideé Silvero
María Aurelia Escalada
Colaboradores:
Alejandro Piscitelli
Flavia Morales
Julio Alonso
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Este documento resume el contexto internacional de la pandemia de COVID-19 y sus efectos en la educación superior a nivel mundial. Se cerraron universidades en 185 países, afectando al 90% de los estudiantes. Las instituciones tuvieron que adaptar rápidamente la enseñanza a la modalidad online. Organismos internacionales como la UNESCO y el Banco Mundial publicaron recomendaciones para garantizar la continuidad educativa y mitigar los impactos sociales y económicos a corto y largo plazo. Además, asociaciones
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Covid-19 and IoT: Some Perspectives on the Use of
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
"But I'm Not Gay": What Strainht Teachers Need to Know about Queer Theory. Elizabeth ]. Meyer
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304160266
"But I'm Not Gay": What Straight Teachers Need to Know about Queer Theory
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2. CHAPTER ONE
"But I'm Not Gay": What Strainht
Teachers Need to Know about
Qyeer Theory
Elizabeth]. Meyer
Introduction
Most scholars and educators steer clear of queer theory because the word
"queer" has a long history of being a pejorative term for gays and lesbians or
anyone perceived to be different. What many people do not understand is that
in the past twenty years, this term has been actively under reconstruction and
has been infused with new meanings and applications. Although "queer" is still
often used with the intent to harm, in scholarly contexts it has come to repre
sent new concepts that, when applied in the school setting, can have a libera
tory and positive influence on the way schools work today.
Another common misunderstanding about queer theory is that it is a syno
nym for gay and lesbian studies. Although queer theory emerged from the
work of scholars in this field, it has evolved to become much more broad and
encompassing than gay and lesbian studies. Queer theory goes beyond explor
ing aspects of gay and lesbian identity and experience. It questions taken-for
granted assumptions about relationships, identity, gender, and sexual orienta
tion. It seeks to explode rigid normalizing categories into possibilities that ex
ist beyond the binaries of man/woman, masculine/feminine, student/teacher,
and gayI straight. Queer theory offers educators a lens through which educa
tors can transform their praxis so as to explore and celebrate the tensions and
new understandings created by teaching new ways of seeing the world. This
chapter will introduce some key tenets of queer theory and describe how the
application of these ideas by all educators can create classrooms that are more
liberatory, inclusive of diversity and socially just.
3. 16 "But I'm Not Gay"
r
The first section describes how the persistence of homophobia and the re
lated tool of sexism in schools harm everyone in the community and how the
most basic expectation of school safety for all cannot be attained until these
issues are addressed. The second section describes how gender codes work to
limit the opportunities available to students and teachers in schools and soci
ety. The third section addresses the concepts of language and discourse and
how understanding this form of power is essential to understanding how to
transform school cultures. The fourth section explains several of the key ideas
in Queer Theory that are most relevant to educators working in schools today.
Finally, this chapter concludes with a brief summary of key points and a de
scription of how queer theory and an application of queer pedagogies can
move schools toward being more liberatory, inclusive, and socially just.
The Harmful Effects of Homophobia and Heterosexism
In recent years there has been growing attention paid to the important issue of
violence in schools. The issue of bullying and harassment is one aspect of
school violence that has received a significant amount of attention from the
media as well as from school officials and community members. It is encourag
ing that this important issue is getting widespread attention, but much of the
information about bullying and harassment is flawed because it fails to address
some of the underlying social forces at work. As Martino and Pallotta
Chiarolli (2003) point out in their study of masculinities, So What's a Boy?: Ad
dressing Issues ifMasculinity and Schooling, the problem of bullying has been de
politicized and examined as isolated acts of teasing or violence rather than as a
form of policing and enforcing the norms of our culture. They explain that,
"bullying needs to be understood in terms which acknowledge the regime of
normalizing practices in which sex/gender boundaries are policed for adoles
cent boys" (p. 54). These same processes shape adolescent girls' behaviors and
relationships as well (Brown, 2003; Duncan, 2004). Since much of the bully
ing that occurs in schools is discriminatory in nature (Coalition, 2004; Harris,
2001; Kosciw & Diaz, 2006; Reis, 1999; Reis & Saewyc, 1999), it is clear that
these behaviors act to create and support a social hierarchy that privileges
mainstream identities and behaviors over marginalized ones.
