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NyD; xGufvmcJhMu&m vrf;rsm;ay:wGif rdrduJhokdY txkyftykd;rsm;jzifh
[kd[kd'D'Dajy;vTm;aeMuaom xdwfvefYaMumuf&GUHaeMuonfh &ckdifrsm;udk
tkyfpkvkduf tkyfpkvkdufawGU&ygonf/ ,if;tcsdefu tpdk;&u csdwf
ydwfxm;aombkef;BuD;ausmif;uGufvyfwGif vl(5000) avmuf
pkrdMuonf/ ajrmufbufydkif; unifacsmif;&GmrS vlrsm;udkvnf;
aumif;? NrdKUESifheD;aom awmifykdif;&Gmrsm;jzpfonfh arSmf0if&Gm? rusD;
acsmif;&Gm? a&zkef;jyif&Gm? yef;awmjyif&Gm paom&ckdif&Gmrsm;rS vlrsm;
udkvnf; awGU&ygonf/ toufab;udk aMumuf&GHUaeMuaom
vltkyfBuD;onf uav;idkoH? vlBuD; qlnHoHrsm;ESifh yGufyGufnH
aeonf/ xkdaeYu puf&Sifw&m;olBuD; OD;atmifomausmfonf
bl;oD;awmifaiGwkdufrS aiGrsm;udk odrf;qnf;&efESifh armifawmudk
ukvm;rsm; 0kdif;&Hxm;aMumif; od&í tultnDay;&ef a&muf&dSvm
jcif;jzpfonf[k od&ygonf/ OD;atmifomausmfu bl;oD;awmifodkY
ydkYay;rnf[k ajymonf/ bl;oD;awmifokdYoGm;&ef apmifhaeMupOf
rdk;oufavjyif;usNyD; rdk;tBuD;tus,f &GmaeaomaMumifh bl;oD;
awmifvrf;ydwfaeaMumif;Mum; od&jyefonf/ ppfom;tapmifhta&Smuf
ESifh roGm;yguvnf; owf&ef vrf;wpfavQmufvHk; ukvm;rsm; apmifh
aeMuaMumif; Mum;od&jyefonf/
reuf(9)em&DavmufwGif OD;atmifomausmfu ewfjrpf
wpfzufurf; wuúeufodkYydkYay;&ef BudK;pm;rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymyg
onf/ aeYvnf(12)em&D avmufwGif OD;atmifomausmfESifhtwl
t*FvdyfppfAdkvf awvmESifh eDayga*:&cg; ppfom;a&mufvmNyD;

19. armifawm oabFmqdyfokdY ydkYay;ygonf/ tm&uefzvdkwDvm
ukrÜPDykdifoabFmjzifh tacgufacguftcgcg ajy;qGJaomfvnf;
rEkdifreif;jzpfaeav&m avSorÁmefrsm;jzifh ydkYay;Muonf/ armifawm
NrdKUwpfzufurf; ,ck b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiH? wuúeufodkY a&mufí
nwGif;csif; awmrD;vQHrsm; wvdrfhvdrfh wufvmonfudk awGUjrif&
avonf/ armifawmNrdKUudk uRefawmfwdkYr&Sdonfh aemufydkif;
ukvm;rsm; axmifaomif;csD0if a&mufvmMu&m &ckdiftdrfrsm;wGif
&Sdaom qef? qD? qm;? yef;uefcGufa,mufrsm;? tdrfaxmif
ckwfí touf&SifvGwfajrmufaomol r&Sdoavmuf enf;yg;onf/
tm;vHk;&GmvHk;uRwf ckwfowfcHcJh&onf/ tv,foHausmf&Jpcef;udk
vufeufodrf;ykdufNyD; &Jom;tm;vHk;ESifh aus;&Gmom;rsm;tm;vHk;udk
owfjzwfypfvkdufMuonf/ wyfxHk;jyifaus;&GmtwGif;&SdorQ uav;
vlBuD;rsm;onf &Gmudk ukvm;rsm;0dkif;&Hxm;aomtcg bkef;BuD;ausmif;
odkY ajy;0ifckdvHIMuavonf/
xkdtcg ukvm;rsm;onf &Gmom;rsm;ESifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;
udkyg rD;½dIUvkdufojzifh uav;? vlBuD;? rdef;r? bkef;BuD;? udk&if?zkd;olawmf
y&dabm*rsm;ygrusef pdwfwkdif;us ,liifMuNyD;aemuf tdrfrsm;?
ausmif;rsm;udk rD;½dIUMuavonf/
þta&;tcif;wGif ewfjrpfurf;ajcrS aus;&Gmrsm;jzpfMu
aom ig;cl&? NcHjyif? &GufnSdK;awmif? o&uftkyfpaomaus;&Gmrsm;onf
avSrsm;jzifh ewfjrpfwpfbufurf;odkY xGufajy;vGwfajrmufMuaomf
vnf; urf;ajcESifha0;aom &ckdifaus;&Gmtm;vHk;onf &GmvHk;uRwf
towfcH&avonf/ tcsdKU&Gmrsm;onf r,kawmifwef;udk jzwfausmf
NyD; bl;oD;awmif? ausmufawmf? ajrmufOD;e,frsm;okdY vufvGwfxGuf
ajy;Mu&aomolrsm;onf bl;oD;awmif vuf0Jwuf&GmrS ukvm;rsm;
tm;vHk;(500)ausmf t&SifvwfvwfrD;½dIUowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&avonf/
wpfzef (1942)ckESpf ZGefvwGif Akdvf&efatmif acgif;aqmifaom Armh
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUonf bl;oD;awmifNrdKUudk odrf;ydkufaomtcg bl;oD;
awmif? armifawmNrdKUe,ftwGif;&SdjzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdaom ukvm;-&cdkif
t"du½kPf;ESifh wyfajy;ukvm;rsm;qlylaomif;usef;rIudk Nidrf;csrf;
atmif aqmif&Guf&ef armifawmNrdKUe,f&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efusb*FgvD
ukvm;rsm;ESifhqufoG,fcJh&ygonf/ ¤if;wkdYzdwfac:csuft& Akdvf
&efatmif? AdkvfrsdK;nTefYwdkYacgif;aqmifaom wyfpdwfwpfpdyfudk ap
vTwfí cspfMunfa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aphpyfurf;vSrf;&ef

