This document provides a timeline of advances in computing from 1694 to present day and discusses the key components of operating systems including the core, hardware abstraction layers, user interface, and language translators. It also outlines different levels of complexity in hardware, software, and applications as well as common programming languages and paradigms used at each level.

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IT SYSTEMS & BUSINESS
Integrated Electronic hardware components,
internal & external devices incl communication
MIDDLEWARE
SOFTWARE
APPLICATIONS
SIMPLE
HIGHLY
COMPLEX
DESIGN COMPLEXITY
1694 –Blaise Pascal – digital calculating machine dials
1842 – Charles Babbage – Automation engine –steam
1944 – Howard Aiken - Automatic machine – punched cards
1946 – Moore school – First electronic computer – ENIAC, EDVAC
1956 – UNIVAC – First digital computer (vacuum tubes)
1963 – Mini computer – Transistors
1971 – Micro computer - Integrated circuit
1971 – Parallel processing & super computing e,g IBM 3090, 4381
TIME LINE - SCIENTIFIC & MODERN COMPUTING ADVANCES
IT SYSTEMS
OPERATING SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEM
PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT
APPLICATION LEVEL
Windows CE, Mobile computing OS, Android, Apple iOS,
SOFTWARE & MIDDLEWARE LEVEL
MS Windows & variants, Apple OS, Unix, Linux & Solaris variants, IBM AS/400 etc.
MACHINE LEVEL
RTOS & Similar, MS Windows & variants, Linux, Solaris, Unix & variants,
Apple iOS Mac & variants. IBM AS/400 etc.
COMPLEX
MODEST
KEY COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
1. CORE (also known as the SHELL). Contains the main program to operate the machine
2. HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layers) used for device interfacing, middleware & software compatibility
3. User Interface e. g. Graphical, Command Prompt line, Menu driven, Others
4. Language translators. Compilers & Interpreters for programming applications
MACHINE
Programmable & programmed
electronic chips used for machine operation
Standard or
Flexible programs
written for different uses e.g. Offices,
Manufacturing, Telecom, entertainment etc.
Highly customized programs
e.g. targeted only to specific purposes
Simple to design , use & apply
software programming
Relatively simple to
design but often with significant
experience in software programming
& subject matter experts
Hard to design ,
requires expertise in
hardware & software
programming
Abstract,
C#, C, C++, JAVA, . Net, COBOL, PASCAL, J2EE
DBASE, ORACLE, VISUAL BASIC, Perl, Python, etc.
VISUAL BASIC, C, C++, C# etc
OBJECT ORIENTED & STRUCTURED
DYNAMIC
FLEXIBLE
HARDWIRED / RIGID
Assembly language, HDL, VHDL,
Microcontroller, SIMATIC S7/300 etc
HTML, DHTML, XML, JavaScript etc
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SUPPLY CHAIN
& MATERIALS REQUIREMENT PLANNING
AGGREGATE
DEMAND & SUPPLY
INVENTORY & PRODUCTION CYCLE BUSINESS CYCLE
RAW
MATERILAS
SEMI FINISHED
PRODUCTS
FINAL PRODUCT
CUSTOMER / MARKET
SEGMENT
… Continued
IT SYSTEMS
MACHINE & MIDDLEWARES
SOFTWARES
______________________
OPERATING SYSTEM/S
BOOM
RECESSION
CONTRACTION
DEPRESSION
EXPANSION
RECOVERY
PEAK
PRODUCTION OUTPUT
SALES VOLUME
PRICE
EXPENSES
& REVENUES
INCOME
PROCYCLIC
ACYCLIC
COUNTER CYCLIC
ACYCLIC
SUPPLY
Affect
Affect
Internet,
The
WWW &
Intranet
Organization/Enterprise
collaboration [GROUP WARE]
• Communication
• Conferencing
• Work management tools
e,-COMMERCE (BUSINESS)