This form of school violence is closely linked to the problems of homo
phobia and sexism in schools and has resulted in several court battles over how
families, students, and teachers who do not conform to traditional notions of
4. 17Elizabeth]. Meyer
heterosexual masculinity and femininity are allowed to participate in schools.
A sample of recent North American cases includes the questions of censoring
literature that represents same-sex families in a positive light ("Chamberlain v.
Surrey School District No. 36," 2002); to educators being fired for being gay,
lesbian or bisexual ("Vriend v. Alberta," 1998; "Weber v. Nebo School Dis
trict," 1998); to the right of student groups to meet and discuss issues relating
to relationships, sexuality, and sexual orientation ("East High GayI Straight
Alliance v. Board of Education of Salt Lake City School District," 1999); to
students being violently and repeatedly harassed with homophobic taunts and
slurs ("Nabozny v. Podlesny et al," 1996; "School District No. 44 v. Jubran,"
2005). These cultural battles are being waged everyday in schools. Educators
need to have accurate information and support to educate their students and
communities around issues of gender, sex, sexual orientation, and how dis
crimination based on any of these grounds harms everyone in schools. By de
veloping a more critical understanding of gender, sex, sexual orientation and
how these identities and experiences are shaped and taught in schools, educa
tors can have a profound impact on the way students learn, relate to others,
and behave in schools.
How Gender Works to Limit Students' Opportunities
The first aspect of queer theory that is important for teachers to understand is
the function of traditional heterosexual gender roles in reinforcing and main
taining harmful power dynamics in schools and society. Many people have
never questioned or examined how gender shapes our daily behaviors. The
invisible nature of how masculinity and femininity are taught to children con
tributes to its strength. The purchasing of gender-"appropriate" toys and
clothes for babies and young children is one way adults perpetuate these les
sons. This is a good example of how hegemony works. Antonio Gramsci's
concept of hegemony explains how groups in power are able to maintain struc
tures that benefit them through gaining the consent of subordinate groups
(1995). It is not done through overt or forceful means, but rather through
subtle, yet powerful, messages that repeatedly permeate daily life.
Madeline Arnot (2002) explains that, "one of the ways in which male he
gemony is maintained is obviously through schooling, where it is most easy to
transmit a specific set of gender definitions, relations and differences while
appearing to be objective" (p. 119). She describes how gender categories are
5. 18 "But I'm Not Gay"
taught in schools and provide evidence for how these "arbitrary social con
structs" (Arnot, 2002, p. 118) are reproduced through various social struc
tures such as schools, families, religious institutions, and the media. One
example of this is the role of adults in schools actively reinforcing these gender
norms. It is not uncommon for students to be told to act more feminine if they
are a girl, or more masculine if they are a boy in order to blend in and avoid
harassment and discrimination at school. One student said that when she re
ported harassment, "they told me to get over it. That maybe if I acted more
like a girl that I wouldn't get harassed so often" (Kosciw & Diaz, 2006, p. 39).
This is why it is important for all educators to understand how gender codes
function and how we can work against these narrow definitions that hurt us
all.
Judith Butler's (1990) groundbreaking work Gender Trouble provides a
framework for understanding how the social category of gender works. She
takes a poststructural understanding of gender and explores it in-depth. Her
concepts of gender performativity and the heterosexual matrix are of signifi
cant interest to understanding how homophobia and sexism work in schools.