20. ukvm;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh apvTwfvkdufavonf/
,if;aeYwGif unifwef;aus;&Gm tl&'lausmif; (,ck
t.x.u ausmif;0if; AvDae&m)wGif ukvm;acgif;aqmifrsm;u
cspfMunfa&; xrif;yGJwpfyGJ wnfcif;vkdonfqkdojzifh ygvmaom
vufeufrsm;udk wpfae&mwGif pkyHkxm;avonf/ xrif;pm;aepOfyif
BudKwifpDpOfxm;olrsm;u Akdvf&efatmifwdkYtzGJUudk 0dkif;0ef;ckwfMu
ojzifh tkyfcsKyfolwyfrawmft&m&SdESpfOD;ESifh aemufygtm;vHk; aoqHk;
Mu&avonf/ (1942) ckESpf ukvm;-&ckdifta&;tcif;wGif armif
awmNrdKUajrmufydkif;&Sd vHk;0jyefvnfxlaxmifjcif; rjyKEkdifbJ NydKysuf
qHk;½HI;oGm;aom aus;&Gmrsm;pm&if;ESifh tdrfajcpm&if;rSm atmufyg
Z,m;twdkif;jzpfygonf/
pOf &Gmtrnf zsufqD;cHcJh&
aom tdrfajc
1 opfykwfacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 20
2 uHjyif&Gm tdrfajc 43
3 a&zkef;jyif&Gm tdrfajc 50
4 yef;awmjyif &Gm tdrfajc 50
5 armifOD;&Gm tdrfajc 30
6 cGqHkjyif&Gm tdrfajc 45
7 jyifjzL&Gm tdrfajc 45
pOf &Gmtrnf zsufqD;cHcJh&
aom tdrfajc
15 'gBuD;pm;&Gm tdrfajc 40
16 ausmufjyifqdyf&Gm tdrfajc 30
17 jyifjzLacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 50
18 a&cyfacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 50
19 ig;pm;MuL;&Gm tdrfajc 20
20 ajymifypf&Gm tdrfajc 40
21 jyif&Snf&Gm tdrfajc 30
22 z&Hkacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 30
23 qifaojyiftxuf&Gm tdrfajc 40
24 qifaojyifatmuf&Gm tdrfajc 20
25 oJjzLacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 40
26 jym;om;rJ&Gm tdrfajc 15
27 awmifbuf&Gm
28 azmufusDawmif&Gm tdrfajc 30
29 txufabmfwlvm&Gm tdrfajc 42
30 tifwlvm&Gm tdrfajc 50
31 tifacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 30
32 t*Fgz&Gm tdrfajc 40
33 umvm&Gm tdrfajc 80
34 vabmf&Gm tdrfajc 36
35 'kH;ausmfz&Gm tdrfajc 22
36 oufaujyif&Gm tdrfajc 75
37 *sdwfcsKdif tdrfajc 40
38 ukdifpl;&Gm tdrfajc 24
39 wyfacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 30
40 tv,facsmif; tdrfajc 82
41 armifa&GZH&Gm tdrfajc 20
42 om'kd;vS&Gm tdrfajc 40
43 wyfacsmif;acs&Gm tdrfajc 30
44 qifjyuGif;&Gm tdrfajc 40
45 a&T'kdif;&Gm tdrfajc 46
pOf &Gmtrnf zsufqD;cHcJh&
aom tdrfajc
8 'dk;wef;&Gm tdrfajc 200
9 oufaujyif&Gm tdrfajc 50
10 0ufykduf&Gm tdrfajc 60
11 ausmufacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 25
12 ykPÖm;qyf&Gm tdrfajc 60
13 oJacsmif; &Gmopf
14 ief;acsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 50
pOf &Gmtrnf zsufqD;cHcJh&
aom tdrfajc
46 a&csrf;acsmif; tdrfajc 40
47 ig;csrf;&Gm tdrfajc 23
48 &JatmifpH&azG&Gm tdrfajc 40
49 aMumifeaztxuf&Gm tdrfajc 30
50 aMumifeazatmuf&Gm tdrfajc 25
51 csufpl&Gm tdrfajc 20
52 t½dk;us&Gm tdrfajc 40
53 ausmfxDG;acsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 30
54 tif;acsmif;txuf&Gm tdrfajc 48
55 tif;acsmif;atmuf&Gm tdrfajc 26
56 a&TzOD;z&Gm tdrfajc 25
57 axmufuvef&Gm tdrfajc 88
58 awmifNydKvuf0J&Gm tdrfajc 16
59 awmifNydKvuf,m&Gm tdrfajc 28
60 a';wef;nm(&ckdif&Gm)
61 uGrf;oD;yif&Gm tdrfajc 12
62 usrf;axmif&Gm tdrfajc 15
63 wef;acsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 22
64 pHxGef;OD;&Gm tdrfajc 20
65 ta&SUcarmif;qdyf&Gm tdrfajc 88
66 taemufcarmif;qdyf&Gm tdrfajc 25
67 olvlawmiftxuf&Gm tdrfajc 50
68 oHcHk&Gm tdrfajc 35
69 rjzLr&Gm tdrfajc 40
70 uHk;wuf&Gm
71 cifNydKom;&Gm tdrfajc 60
72 a&Tiifacsmif;txuf&Gm tdrfajc 40
73 i&efYacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 50
74 opfwHk;em;&Gm tdrfajc 60
75 yef;a&Tatmifz&Gm tdrfajc 20
76 a&TvScdkif&Gm tdrfajc 20

21. pOf &Gmtrnf zsufqD;cHcJh&
aom tdrfajc
77 wref;om;&Gm tdrfajc 30
78 cs'dk;&D&Gm tdrfajc 15
79 omatmif&Gm tdrfajc 30
80 avmif;ywf&Gm tdrfajc 30
81 0ufusdef;&Gm tdrfajc 100
82 Muufusdef;&Gm tdrfajc 40
83 uRJoabmuf txuf&Gm tdrfajc 45
84 uRJoabmuf atmuf&Gm tdrfajc 60
85 ausmufwef;&Gm tdrfajc 50
86 pdrfhawmjyif&Gm tdrfajc 40
87 a*:'l&txuf&Gm tdrfajc 25
88 a*:'l& atmuf&Gm tdrfajc 65
pOf &Gmtrnf zsufqD;cHcJh&
xdkuJhodkU &Gmaygif; udk;q,fhudk;&Gm&Sd &cdkif&Gmrsm;rSm ukvm;
,kwfwdkY &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfjcif;udk cHMu&avonf/ xkdxdk
aom &Gmrsm;rS ouf&SdqdkvQif acG;wpfaumifawmif tjyifudk rxGuf
EdkifbJ aoyGJ0ifcJhMu&onf/ xdkYtjyif &GmvHk;uRwfukvm;wdkUowfjzwf
cH&í tdrfajctvdkuf pepfwusaumufcH&SmazGr&&Sdaom aus;&Gmrsm;
rSmvnf; tvGefrsm;jym;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
¤if;aus;&Gmrsm;rSm...............
aom tdrfajc
89 uRef;ayguf&Gm tdrfajc 35
90 w&drf;&Gm tdrfajc 150
91 wifom&&Gm tdrfajc 25
92 oJacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 65
93 iSufaysmhacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 45
94 ig;pHabmf&Gm tdrfajc 80
95 vufzGJus&Gm tdrfajc 20
96 ausmufacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 50
97 &Jatmifacsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 70
98 a&aemufig;om;&Gm tdrfajc 20
99 rD;ausmif;acsmif;&Gm tdrfajc 15
pOf &Gmtrnf
1 abmf'kvm atmuf&Gm
2 'kdif;ydkif&Gm
3 ckdifOD;z&Gm
4 omMoatmif&Gmopf
5 wyfacsmif;acswDpm;&Gm
6 rdrif;om z&Gm
7 a&T'kdif&Gm
8 awmifykwf&Gm
9 vrHkYukdif;&Gm
10 a0vm a*gif;wHk;&Gm
11 ovlacsmif;&Gm
12 &JabmfOD;&Gm
13 oJeD&Gm
14 aMumifckd;&Gm
pOf &Gmtrnf
15 ig;&HUacsmif;&Gm
16 rD;acsmif;ckwf&Gm
17 opfwHk;em;&Gm
18 rdIif;p&D&Gm
19 bJ½kyfvTm&Gm
20 ausmufjyifvS&Gm
21 armifqdyf&Gm
22 zuf0ef;acsmif;&Gm
23 *g&mjyif&Gm
24 0ufusdef;acs&Gm
25 pHum;yif&if;&Gm
26 ijzLacsmif;&Gm
27 ewfausmuf&Gm
28 NydKifacsmif;&Gm
29 Muifazmf&Gm
pOf &Gmtrnf
30 atmifvSjzL&Gm
31 oabFmvS&Gm
32 rD;wkduf&Gm
33 eHomawmif&Gm
34 uGrf;awmif&Gm
35 a*:'l&oJacsmif;&Gm
36 qiftkd;&Gm
37 ausmufacsmif;acs&Gm
38 j*pfacsmif;atmuf&Gm
39 opfoD;yiftv,fjyif&Gm
40 avmif;'HkapwDjyif&Gm
41 [efpm;r&Gm
42 ig;cl&acsmif;0&Gm
43 usmacgif;axmif&Gm
44 armifvHk;z&Gm
45 Muuf½dk;jyif&Gm
46 ief;acsmif;&Gm
47 yGifhjzLacsmif;&Gm
48 yGifhjzLaacsmif;&Gmacs
49 cspfpHz&Gm
50 aeylcH&Gmopf
51 aeylcH&Gma[mif;
52 armifESroJacsmif;&Gm
53 acsmif;ajrmuf&Gm
54 ovlacsmif;&Gm
55 &Gmopfau&Gm
56 r*FvmBuD;aus;&Gm
57 ausmufavSum;&Gm
58 pyfcsukef;&Gm
59 oJjzLukef;&Gm

22. ukvm;udk ,HkMu? oem;Mu? ukvm;qkdifu 0,fpm;Mu?
ukvm;a&mif;aomypönf;udk 0,foHk;MurnfqdkvQif xkdxufqdk;aom
tjzpfodkY a&muf&OD;rnf[k ,HkMunfrdygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
txufyg (1942)ta&;tcif;wGif &ckdifvlrsdK;rsm;om towfcH&
onf/ &cdkifjynf aysmufroGm;ao;yg/ ukvm;rsm; ¤if;tcsdefu
pD;yGm;a&; tm;raumif;ao;yg/ aemifjzpfvmrnfhta&;tcif;&Sdvm
vQif ukvm;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tm;aumif;vmygu &ckdifjynfyg
aysmufoGm;Ekdifonf[k ordkif;jyKpkolu oHk;oyfxm;onf/
tcktcg b*FgvDrsm;rSm ppftmPm&SifwdkU aqmifrrI
aMumifh jynfwGif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;awmifhwif;MuG,f0vmonfh
tjyif jynfy&Sd tdktdkifpDuJhokdUaom rlpviftoif;MuD;rsm;rS e,fajrvk
wdkufyGJ qufvufqifETJ&ef aiGa':vm oef;axmifESifhcsDumoHk;pGJaeMujyD
jzpfonf/ vTwfawmftwGif;wGifvnf; jynfcdkifjzdK;ygwDrS rJtEdkif&
wufvmaom udk,fhudk,fudk ]½dk[if*sm} [k w&m;0if aMunmum
trwfvkyfaeol oHk;OD;&SdaejyD jzpfonf/ xkdUjyif urÇmhtiftm;MuD;
owif;Xmersm;wGif acgif;MuD;ydkif;tjzpf tcsdefra&G;azmfjyEdkifpGrf;&Sdae
ovdk EdkifiHwumwuúodkvfrsm;ESifh ukvor*¾tzGJUcsKyfwGifyg ]½dk[if*sm}
vDq,fpmwrf;rsm; a[majymyGJrsm;udkyg wcrf;wem;jzifh wifoGif;
jyKvkyfaeMujyD jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh ]½dk[if*sm} Zmpfjrpfudk wl;onfh
aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkyGJrsm;udk EdkifiHwumordkif;okawoDwdkUjzifh ppfwrf;
xkwfaeMujyDjzpfonf/ /
pOf &Gmtrnf
60 rif;usdK;acsmif;&Gm
61 &Dzkef;jyif&Gm
62 cGqHkjyif&Gm
63 opfykwfacsmif;&Gm
64 uif;acsmif;&Gm
65 twGif;uif;acsmif;&Gm
66 uHjyif&Gm
67 usD;uef;jzL&Gm
68 arSmf0if&Gm
69 j*if;acsmif;&Gm
70 vif;bm;ukef;&Gm
71 aZmfrwuf&Gm
72 ig;cl&awmif&Gm
73 csD;pm;&Gm
74 tayguf0&Gm
75 vmvD&Gm
76 pdefyef;&Gm
77 wHk;acsmif;txuf&Gm
78 wHk;acsmif;atmuf&Gm
79 um'D&Gm
80 tkef;yif&if;&Gm
81 'dk;wef;&Gm
82 unifwef;&Gm
83 tv,foHausmf&Gma[mif;
84 Muefacsmif;&Gm
85 o*Feuf&Gm
86 ausmif;awmif&Gm
87 wyfxkd;jyif&Gm
88 jrif;vGwfacsmif;&Gm
89 NrDacsmif;&Gm
pOf &Gmtrnf
90 a&Smufukdif;&Gm
91 ausmufyef;'l&Gm
92 aAm"dudkif;&Gm
93 a&Tarmif&Gm
94 twGif;jyif&Gm
95 BuHwef;acsmif;&Gm
96 tif;'ifBuD;&Gm
97 tif;'ifacs&Gm
98 o0if;acsmif;&Gm
99 udk;wefaumuf&Gmacs
100 qif0yf&Gm
101 atmifvSz&Gm
102 azmufusDacsmif;&Gm
103 aygufawmjyif&Gm
104 odsefcgvD&Gm
105 ukef;wef;&Gm
106 'Hk;ydkuf&Gm
107 y'if;&Gm
108 a&wGif;uRef;&Gm
109 cs&m;wef;&G
110 0g;cs&Gm
111 anmifyifBuD;txuf&Gm
112 anmifyifBuD;atmuf&Gm
113 'guf&Gm
114 vSydk;acgif&Gm
pkpkaygif; (114)&GmwdkYonf tdrfajc
pm&if;udk twdtusr&onfh ukvm;rsm;
owfjzwfcH&aom&Gmrsm; jzpfMuonf/

23. xkdif;EkdifiH? r[Da'g
wuúodkvfü rwfv(9)
&ufu jyKvkyfcJhaom
&ckdiforkdif;qkdif&m
EkdifiHwum ynm&Sif
rsm; &Sif;vif;yGJwGif
jrefrmEkdifiHü ½dk[if*sm r&Sd
aMumif;ESifh ½dk[if*sm[kqkdol
rsm;onf b*FgvDrsm;om jzpf
aMumif; wdusckdifrmpGm&Sif;
vif; ajymMum;cJhMuonf/
½kd[if*smvdkY
udk,fhukd,fukdqdkaeolawG[m
b*FgvDawGygyJ/
'gawGudk ukdvdkeDacwfrSwfwrf;awGrSm
rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygw,f/
½dk[if*smqdkwm
&cdkifrSm r&Sdygbl;}[k
tcdkiftrmajymqdkcJhonf/
xdkuJhokdU ppfwrf;xkwfyGJrsm;pGmteufrS xdkif;EdkifiHwGif jyKvkyfcJhonfh
ta&;MuD;onfh ]b*FgvD} wdkU ZmpfjrpfudkazmfjyD; vDq,fjzD;jzef;
rIrsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifcJhonfh urÇmMuD;tm; rsufpif;cwfcJhonfh
taMumif;udk avhvmEdkif&ef xyfrHaumufEkwf azmfjyvdkufygw,f/

24. tqkdyg&Sif;vif;yGJwGif &ckdiforkdif;qkdif&mEkdifiHwumynm&Sif
rsm;jzpfMuonfh jyifopfEkdifiHtm&Savhvma&;XmerS Dr.Jacques
P.Leider e,fomvefEkdifiH [kduf*l;a'o? 'wfcsfbmompum; tod
trSwfjyKtoif; nd§EdIif;aqmif&Gufa&;rSL; vkduf'if;wuúodkvfrS
ygarmu© Dr. Stephan Van Galen ? *syefEkdifiH? uef'gwuúokdvfEkdifiH
wumavhvma&;XmerS orkdif;ygarmu©a'gufwmat;csrf;wdkYu &ckdif
orkdif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í wufa&muf&Sif;vif;cJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
jyifopfEdkifiHtm&Savhvma&;XmerS Dr Jacques P.Leider u
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[m vlom;awGtwGuf b,fvdkrS
rjzpfEkdifwJh? rjzpfoifhwJh[mawGyJvkdY
xifygw,f/ wrefawmfrkd[mruf&JU
twåKyÜwdåudk zwfMunfhvQif omref
vlawG (pdwfyHkrSef&Sdol? pdwfa&m*g
r&Sdol? pdwfusef;rma&;aumif;aeol
awG) twGuf b,fvdkrS awG;Munfh
uRefrtaeESifh
bmoma&;½Iaxmifhtjrifu
qef;ppfMunfh vQif
tpövmrfbmomukd
bmomvdkYawmif r,lqygbl;/
EdkifiHa&;0g' wpfckrQomjzpfNyD;
vlawGukdt"r®xdef;csKyfxm;wm
jzpfygw,f/