Butler shows how gender has been theorized as a "performance" of identity
and how the narrow structures-or matrix-of heterosexuality contribute to
our existing notions of gender. What this means is that our daily behaviors that
signify our gender (separate from, but often related to, biological sex), such as
clothes, hairstyle, manners of speech and body language, are external repre
sentations that are chosen and fall within a wide spectrum of masculinities and
femininities. When these representations adhere to traditional expectations of
a masculine male who partners with a feminine female, they are never ques
tioned. However, if just one aspect of this equation is changed (for example,
two masculine males walking together holding hands, or simply an androgy
nous or gender nonconforming person alone), the individuals become curiosi
ties and are often subject to harassment or other unwanted attention.
Children learn very early in their lives about what cues represent boys and
girls in our culture. They begin their school careers with this knowledge and
work alongside their teachers to practice and perform these gender norms.
Gender theorist Sandra Bern recounts an illustrative tale about when her son
first attended nursery school. She prefaces the story by explaining the fact that
she has taught her children that "being a boy means having a penis and testicles;
being a girl means having a vagina, a clitoris, and a uterus; and whether you're
a boy or a girl, a man or a woman, does not need to matter unless and until
6. 19Elizabeth]. Meyer
you want to make a baby" (Bern, 1993, p. 149). She goes on to tell about the
following experience:
Both the liberation that can come from having a narrow biological definition of sex
and the imprisonment that can come from not having such a definition are strikingly
illustrated by an encounter my son, Jeremy, had when he naively decided to wear
barrettes to nursery school. Several times that day, another little boy insisted that
Jeremy must be a girl because 'only little girls wear barrettes.' After repeatedly in
sisting that 'wearing barrt'ttes doesn't matter; being a boy means having a penis and
testicles,' Jeremy finally pulled down his pants to make his point more convincingly.
The other boy was not impressed. He simply said, 'Everybody has a penis; only girls
wear barrt'ttes.' (p. 149)
This anecdote demonstrates that children learn at a very early age that it is not
biological sex that communicates one's gender to the rest of society; rather it
is the signifiers we choose to wear that will identify us as male or female.
These choices are informed by codes that are explicitly and implicitly taught to
children. Some examples of explicitly taught rules include comments like,
"boys don't wear dresses" or "Mommies wear makeup to look nice." Implicitly
taught, dress codes are more invisible and pervasive and include the layout of
clothing stores, models in the media, and parental and peer influences.
The fact that most people wear clothes and accessories that are consistent
with the gender role expectations for their biological sex demonstrates the
strength of hegemony in the gender codes that we have been taught. Lyn
Mikel Brown (2003) describes the harmful impacts of these codes in shaping
young Vomen's experiences in school,
By high school, many girls have become practiced in voicing these misogynistic cul
tural stereotypes of girls and women and ascribing tht'm to other girls. It's as though
girls becomt' voluntary spokespersons for the status quo, missionaries for the hetero
sexual script hen they claim that 'other' girls arc 'hos' and 'bitches.' 'Other' girls
arc those held up to and judged through a male gazt', against male standards of be
havior and beauty, cast in those now familiar derogatory roles: good girls or bad,
Madonnas or ·horcs. Cultural messages and childhood patterns of girlfighting have
become crystallized for adokscent girls; they have become social rt'ality. (p. 138)
All individuals are constrained by these gender codes. The strict expectations
that accompany them severely limit girls' opportunities to be assertive, physi
cally strong, and competitive; boys' opportunities to be creative, sensitive, and
cooperative; and gender nonconforming youths' opportunities to express their
7. 20 "But I'm Not Gay"
,
gender freely. A nationwide study conducted in the United States by the Hu
man Rights Watch supports this assertion,
It quickly became obvious from our research that the abuse of lesbian, gay, bisexual,
and transgender youth is predicated on the belief that girls and boys must strictly ad
here to rigid rules of conduct, dress, and appearances based on their sex. For boys,
that means they must be athletic, strong, sexist, and hide their emotions. For girls,
that means they must be attentive to and flirtatious with boys and must accept a sub
ordinate status to boys. Regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity,
youth who violate these rules are punished by their peers and too often by adults.
(Bochenek & Brown, 2001, p. 49)
Gendered harassment, which includes homophobic harassment, (hetero)
sexual harassment and harassment for gender nonconformity, is one very clear
way that society polices and reinforces this heterosexual matrix. By targeting
students who openly identify as gay or dress and act in gender non-conforming
ways, heterosexual male hegemony is supported and marginalized identities
continue to be oppressed. Additionally, when schools fail to intervene or pun
ish perpetrators appropriately, the structure of the school system is supporting
these psychologically harmful policing behaviors in order to support existing
dominant ideologies. The psychological harm caused by these behaviors has
tangible and long-term effects. Students who are targeted for harassment in
schools have been shown to have increased feelings of depression, lower self
worth, and are at a greater risk to abuse drugs and alcohol as well as to at
tempt suicide (Bond, Carlin, Thomas, Rubin, & Patton, 2001; GLSEN, 2005;
Hand & Sanchez, 2000; Reis & Saewyc, 1999). Schools also actively silence
and censor any discourse that could be seen as positive toward homosexuality.
These concepts of power and control lead us into a discussion of how the use
of language and activities of surveillance in schools contribute to homophobic
attitudes and to reinforcing the heterosexual norm.
How Ignoring Homophobia Teaches Intolerance
Language is power. The ability to name and create concepts through discourse
is a form of control and domination. These concepts were introduced by such
theorists as Derrida (1986a; 1986b), Lacan (1957/1986), and Foucault (1975,
1980, 1986a, 1986b). They explored the power of words as signifiers to con
stitute a subject and his/her experiences as well as the structures in society
8. 21Elizabeth J. Meyer
that police and reinforce the dominant ideology through discursive practices.
McLaren (1 998) clarifies how these forces work:
discourse and discursive practices influence how we live our liYes as conscious think
ing subjects. They shape our subjectivities (our ways of understanding in relation to
the world) because it is only in language and through discourse that social reality can
be given meaning. Not all discourses are giYen the same weight, as some will ac
count for and justify the appropriateness of the status quo and others will provide a
context for resisting social and institutional practices. (pp. 184---185)
Historically, society has constructed homosexuality as an illness, a deviance,
and a sin. This discourse was created through psychological research, religious
ideologies, and the political and financial privileging of heterosexual and mo
nogamous family structures by the state. This discourse has been disrupted and
challenged by the gay rights movements that gained momentum in the 60s and
70s. Many authors have examined the social, historical, and political forces
that have worked together to construct the idea of the homosexual and then
demonize it (Bern, 1993; Foucault, 1980; Jagose, 1996; Sears, 1998; Weeks,
1985).
Heterosexism, compulsory heterosexuality (Rich, 1978/1993), the het
erosexual matrix (Butler, 1990), and gender polarization (Bern, 1993) are all
different terms that seek to explain the discursive practices that present oppo
site-sex attraction and sexual behavior as the dominant and assumed social
practice. The concept of homosexuality, and subsequently, heterosexuality by
oppositional definition, is just over a century old (Jagose, 1996, p. 17). The
resulting prejudice against those who deviate from this social script has been
carefully developed by institutional heterosexism through the powerful institu
tional discourses of organized religion, medicine, sexology, psychiatry, and
psychology (Bern, 1993, p. 81 ). Sandra Bern explains how the cultural lens of
9ender polarization works to reinforce heterosexuality by serving two major
functions, "first, it defines mutually exclusive scripts for being male and fe
male. Second, it defines any person or behavior that deviates from these
scripts as problematic...taken together, the effect of these two processes is to
construct and naturalize a gender-polarizing link between the sex of one's
body and the character of one's psyche and one's sexuality" ( 1993, p. 81).
These powerful social discourses are generated through various institu
tions including schools. Educational structures wield extraordinary ideological
power due to their role in teaching what the culture has deemed as important
9. I
22 "But I'm Not Gay"
and valuable to future generations. Ministries of Education, textbook publish
ers, and teachers determine what lessons are passed on to students and whose
knowledge or "truth" is valued (Apple, 1990, 2000). Subsequently, schools are
important sites that contribute to the normalization of heterosexual behavior.