32. aemifw& 0rf;enf;rdygw,f/ t,f*sm;ZD;&m;½kyfoHu tMurf;zuf0g'
orm; usyfrjynfhwJh armfv0Dq&m Al-Qaradhiwi &JU tMurf;zuf0g'
vrf;nTefcsufawGESifh ol&JU uRefrtay: aoG;½l;aoG;wef; wkdufcdkufrI
awGukd MunfhMunfhkvkdufyg/ EdkYeHYawmif rpifao;wJh rGwfpvifuav;
av;awGudk ajr§mufay;aewmukd awGUMu&rSmyg/ tJh'Duav;awGukd
OD;aESmufrJh rsufuef;,kHMunfwwfatmifESifh tMurf;zuf0g'ukdacgif;
xJ pGJNrJoGm;atmif oHrIdESifh½kdufoGif;aewmyg/
uRefr 'Dvdkajym&wm[m tpövmrfu ]rdef;rawG[m csKdUwJh
tm;enf;olawG} vdkYqdkxm;vdkY 'gukd ckcHacsywmyg/ tpövmrfu
r,kHMunfolrSeforQudk owfypf&r,fvdkY nTefMum;w,f/ uRefru
'gudk vufrcHbl;/ 'gaMumifh tckvdk acsy&ygw,f/ uRefru
tpövmrfbmomukd wkdufcdkufwm r[kwfygbl;/ trSefw&m;twGuf
a0zefqef;ppfwmoufoufygyJ/ qdk;wmwpfcku uRefrwdkY[m tpövmrf
0g' BuD;xGm;a&;twGuf taESmifht,Suf? twm;tqD;vdkY oabmxm;
cH&wmygyJ/ wu,fuawmh a0zefqef;ppfrIudk wdkufcdkufrIvdkY ajym
aeMuwmyg/ uRefru tpövmrfqdkwJh pum;vkH;&JUt"dyÜg,fudk t"du
vkdYudk r&wJhvkyf&yfawGudk vkyfcJholqdkwmukd jrifEkdifygw,f/ Oyrm
rkd[mrufu Asmaabint Marwam (tpörm;bifhrm;0rf) qdkwJh
trsdK;orD;udk owfjzwfcJhyHkudk avhvmMunfhvkdufyg/ rkd[mruf
udk,fwkdifESifh olUaemufvkdufawGu tJ'DtrsdK;orD;&JUudk,fcE¨mudkwppD
jzpfatmif qGJNzJMuw,f/
wd&dpämefwpfaumifudk owfovdkrsdK; t½dk;awGukdwpfacsmif;
NyD; wpfacsmif; qGJEIwfypfvkdufMuw,f/ vludk trJzsufovdk zsufvdkY
tNyD;rSm Allah Akabaar (tv’m[ft&SifawmfjrwfomvQif tBuD;
us,fqHk; tjrifhjrwfqHk;) vkdY atmf[pfMuw,f/ ukd,fhpdwfeJU tcefY
roifhwmav;wpfck? udk,fESifh pdwfoabmxm;av; rwkdufqkdifwm&Sd
wmav;wpfckwnf;ESifh tJ'Dvkd&uf&ufpufpuf owf&ufMuowJh/
tJ'DvkdowfMuwmudkvnf; bmr[kwfwJh arharhaysmufaysmufudpö?
tao;tzGJUudpöav;vdk oabmxm;EkdifMuowJh/ tJ'gyJ wrefawmf
rkd[mrufqkdwm/
rdk[mruf&JU tJh'Dvdkvkyf&yfawGukd usrf;pmxJrSmzwfvkduf&NyD;
wJhtcg uRefrwpfcgu rGwfpvifwpfa,mufjzpfcJhzl;wmudk tvGefyJ

33. avhvmaewmyg/ tJh'Dpum;vkH;u tEIwfvu©PmaqmifaewJh
pum;vkH;yg/ tMurf;zufaom? a'go? trkef;w&m;awGESifh jynfh
ESufaeaom? ukd,fhtcsif;csif;vnf; &ufpuf,kwfrm umrjyKusifh
aom qdkwJht&mtm;vkH;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKwJhpum;vkH;yg/
pdwfynmt& vlwpfa,muf&JUb0rSm tEIwfvu©Pmaqmif
wJhpdwf,kwfawGESifh zkH;vTrf;aecJhvQif ol[m tzsuform; pdwf"mwf&Sd
aom? rqifrjcifESifh pdwf*PmrNidrfjzpfwwfwJhoabm? t&m&mukd
bmaumif;usKd;rSrjzpfapbJ tqkd;ukdom OD;wnfvkyfwwfaom vl
wpfa,muftjzpf ay:vGifvmygr,f/ tu,fírsm; ol[mtaygif;
vu©PmaqmifwJhpdwfaumif;&SdcJhvQif tjyKoabmaqmifaom?aumif;
usKd;jyKaomtvkyfawG vkyfwwfaom? aumif;usKd;jyKaom? aysmf&TifwJh
pum;awGajymwwfaomoltjzpf ay:vGifvmygr,f/ tpövmrf
bmom[m tEIwfvu©PmaqmifwJhpum;awGESifhtwl usqkH;oGm;rSm
jzpfygw,f/ tpövmrf[m tEIwfvu©PmawGukd xkwfvkyfjzefYjzL;
aecJhygw,f/ tpövmrfvlYtzGJYtpnf;awGudk avhvmMunfhvQif tJh'D
tEIwfvu©PmaqmifwJh vlawG&JUvkyf&yfawGudk ay:vGifxif&Sm;pGm
awGUEdkifygw,f/
uRefrtaeESifh bmoma&;½Iaxmifhtjrifu qef;ppfMunfh
vQif tpövmrfbmomukd bmomvdkYawmif r,lqygbl;/ EdkifiHa&;0g'
wpfckrQomjzpfNyD; vlawGukd t"r®xdef;csKyfxm;wmjzpfygw,f/b,f
0g'yJjzpfjzpf rdrd0g'ukd r,kHMunfoljzpf&if owfjzwfypf&r,fvdkYajym
wm[m bmomw&m;r[kwfygbl;/ tJh'g[m t<uif;rJhtmPm&Sifpepf
wkdU&JUvkyf&yfom jzpfygw,f/ uk&ftmefusrf;xJu wpfydk'frSm tdrf
axmifa&; azmufjyefol a,mufsm;a&m? rdef;rukdyg Budrf'Pftcsuf
100pD ½dkuf&r,f? oem;n§mwmzdkY rvkdbl;vdkY ajymxm;ygw,f/
vufpm;acswJhykHpHESifh tjypfay;wm[m bmomw&m;[kwfyg&JUvm;/
,kHMunfukd;uG,frIqkdwm cGifhvTwfrI? n§mwmrI? udk,fcsif;pmrIawGyJ
&Sd&ygr,f/ tpövmrfESifhEIdif;pmvQif c&pf,mefu Nidrf;csrf;a&;vrf;pOf
ykdusw,fvkdY jrifygw,f/ a,½Iu "m;rudkifygbl;/ acgif;vJ rjzwf
ygbl;/ t,lrwlolukdvnf; pGyfpGJjypfwifrI rvkyfygbl;/ jyóemu
awmh tpövmrfbmomomvQifyg/
rdk[mrufpum;ukd ,kHpm;rdvQifawmh vlYavmuBuD;[m
tr,fbkwf&JU olYcsnfcifvdkjzpfvmNyD; aemufqkH;rSm tdkprmbifvm'if
vkdyJ tpGef;a&mufvmrSmyg/ wrefawmfrdk[mruf&JU b0ukdzwfMunfh
vQif cifAsm;bmawGawGY&rvJ/ vk,ufwkdufcdkufrIawG&,f? olrdef;r
awG trsm;BuD;,lwJhtaMumif;&,fyJawGY&ygr,f/ wcsKdUtcsufawGqdk
vQif cifAsm;]zsm;}oGm;r,f/ ]]rdef;rawG&JU edAÁmef[m olra,mufsm;&JU
ajcz0g;atmufrSm&Sdw,f}} qdkjyD; rdk[mrufu ajymcJhw,fav/
rGwfpvifwpfa,muf&JUb0[m b,favmufawmifaMumufzdkYaumif;
ygovJ/ rGwfpvifawG&JU b0udk ajymif;vJypfr,fqdk&if olwkdU&JU
OD;aESmuf (todÚmPf)udk zGifhay;&rSmyg/ b0ukd Ncdrf;ajcmufaewJh
uifqmqJvfawGudk OD;aPSmufuae cGJpdyfNyD; xkwfypf&ygr,f/
tpövmrf[m uifqmqJvf
awG jzpfygw,f/
(azmfjyyg tawG;
tjrifrsm;onf rlpvifwpfOD;
jzpfcJhol tm&yf-tar&duef
ujym; pdwfa&m*gukynm&Sif
0gzmqlvfwef&JU t,f[m,uf
wDAGD ½kyfoHvdkif; (qdkufy&yf)
rS xkwfvTifhajymMum;csufrsm;
udk jrefrmbmom jyefqdkxm;
jcif;jzpfygonf/ -zsmykHe'D)

34. tkdtkdifpDonf vlrsdK;wHk;owfjzwfrIudk
vkyfaqmifcJhaomrnfonfh
tpövmrfEdkifiHrqdk
tumtuG,fjyK&eftzGJUtiftm;udk
rMumcPtoHk;csMuonf/
xdkUtwl tkdtkdifpD taejzifh
&ckdifjynfe,fudk rGwfpvifrsm;
atmifjrifpGmodrf;ydkufEkdifa&;twGuf
pDrHudef;cs aqmif&Gufaejcif;om...