In Richard Friend's article, "Choices, Not Closets," he exposes two ways that
such lessons are passed on in schools through the processes of systematic inclu
sion and systematic exclusion. Systematic inclusion is the way in which nega
tive or false information about homosexuality is introduced in schools as a
pathology or deviant behavior. Systematic exclusion is "the process whereby
positiYe role models, messages, and images about lesbian, gay and bisexual
people are publicly silenced in schools" (Friend, 1993, p. 215). Ironically,
schools make efforts to desexualize the experience of students while they si
multaneously affirm heterosexual behaYior and punish those who appear to
deviate from it. Epstein and Johnson explain,
Schools go to great lengths to forbid expressions of sexuality by both children and
teachers. This can be seen in a range of rules, particularly those about self
presentation. On the other hand, and perhaps in consequence, expressions of sexual
ity provide a major currency and resource in the everyday exchanges of school life.
Second, the forms in which sexuality is present in schools and the terms on which
sexual identities are produced are headly determined by power relations between
teachers and taught, the dynamics of control and resistance. (1998, p. 108)
These acts of surveillance are rooted in Foucault's (1975) concept of the
Panopticon-an all-seeing, yet completely invisible source of power and con
trol. This type of surveillance and control is particularly effective because we
all unknowingly contribute to it unless we actively work to make it visible by
questioning and challenging it. Another example of this panopticonic power is
seen in what Mills (1996) calls "containment discourses." He explains how
these methods of control are employed to limit work by teachers that push the
boundaries of what is "comfortable,"
The discourse of teacher 'professionalism' is one of the most powerful educational
discourses in its containment of teacher-student challenges to the existing hetero
I
I normative order. It regulates and monitors the boundaries between students and
teachers so that much remains deliberately unspoken or unconsciously unseen.
Teachers who resist the heteronormativity of the school, of one's teaching peers, are
liable to be accused of unprofessional activity or have their careers ended. (cited in
Martino & Pallotta-Chiarolli, 2003, p. 227)
l
10. 23Elizabeth]. Meyer
This is one of the most powerful ways that schools reinforce heterosexism.
Through the surveillance and policing of bodies and language, school struc
tures mandate hyperheterosexuality using the curriculum and extracurricular
activities. The heterosexuality of the curriculum is invisible to many, but some
examples include: the exclusive study of heterosexual romantic literature, the
presentation of the "nuclear" heterosexual two-parent family as the norm and
ideal, and teaching only the reproductive aspects of sexuality and abstinence
only sex education. Other forms of relationships and the concept of desire, or
eros, are completely omitted from the ofTicial curriculum (Britzman, 2000;
Pinar, 1998). Extracurricular functions that teach this hyperheterosexuality
include Valentine's Day gift exchanges, kissing booths at school fairs, and
deeply entrenched prom rituals that include highly gendered formal attire
(tuxedos and gowns) and the election of a "king" and a "queen." This prom
ritual has begun to be subverted by alternative proms often organized by gay
straight alliances and community youth groups. At these events there are
sometimes two kings (a male king and female "drag king") and two queens (a
female queen and a male "dragqueen").
Art Lipkin's ( 1999) groundbreaking work, Understanding Homosexuality,
Changing Schools, provides in-depth accounts of the discrimination experienced
by gay, lesbian, and bisexual educators as well as the painful and enduring sto
ries of students who were emotionally and physically harassed for their per
ceived or actual nonheterosexual, nongender conforming performance of
identity. In other words, schools are not safe for "guys who aren't as masculine
as other guys" or "girls who aren't as feminine as other girls" (Coalition,
2004). Although the people in control of the school are not directly inf1icting
the harassment and harm on the nonconforming students (in most cases), it is
their lack of effective intervention in cases of homophobic and sexual harass
ment (Coalition, 2004; Harris, 2001; Kosciw & Diaz, 2006; NMHA, 2002)
along with the invisible scripts of the school that are reinforced through sur
veillance and discipline that sends the message that these borderland identities
are not valued or welcomed.
Heterosexism and its more overt partner, homophobia, are very clearly
linked to cultural gender boundaries and are informed by the imbedded prac
tice of misogyny. The most effective challenge to any boy's masculinity is to
call him "gay," "homo," "fag," or "queer" (Epstein & Johnson, 1998; Mac an
Ghaill, 1995; Martino & Pallotta-Chiarolli, 2003). What is being challenged is
his masculinity-his gender code-but it is being done by accusing him of be
11. 24 "But I'm Not Gay"
'
ing gay, which is equated with being "feminine." Girls are also subject to simi
lar kinds of policing (Brown, 2003; Duncan, 2004), but research shows that it
is much more prevalent among male students (Coalition, 2004; Harris Interac
tive, 2001 ). It is for this reason that some activists and educators are pushing
for a deconstruction of gender codes and delabeling of sexual orientations. By
continuing to live within prescribed linguistic and behavioral matrices, the
hierarchical binaries of male-female and gay-straight remain unchallenged.
This work of dismantling socially invented categories is necessary to create
educational spaces that liberate and create opportunities as opposed to limiting
and closing down the diversity of human experiences. We must move toward
understanding identities and experiences as falling on a continuum of gender
expressions and sexual orientations. In order to move in this direction, under
standing the work of liberatory educational theorists is essential to initiating
educational practices that seek to transform oppressive educational spaces.
How Queer Pedagogy Can Transform Schools
South American educator and activist Paulo Freire ( 1970/ 1993) is widely rec
ognized for advancing the concepts of liberatory pedagogy and consciousness
raising, or conscientiza<;:ao. He worked with oppressed groups to resist and
counteract social structures in order to critically interrogate and transform
them. This concept of education as praxis was influential for many educators
and activists who shared Freire's ideals of creating a nonoppressive and equita
ble society. Although Freire has been widely criticized by feminists for his sex
ist language and assumptions, many thinkers have taken his ideas and built
upon them to include antisexist and antiracist work as a form of liberatory
pedagogy. In education, feminist pedagogy has built on Freire's concepts to
work toward more liberatory educational experiences for all students. In her
article, "Rereading Paulo Freire," Kathleen Weiler (2001) points out many of
the similarities in the feminist and Freirean pedagogies. She writes, "Like
Freirean pedagogy, feminist pedagogy emphasizes the importance of con
sciousness raising, the existence of an oppressive social structure and the need
to change it, and the possibility of social transformation" (p. 68). She goes on
to make the distinction that feminist pedagogy is different in that it includes an
analysis of patriarchy and attempts to develop an education that is supportive
to women. Many scholars of color, lesbian scholars, and Marxist theorists have
critiqued much feminist work as being narrowly centered in the realm of
12. 25Elizabeth]. Meyer
white, middle class, heterosexual privilege. Gay and lesbian researchers have
also had a history of working from a white, middle class, patriarchal perspec
tive. Although many poststructural feminists and critical theorists have worked
to address these issues, queer theory has learned from this history. Queer
theorists have consciously worked to understand the many intersecting layers
of dominance and oppression as possible. Liberatory pedagogy and queer
pedagogy are mutually reinforcing philosophies that share a radical vision of
education as the path to achieving a truly equitable and just society.