35. tpövmrfEkdifiHrsm; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;tzGJU (OIC) udk
tpövmrf bmom0ifEkdifiHaygif; (57)EdkifiH (trSefrSm tpövmrfbmom
0if (56) EdkifiHESifh ygvufpwkdif;wdkY jzpfonf) jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif ¤if;tzGJU0ifEkdifiH ta&twGuf rsm;jym;rIaMumifh
tkdtkdifpDonf vlUtcGifhta&;rSpí pD;yGm;a&;tqHk;? ynma&;rSpí
tMurf;zuf0g'tqHk; udpö&yfwkdif;eD;yg;wGif rGwfpvifr[kwfaom
urÇmtkyfpkudk qefYusifaom pkpnf;nDnGwfonfh tpövmrfwyfOD;udk
ykdrdkwkd;wufaumif;rGefvmatmif tqifhjr§ifhwifh&if; (txl;ojzifh
ukvor*¾tzGJUBuD;twGif;wGif) jyif;xefNyD; trsm;tm;jzifh rvkdvm;
tyfaom vTrf;rdk;rI &Sdaeonf/
okdYaomf tkdtkdifpDt"dutaMumif;&if;rSm tkdtkdifpDtae
jzifh b*FgvDrGwfpvifrsm; (The Bengali Muslims) onf &cdkifajrudk
ydkifqkdifolrsm;jzpfaMumif; aumufcsufqGJMurnfjzpfaomaMumifh jzpf
onf/ (¤if;tzGJUtpnf;taejzifh xdkodkYaumufcsufqGJcJh? aumufcsuf
qGJqJyifjzpfonf/) xkdYjyif tkdtkdifpDtzGJUonf &ckdifvlrsdK;wdkY
pum;oHrsm;udk todtrSwfjyKrnf r[kwfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
tkdtkdifpDtzGJUorkdif;aMumif;wpfavQmufwGif Ekduf*sD;&D;,m;ESifh
tD*spfEkdifiHwkdYrS c&pf,mefrsm;udk tpkvkduftNyHKvdkufowfjzwfrIrsm;?
xdkif;awmifydkif;rS Ak'¨bmom0if(5000)udk owfjzwfcJhrI? ql'ef
EdkifiHu usL;vGefcJhaom rsdK;wHk;owfjzwfrI ponfwkdYESifhywfoufí
tkdtkdifpDu b,fwkef;urS r½IwfcscJhbl;ay/
trSefrSm tkdtkdifpDonf vlrsdK;wHk;owfjzwfrI (genocide)udk
vkyfaqmifcJhaomtpövmrfEdkifiH (ql'efEkdifiH)? rGwfpvifr[kwfolrsm;
(Non muslims) udk zdESdyftMurf;zufcJhMuaom tpövmrfEkdifiHrsm;
(Ekduf*sD;&D;,m;?tD*spf? tD&ef? ygupöwef?b*Fvm;a'h&SfpaomEkdifiHrsm;)?
*sL; vlrsdK;rsm;udk rsdK;wHk;owfjzwf&ef Ncdrf;ajcmufaeaomtpövmrfEkdifiH
rsm; (tD&ef? [ufZbkdvm? [m;rm;pf EkdifiHrsm;) paom rnfonfh
tpövmrfEdkifiHrqdk tumtuG,fjyK&ef tzGJUtiftm;udk rMumcP
toHk;csMuonf/ xdkUtwl tkdtkdifpDtaejzifh &ckdifjynfe,fudk
rGwfpvifrsm; atmifjrifpGm odrf;ydkufEkdifa&;twGuf pDrHudef;cs
aqmif&Gufaejcif;om jzpfonf/
&ckdifjynfe,fudk odrf;ykdufEkdifa&;BudK;yrf;rIudk tkdtkdifpDu
ppfa&;t&aomfvnf;aumif;? aiGaMu;t&aomfvnf;aumif;axmufyHh
ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ xdkrQomru rSefuefaomtcsufrsm;[kqkdMuaom
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk vkyfBuHzefwD;Muonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;udk
qefYusifaomt,ltqrsm;jzifh aoG;xdk;vHIUaqmfMuonf/ trSefw&m;
ESifh ywfoufí BudK;udkifrI? yHkoP²mefysuf,Gif;atmif vkyfaqmifrIwkdY
tay: tajccHí trkef;w&m;jynfhaeaoma'gopdwfESifh aygufuGJrIwkdY
udk rD;avmif&mavyifhvnf; vkyfaqmifMuao;onf/
tkdtkdifpDtzGJUESifh ywfoufaom &,fp&mjyufvHk;uvnf;
rw&m;&musaeí tvGefpdwfqkd;zG,f&m jzpfonf/ jrefrmtpdk;&u
]½dk[if*sm} [kac:Muaom b*FgvDvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf EkdifiHom;jzpfcGifh
tygt0iftajccHusaomEkdifiHom;tcGifhta&;udk jiif;qkdaepOfwGif
¤if;tkdtkdifpDtzGJU0ifEkdifiHrsm;taejzifh (olwkdYwGif vlYtcGifhta&;[lí