In April 2004, the Lesbian and Gay Studies Special Interest Group (SIG),
at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association,
voted to change its name to Queer Studies. This marked an important shift in
focus and demonstrates where the work in the area of sexual orientation, gen
der, and education is headed. In her review of the literature, Come Out, Come
Out, Wherever You Are: A Synthesis cf Qyeer Research in Education, Janna Jackson
(2001) demonstrates the evolution in research and language examining homo
sexuality and schooling. In studies predating 1990, she noted that they pre
sented homosexual youth as victims, focusing primarily on the experiences of
gay men, and none of the studies presented teachers as political agents. As re
search in this field evolved, later studies (1994-1996) began questioning the
construction of gender roles and viewed youth as active agents in creating their
own identities. Finally, Jackson noted that every study post-1997 addressed
the hidden curriculum of schools, "transmitting dominant heterosexist ideol
ogy to the younger generation" (Jennings cited in Jackson, 2001, p. 26). Thus
her review of research recorded how the field of gay and lesbian studies has
made a radical shift from studying an imagined, unified experience of being
gay in schools to a more broad and open understanding of how categories of
gender and sexuality are learned and experienced in schools, and has clearly
documented the epistemological and pedagogical effects of the emergence of
Queer Theory.j
Queer pedagogues have continued to build on the ideals of critical theory
and feminism, but move them further into the realm of the postmodern. The
concept of "queer" as a more inclusive and empowering word for the gay and
lesbian experience emerged in the early 1990s as a controversial and deeply
political term (Jagose, 1996, p. 76). "Queer" is understood as a challenge to
traditional understandings of sexual identity by deconstructing the categories,
the binaries, and language that supports them. Butler's Gender Trouble and
Sedgwick's "Epistemology of the Closet" ( 1990I 1993) were influential works
13. 26 "But I'm Not Gay"
for this emerging school of thought. Jagose explains that queer theory's most
influential achievement is to specify "how gender operates as a regulatory con
struct that privileges heterosexuality and, furthermore, how the deconstruc
tion of normative models of gender legitimates lesbian and gay subject
positions" (Jagose, 1996, p. 83). What the concept of queer truly seeks to do
is disrupt and challenge traditional modes of thought and, by standing outside
them, examine and dismantle them. Deborah Britzman (1995), a leading theo
rist in this field, explains how she understands Queer Theory and its role in
learning,
Queer Theory offers methods of critiques to mark the repetitions of normalcy as a
structure and as a pedagogy. Whether defining normalcy as an approximation of lim
its and mastery, or as renunciations, as the refusal of difference itself, Queer Theory
insists on posing the production of normalization as a problem of culture and of
thought. (p. 154)
In Kevin Kumashiro' s (2002) work Troubling Education: Q!}eer Activism and
Antioppressive Pedagogy, he writes, "learning is about disruption and opening up
to further learning, not closure and satisfaction" (p. 43) and that "education
involves learning something that disrupts our commonsense view of the
world" (p. 63). While marginalized groups employ new strategies to challenge
dominant ideologies, these entrenched discourses push back. Resistance is of
fered up by the dominant structures of society to forces that try to change
them. Britzman (2000) presents the queer theoretical approach to understand
ing this opposition in outlining three forms of resistance to sexuality: struc
tural, pedagogical, and psychical. She asserts the need to challenge all forms of
resistance. She specifically addresses how sexuality is currently inserted into
the school curriculum. She notes, "this has to do with how the curriculum
structures modes of behaviour and orientations to knowledge that are repeti
tions of the underlying structure and dynamics of education: compliance, con
formity, and the myth that knowledge cures" (p. 35). Structural resistance is
especially resilient to change as it refers to the "very design or organization of
education" (p. 34). In discussing how to challenge pedagogical forms of resis
tance, she encourages educators to recognize the power that eros can play in
teaching. By understanding sexuality as a force that "allows the human its ca
pacity for passion, interests, explorations, disappointment, and drama" and
"because sexuality is both private and public-something from inside of bodies
and something made between bodies-we must focus on sexuality in terms of
14. 27Elizabeth]. Meyer
its contradictory, discontinuous, and ambiguous workings" (p. 37). Finally, in
addressing psychical forms of resistance, Britzman advocates working through
internal conflicts and ambivalence toward sexuality in order to "raise rather
serious questions on the nature of education and on the uses of educational
anxiety" (p. 35).
This disruption and open discussion of previously taboo issues can be a
very difficult one for teachers to navigate. A liberatory and queer pedagogy
empowers educators to explore traditionally silenced discourses and create
spaces for students to examine and challenge the hierarchy of binary identities
that is created and supported by schools, such as jock-nerd, sciences-arts,
male-female, white-black, rich-poor, and gay-straight. In order to move past
this, teachers must learn to see schooling as a place to question, explore, and
seek alternative explanations rather than a place where knowledge means "cer
tainty, authority, and stability" (Britzman, 2000, p. 51).