36. &SdcJhonfqkdOD;awmh) rGwfpvifr[kwfol EkdifiHom;rsm;tay: onf;cH
EkdifrIvnf; r&Sd? av;pm;rIvnf; ewdå? jynfolYtcGifhta&;ESifh
vUltcGifhta&;qkdvQif a0;vma0;yif jzpfawmhonf/ avSmifajymif
csifzG,fjzpfaomtcsufrSm &ckdifjynfe,fESifh e,fedrdwfxdpyfaeaom
EkdifiHjzpfonfh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHwGif rGwfpvifvlrsm;pku Ak'¨
bmom0ifvlenf;pktay: BuD;rm;pGm cGJjcm;qufqHrI? onf;rcHEkdifrI
ESifh tMurf;zufrI [laom udpö&yfrsm;udk tkdtkdifpDtzGJUtaejzifh
t&dyft>rufrQyif rajymqdk? rxdef;uGyf? rajz&Sif;ay;cJhbl;ay/
tu,fí aqmf'Dtma&;bD;,m;? tD&ef? *gZmESifh tjcm;
aom tvm;wlae&mrsm;wGif Ak'¨bmomausmif;wpfausmif; odkYr[kwf
w&m;pcef;wpfck odkYr[kwf [dE´Lbk&m;ausmif; odkYr[kwf a,m*
usiphfOwfpcfkuk dzGifh&ef BudK;pm;cJhrnfqdkvQif tvsiftjrefypfrSwfxm;
wkdufckdufcH&vQif cH&rnf/ odkYr[kwf rzGifhjzpfatmif ydwfyifwm;jrpf
jcif;cH&ayrnf/ (vuf&Sd) &ckdiftajctaewGif t,ltqrsm;? qHk;jzwf
rIrsm;udkay;csifaomEkdifiHrsm;rSm þEkdifiHrsm; wu,f[kwfygovm;/
&,fp&myif aumif;aeao;awmh/ (trSefrSm) ¤if;EkdifiHrsm;udk (þ
&ckdifudpöwGif) rnfonfhae&murS 0ifrygapoifhay/ ¤if;wdkYonf
twdwf? ypöKyÜefESifh tem*wfwnf;[laom umvoHk;yg;vHk;wGif 'ku©
rsdK;pHkudk zefwD;jzpfay:apcJhzl;olrsm;yif jzpfaeonf/
tkdtkdifpDtzGJU0if EkdifiHwpfckpDu rGwfpvifr[kwfolEkdifiHom;
tcsif;csif;tay: (,ck&ckdiftajctaexuf) ydkrkdqkd;0g;pGm jyKrlcJhzl;
onfcsnf;yif/ xdkYaemuf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xkdokdY qkd;0g;pGmjyKrlaqmif
&Gufaeonf[k pGyfpGJMuonf/ ,if;EkdifiHwpfckpDonf rGwfpvifr[kwf
onfhjynfolrsm;tay: tuGufususpDrHí pGJNrJpGmusifhoHk;jzpfaom
zdESdyfonfh rl0g'rsm;? cGJjcm;onfh rl0g'rsm;? tvm;wlOya'rsm;ESifh
tjyKtrlrsm; &Sdaeonf[laomtcsufrSm v,fjyifwGif qifoGm;ovdk
uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xif&Sm;ay:vGifodomaeayNyD/
,if;EkdifiHwpfckpDonf bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh &SdrIwGif
tqdk;qHk;tqifhü &Sdaeonf/ ,if;EkdifiHwpfckpDonf rGwfpvif
r[kwfonfh jynfolrsm;tay: onf;rcHEkdifqHk;? cGJjcm;qufqHrI
t&SdqHk;? xd&SaygufuGJvG,fqHk;aomEdkifiHtjzpf &Sdaeonf/ ,if;
EkdifiHwdkUwGif rdrdESifh *kdPf;*P rwlnDaom rGwfpvifbmom0ifrsm;
tay:yif xkdodkYaom oabmxm;rsm; &SdMuonf/ (¤if;EkdifiHrsm;rS
usL;vGefcJhaom)bmoma&;ESifh vlUtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufrIrsm;wGif
atmufygvkyf&yfrsm;yg0ifonf/
tpövmrfbmomudk pGefYypfoGm;rItwGuf ao'Pftygt0if
jyif;xefMurf;wrf;aom jypf'Pfay;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMucJhMuonf/
rGwfpvif r[kwfolrsm;taejzifh rGwfpvifrsm; rESpfoufonfhpum;
wpfckudk ([kwfr[kwfraocsmíaomfvnf;aumif;? r&ifhusufao;í
aomfvnf;aumif;) rnfrQao;i,fayghyg;onfjzpfap xdka&;om;
ajymqkdonfh rGwfpvif r[kwfolrsm;u wpfckckajymcJhaMumif; pGyfpGJ
vkyfBuH zefwD;jyD; aumvm[vowif;vTifhum owfjzwfjcif;?
ajcvuft*Fgrsm; ysufpD;usdK;yJhoGm;atmifvkyfjcif;? tEÅ&m,fjyKjcif;?
rGwfpvif r[kwfolrsm; c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;rsm;? [dE´Lbk&m;
ausmif;rsm;ESifh Ak'¨bmombkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;? ¤if;
zsufqD;cH&aom taqmuftHkrsm;udk topfjyefaqmufcGifh ray;jcif;?
rGwfpvif r[kwfonfh jynfolrsm;udk &mrm'efOyk*fapmifhjcif;uJhodkYaom
rGwfpvifbmoma&;tvkyfrsm; vkyfaqmif&ef twif;t"r® wGef;tm;
ay;jcif; wdkUudk jyKvkyfMuonf/
tkdtkdifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;onf (bmoma&;tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwf
vyfcGifhrsm;[laomudpö&yfrsm;wGif)pnf;rsOf;rsm;[lívnf; r&Sd? uRrf;
usifrIvnf; r&Sd? pm&dwåaumif;rI[lí r&Sday/ xdkEkdifiHrsm;onfolwdkY
av;pm;rIr&Sdaom jrefrmEkdifiH Ak'¨bmom0ifjynfolrsm;? Ak'¨bmom
,Ofaus;rIESifhAk'¨bmomudk tEÅ&m,fjyKzsufqD;rIomjyKMurnf jzpfonf/

38. tmz*efepöwefEkdifiHonf tpövmrfbmom0ifEkdifiHjzpfonf/
EdkifiH t"durlwpfcsufrSm ]rnfonfhOya'urS tpövmrf bmom
rlrsm;? jyXmef;csufrsm;udk Mum;0ifpGufzufaESmifh,Sufjcif; r&Sdap&}
[lí jzpfonf/ EkdifiHom;rsm;onf wpfyg;ol cHpm;csufrsm;udk
pmemem;vnfvufcHrI r&Sdonfh? tvGefUtvGefzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fuefYowfrI
&Sdonfh ¤if;wdkY tpövmrfbmom (Islam) [lonfh trSwfwHqdyfrSvGJí
usef,HkMunfudk;uG,frItm;vHk;udk tpGef;a&muf0g'DyDyD onf;nnf;
rcHEkdifMuay/
&,fp&maumif;aeonfrSm tmz*efepöwefEkdifiHonf Ak'¨
bmom tapmqHk;pnfyifxGef;um;cJh&m yifrae&mBuD;wpfckjzpfcJhonf
[laomtcsufyif jzpfonf/ &mpkESpfrsm;pGmMumNyD;aemufrSmrGwfpvif
ppfatmifEkdifolrsm; (Muslim Conquerors) u Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIukdzsufqD;
cJhNyD;? Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;ukd tNyD;wkdifokwfoifacsrIef;cJhMuonf/
(,cktcg)tmz*efepöwefEdkifiHwGif Ak'¨bmom0ifr&Sdawmhyg/ (2001)
ckESpfwGif bmoma&;t& onf;nnf;rcHEdkifonfh tpGef;a&muf
wmvDbefrsm;u vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (1500)u ausmufawmif
urf;yg;apmif;ukdxGif;í wnfaqmufxm;aom urÇmYÓPfawmf
tjrifhqkH; Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfBuD;ukd zsufqD;ypfcJhMuonf/
tD*spfEdkifiHonf tpövmrfbmomukd EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf
todtrSwfjyKaom tm&yfEdkifiHwpfEdkifiH (An Arab Republic)jzpfonf/
tD*spfEdkifiHwGif vlOD;a&oef;(90)&Sdonfhteuf (10) &mcdkifEIef;cefY
(9)oef;rSmawmh aumhywpfc&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; (Coptic Christians)
jzpfonf/ tpövmrfbmomray:rD &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif ¤if;
c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; &SdvmcJhonf/ (,cktcg)EdkifiHawmfbmomjzpf

39. aom tpövmrfbmomu EdkifiHawmfOya'rsm;pGmukd txl;vTrf;rdk;ae
onf/ ¤if;Oya'rsm;onf tD*spfEdkifiHrS bmomrwlol vlenf;pkukd
zdESdyf&ef &nf&G,fjy|mef;xm;jcif;om jzpfonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;ukd
OD;wnfvkyfaqmifaomtMurf;zufrIrsm;rSm rsm;pGmwdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vm
aeonf/ c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; tdrfrsm;? qdkifrsm;ESifh oD;ESHrsm;
rD;½IdUcH&jcif;? c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;rsm; rD;½IdUcH&jcif;? zsufqD;cH&
jcif;? tokH;rjyK&ef ydwfyifwm;jrpfcH&jcif;wkdYrSm &SdcJh? &SdqJyifjzpfonf/
Edkuf*sD;&D;,m;EdkifiHonfvnf; tpövmrfESifhc&pf,mefbmom
tMum; nDwlnDrQpnf;jcm;uGJjym;aeonf/ c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;
aexikd&fm awmiyfidk ;fon fomrefavmuDtkyfcsKyfrIykHpHtwkdif; tkycfsKyf
aomfvnf; ajrmufykdif;wGifrl tpövmrfOya'ukd wif;MuyfpGmjy|mef;
xm;onf/ ajrmufykdif;wGif tpövmrfbmomrS wpfjcm;bmomodkY
ajymif;vJrIonf w&m;r0ifaMumif; owfrSwfNyD; bmomajymif;olrsm;
ukd ao'Pfay;cH&onf/
bdkudk[m&rf (Boko Harem) (]taemufwkdif;ynma&;onf
tjypf&Sdonf}[laomt"dyÜm,f&onf) [kac:aom tpGef;a&muftxl;
tMurf;zufvufeufudkiftzGJUwpfzGJUvnf; &Sdaeonf/ ¤if;vufeuf
ukdiftzGJUonf c&pf,mefbmom0iftrsm;pkyg0ifonfh vlaygif;
wpfaomif;cefYukd owfjzwfcJhNyD; wpfcgwpf&H rdrdwdkYtcGifhta&;
qkH;½IH;rIESifhywfoufí xkwfazmfajymqkdvdkaom tjcm;rGwfpvifrsm;
udkvnf; ¤if;wkdYu owfjzwfMuonf/ c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;
twGif;wGif pkaygif;0wfjyK qkawmif;aeMupOf c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;
rsm;ukd tjyifrS aomhcwfydwfqkdYum rD;½IdUrIrsm;udk Mudrfzefrsm;pGmjyKvkyf
cJhjcif;aMumifh vltaotaysmufrSm aMumufcref;vdvdrsm;jym;cJhonf/
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHonf rGwfpvifbmom0ifEkdifiH tm;vHk;
teuf vlOD;a& trsm;qHk;&SdaomEkdifiH jzpfonf/ vlOD;a& (250)oef;
&Sdonfhteuf (83)&mcdkifEIef;cefYrSm rGwfpvifrsm; jzpfMuonf/ vlenf;pk
c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;? Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;tay: jyif;xefaom
tMurf;zufrI(acgif;jzwfrI) tygt0if BuD;rm;aomcGJjcm;qufqHrIESifh
tMurf;zufrIrsm;udk jyKcJhjyKqJyifjzpfonf/ rGwfpviftmrm'D;,m;
*dkPf;cGJ0ifrsm;udkvnf; *dkPf;BuD;0if yifrrGwfpvifrsm;u wdwdårsm;
Heretics tjzpf ,lqNyD; rGwfpviftjzpf todtrSwfrjyKbJ

40. c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;ESifh Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;uJhodkYyif BuD;rm;aom
cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;? tMurf;zufjcif;wdkYudk cHMu&onf/
1960 jynfhESpfrsm;wGif w½kwfEkdifiHu BuD;Muyfvrf;nTefrI
jyKaom uGefjrLepfrsm; qlyltHk<urIjzpfvmrnfudk pdk;&drfaMumufvefYNyD;
tif'dkeD;&Sm;rGwfpvifrsm;u w½kwfvlrsdK; Ak'¨bmom0iftrsm;qHk;
yg0ifaom (5)odef;ESifh (10)odef;Mum;ta&twGuf&Sdonfh vlrsm;udk
owfjzwf&ef xdkodkYuGefjrLepf tHk<urIjzpfvmEdkifonf[laom,lqcsuf
udk toHk;csoGm;cJhonf/ 1980 jynfhESpfrsm;wGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHonf
ta&SUwDarmudk odrf;ydkufEkdifap&ef vGwfvyfaomta&SUwDarmuRef;&Sd
c&pf,mefrsm;tay: &ufpufMurf;MuKwfNyD; vl½dkif;acwfqefaom
ppfyGJwpfyGJudk qifETJcJhMuonf/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;rGwfpvifppfom;rsm;onf
wDarmuRef;om;rsm;udk owfjzwfrIESifhywfoufí pdwfpEkd;paemifh
rjzpfcJhMuay/
tpövmrfrpf tMurf;zufwyfzGJU0ifrsm; tD&efEkdifiHwGif
pwifcJhNyD; tD&efEkdifiH bmomuGJudk;uG,fol vlenf;pkwGif vlOD;a&
trsm;qHk; jzpfonfh bm[mtDbmomudk todtrSwf rjyKcJhay/ ¤if;
bmomudk;uG,f,HkMunfolrsm;rSmvnf; jyif;xefpGmn§if;yef;ESdyfpufcH
&onf/ bm[mtDbmom0ifrsm;onf zrf;rdefY rxkwfbJ zrf;qD;jcif;?
rSm;,Gif;axmifcsrI? uGyfrsufrI? odrf;ydkufzsufqD;rI? tqifhjrifhynma&;
wufa&mufavhvmoif,lcGifhudk jiif;qkdrIwdkYukd cH&cJh? cH&qJ? cH&vwHåUyif
jzpfonf/ 1979 ckESpf tpövmrfawmfvSefa&;uwnf;u tD&efEkdifiH
om; bm[mtDbmom0ifrsm; tdrfrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;? wuúokdvf
wufcGifh? tpdk;&tvkyfrsm; vkyfcGifhwkdYudk ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;wkdY yHkrSef
jzpfaeonf/
bmoma&; ,HkMunfrIaMumifh vlaygif;rsm;pGmudk axmifcs
tjypf'Pfay;zl;onf/ xkdYjyif tD&efEkdifiHonf rGwfpvifr[kwfaom
tjcm;bmomw&m;tm;vHk;udk aMumufp&maumif;avmufatmifyif
onf;cHEkdifrIr&SdaMumif;awGU&onf/ tD&efEkdifiH tpövmrfacgif;aqmif
rsm;ESifh tpdk;&tBuD;tuJrsm;taejzifh tjcm;bmomrsm; tjcm;vlrsdK;
rsm;udk vHk;0acsrIef;okwfoif&Sif;vif;&ef aqmfMoonfh EkdifiHwumokdY
aMunmcsufrsm;xkwfjyef&efvnf; pdwfuoduatmifh rjzpfMuay/
tD&efEkdifiHonf tjcm;bmomodkY ouf0if,HkMunful;ajymif;oGm;ol
rsm;ukd owfjzwfonf/ rdef;rvsmrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpufypfrSwfxm;
zrf;qD;í ao'Pfay;wwfonf/
rav;&Sm;EkdifiH&Sd bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh tajctaerSm
tjiif;yGm;zG,f udpöwpf&yfwpfck jzpfonf/ tpövmrfbmomonf
rav;&Sm;EkdifiHawmf w&m;0ifEkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfonf/ odkYaomf
EkdifiHawmfvlOD;a& xuf0ufeD;yg; (trsm;pkrSm w½kwfvlrsdK;?tdEd´,
vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfNyD; xdkif;vlrsdK;? jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm;ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiH
om;rsm;yg0ifonf)rSm rGwfpvifrsm; r[kwfMuay/ rav;&Sm;EkdifiH?
'ku©onfpcef;rsm;wGif a&muf&SdaexkdifcJhzl;ol jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;
ajymqdkcsufrSm rav;-rGwfpvifrsm; vufxJwGif tvGefwZGwfxdk;
waZmufuef; Murf;MuKwf&ufpufpGm onf;nnf;rcHbJ jyKrl qufqH
cJhrIrsm;&Sdonf[líyif jzpfonf/
rav;&Sm;EkdifiHwGif blrdykwå&[kac:aom rl0g'wpfck&SdNyD;
xkdrl0g't& vkyfief;wkdif;wGif rav;-rGwfpvif zufpyfvkyfudkifrnfh
olwpfOD; xm;&Sd&ef vdkonf/ w½kwfvlrsdK; r*¾Zif;xkwfa0ol odkY
r[kwf tarT;wkdifxkwfvkyfol okdYr[kwf tdEd´,vlrsdK; pm;aomuf
ukefxkwfvkyfol odkYr[kwf pmtkyfykdif&Sifwpfa,mufyif ,if;vkyfief;
taMumif; euef;wpfvHk;rS em;rvnfol rGwfpvif vkyfazmfukdifzuf