Kumashiro, an emerging leader in Queer Theory and antioppressive peda
gogy, offers four different approaches that can be used to challenge multiple
forms of oppression in schools: "education for the Other, education about the
Other, education that is critical of privileging and Othering, and education
that changes students and society" (Kumashiro, 2002, p. 23). He advocates
most strongly for the application of the latter of these four approaches. In true
postmodern fashion, Kumashiro explicitly states that his is not a prescriptive
program. He explains,
I do not aim to offer strategies that work. Rather, I hope to offer conceptual and cul
tural resources for educators and researchers to use as we rethink our practices, con
stantly look for new insights, and engage differently in antioppressive education... I
encourage readers to think of reading this book as an event that constitutes the kind
of antioppressive educational practices that I articulate throughout its discussion. It is
queer in its unconventionality and it is activist in the changes it aims to bring about.
In this way, my book is not a mere exercise, and not a final product, but a resource
that I hope can be in some way helpful to the reader, as it was for the researcher,
and as I hope it was for the participants. (Kumashiro, 2002, pp. 25-26)
In this explanation, he is challenging us to find our own ways of creating useful
knowledges and understanding the world. He refuses to be placed in the posi
tion of authority where his work will be read unquestioningly and used as a
one-dimensional text. Instead he is pushing educators to find new methods to
destabilize traditional ways of learning and offers different tools with which we
15. 28 "But I'm Not Gay"
can build that understanding. This is what a queer and truly liberatory peda
gogy is about.
Conclusion
Historically, schools have been institutions that have filled an important cul
tural role of teaching children to learn what has been deemed important by the
people in power. As a result, children emerge from schools having learned
only the language, the history, and the perspectives of the dominant culture.
The recent shifts toward critical pedagogy since the civil rights movement and
the feminist movements of the 1960s have begun to question this type of
schooling in search of a way to create students and citizens who will be criti
cal, engaged, independent thinkers in order to move our society in a more
egalitarian direction. In better understanding how the forces of hegemony and
discursive power work to shape gender and sexual identities, educators will be
more equipped to create classrooms that embody the ideals of a queer libera
tory pedagogy.
Queer theory is just another step further down the road initially paved by
critical pedagogy, poststructural feminism, and theories of emancipatory edu
cation. In calling on educators to question and reformulate through a queer
pedagogical lens: (1) how they teach and reinforce gendered practices in
schools, (2) how they support traditional notions of heterosexuality, and (3)
how they present culturally specific information in the classroom, we will be
able to reduce and eventually remove all forms of gendered harassment and
other related forms of discrimination from schools and, consequently, from
most realms of society. Schools need to begin to challenge and disrupt tradi
tional ways of knowing and encourage students to question and "trouble" all
that is passively assumed and taken for granted in society. Institutions oflearn
ing must redefine themselves in order to move toward a truly liberatory and
emancipatory learning experience. This project is building on and extending
the work of critical pedagogy. Barry Kanpol (1994) affirms,
the critical pedagogue always seeks just and fair ways to alter a system which, by and
large, and despite seemingly good intentions, has efTectively oppressed many of its
members. Critical postmodernism, then, is not only about passive judgment but also
about active engagement in change and reform issues that seek to sever inequalities
and other forms of social and cultural injustices. (p. 33)
I
l
16. 29Elizabeth]. Meyer
By doing away with the docile, submissive, "banking" style of learning in
schools, we. can open up more educational possibilities and socially just ex
periences for future citizens rather than confine them with ideologies of tradi
tional hegemonic, heterosexist, gender roles. In order to move in this
direction, it is important to apply the lenses offered by Queer Theory to crea
tively work through the current obstacles that prevent teachers from teaching
passionately and connecting with their students and communities in meaning
ful ways.
17. 30 "But I'm Not Gay"
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