41. wpfOD;udk vufcH&onf/ xdkzufpyfvkyfudkifol rGwfpvifrSm vdk
vnf; rvkdtyfay/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh xkdrGwfpvifonf rxDrJhjrif
jyKwwfNyD; vuf0g;BuD;tkyfvkdolwpfOD;yif jzpfwwfonf/
rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif rGwfpvifr[kwfol wpfOD;aovQif
xdkol aoolrSwfwrf;wGif rGwfpvifwpfOD;tjzpf topfac:a0:
rSwfwrf;jyKjcif;jzifh xdkaool om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; rGwfpvif
rsm;jzpfaMumif; aMunmEkdifayrnf/ tpövmrfbmomrS wjcm;bmom
odkY ul;ajymif;&ef BudK;pm;jcif; tEÅ&m,frSm wkdif;odjynfodurÇmodjzpf
NyD; bmomajymif;&efvnf; &GHUaMumufMuonf/
xkwfazmfajymMum;csuf pm&if;rsm;t& wl&uDEkdifiH
vlOD;a& 99%onf rGwfpvifrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYteuf
vlrsm;pkrSm qGefeDtpövmrfbmomudk ,HkMunfudk;uG,fMuonf/
atmfwkdrifydkif,mwGif rGwfpvifr[kwfol &mckdifEIef;rSm ,ckxuf
tqrsm;pGm ydkrsm;cJhonf/ vlOD;a& twefoifh tiftm;BuD;aom
vlenf;pk (10% 30%) rSm tvuf0D*dkPf;cGJ (The ALevi sect)
eD;uyfqufpyfrI&SdMuolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ usefvlOD;a&rSm tjcm;
bmom0ifrsm; jzpfMuonf/
txl;ojzifh c&pf,mefbmom*dkPf;cJGrsm; (*&datmfodka'ghpf?
tmar;eD;,ef; tayghpawmhvpf) qD;&D;,m;atmfodka'ghpf? acsmv'D;
,rf;uufovpf ta&SUykdif; bk&m;ausmif;? *sL;bmom (Judaism)?
a,ZD'kdifbmomwkdY jzpfMuNyD; bmomrJhrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ vl
enf;pkbmom0ifrsm;u rdrdwdkY bmoma&;,HkMunfrIaMumifh tpdk;&
ykdif;qkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif tvkyftukdif r&&Sdatmif wrif
&nf&G,fvsuf ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif; cHae&aMumif; nnf;nLwwfMu
onf/ c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;? bm[mtDom bmom0ifrsm;ESifh
rGwfpvifbmom0iftcsdKUonf vlrItzGJUtpnf; oHo,jzpfrI?
r,HkMunfrIwkYdudk BuHKawGUcHpm;aeMu&onf/
tpGef;a&muf tpövmrfppfaoG;<ursm;uvnf; [Db½l;ESifh
tm&yfbmompum;ajymqkdolrsm;udk qefYusifonfh cHpm;csufrsm;(anti
semitic sentiments )udk ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmum qufvufazmfjyvmMuonf/
xdkYtjyif tpövmrfbmomrS tjcm;bmomodkY ul;ajymif;vkdolrsm;rSm
vnf; wpfcgwpf&H vlrIa&;aESmifh,Suf[efYwm;rI (social harassment)
ESifh aqGrsdK;rsm;? tdrfeD;csif;rsm;rS tMurf;zufowfjzwfrIwdkYudk wpfcg
wpf&H BuHKawGUae&onf/
aqmf'Dtm;a&;bD;,m;EkdifiHonf tpövmrfbmomudk tajc
cHaom bk&ifpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfonfhEkdifiH (Islamic Therocratic
monarchy) jzpfonf/ tpövmrfbmomonf EkdifiHawmfbmomjzpfonf/
EkdifiHOya't& aqmf'DEkdifiHom;tm;vHk; rGwfpvifbmom0if
jzpf&rnf[k owfrSwfxm;onf/ odkYaomf rGwfpvifr[kwfol
EdkifiHjcm;om;tvkyform;rsm;udk rGwfqvifrsm;tMum; vma&muf
aexdkif tvkyfvkyfudkifcGifh jyKxm;onf/ tcsdKUaomae&mrsm;odkY
oGm;a&mufcGifh rjyKxm;ay/
]aqmf'Drlwm0D;} odkYr[kwf ]aumif;*kPfudkjzefY? raumif;
*kPfudk wefYonfh aumfrwD} (The Saudi Mutaween or Committee for
Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice) [k ac:aom
bmoma&;&JwyfzGJU (The Religious police) u rGwfpvifr[kwfaom
bmomw&m;rsm;ESifhqkdifonfh yGJvrf;obifrsm;udk wm;jrpfNyD; trsdK;orD;
rsm; tjyKtrlrsm;? t0wftpm;rsm;? taygif;tazmfrsm;ESihfywfouf
í jyif;jyif;xefxef uefYowfxm;onf/
trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;a&maESmrIESifhywfoufonfh

42. Oya'rsm;udkvnf; jyXmef;xm;onf/ aqmf'Drsm;onf ao'Pf
(trsm;tm;jzifh vly&dowfa&SUwGif "m;&Snfjzifh acgif;jzwfowfjcif;)
udk rMumcP toHk;jyKMuonf/ aqmf'DykdifaiGrsm;onf tpövmrf
tMurf;zuf0g'(The Islamic Terrorism) ESifh a&S;½dk;pGJtpövmrf0g'(The
Islamic fundam entalism)wdkYudk rsm;pGm rD;avmif&m avyifhvkyfaqmif
vQuf&Sdonf/
ygupöwefEdkifiH&Sd bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifhonf &Sm&D,m
Oya'(Sharia Law) ESifh jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf; jzpfvmonf/
tv’mt&Sif(Allah) udk tremy ajymqkda&;om;rIqkdif&mOya'rsm;
(Blashpemy Laws) u vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifhudk vnfrsdKwufeif;
vkdufovdk jzpfaeonf/ tpövmrfbmomudk qefYusifajymqkdrI?
tpövmrfbmom okdYr[kwf tpövmrfbmom wrefawmfrsm;udk
qefYusifwkdufcdkufa&;om;xkwfa0rIrsm;udk wm;jrpfxm;onf/ ygupö
wefEkdifiH jypfrIqkdif&mOya' (Penal Code)t& wrefawmfrkd[mruf
(Prophet Muhammad) trnfemrudk ½Iwfcsapmfum;ol rnfoludkrqkd
ao'PfcsrSwf&ef ,cktcg owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;NyD; jzpfonf/
þjypfrIqkdif&m Oya't& udk&rf&fusrf; (The Quran) udk
rav;rpm;jyKrltwGuf axmif'PfwpfoufwpfuRef;? bmoma&;t&
aoG;<uaygufuGJrIudk jzpfap&ef wrifwum &nf&G,fvsuf wpfyg;
ol bmoma&;,HkMunfrIrsm;udk apmfum;rItwGuf axmif'Pf(10)
ESpf txdcsrSwf&ef owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ ygupöweftpdk;&
u tmruf'D rGwfqvif*dkPf;tm; (The Ahmadi Muslim sect)
bmoma&;yGJvrf;obifrsm;udk w&m;0ifwm;jrpfjcif; rjyKaomfvnf;
¤if;rGwfpvif*kdPf; bmoma&;tavhtxrsm;udk Oya't& jyif;
xefpGm uefYowfxm;onf/ 1974 ckESpf zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' jyif
qifcsufwpfckwGif tmruf'Drsm; (Ahmadis) onf rGwfpvif
bmom0if r[kwfaom vlenf;pkjzpfaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/
taMumif;rSm tpkd;&oabmt& ¤if;tmruf'Drsm;onf
rkd[mrufudk tpövmrfbmom aemufqHk;wrefawmftjzpf vufrcH
aomaMumifh[k qkdonf/ odkYaomf tmruf'Drsm;url rdrdwdkYudk,fudk
rGwfpvifrsm;[k xifrSwfMuqJ/ tpövmrfbmoma&; tavhtxrsm;
udk vkyfaqmifMuqJyif jzpfonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif trdefYpmtrSwf(20)
(Ordinance XX) t& tpdk;&u tydk'f-298(*)udk jypfrIqkdif&m
Oya'wGif xyfavmif;aygif;xnfhNyD; tmruf'Drsm;udk olwdkYudk,folwkdY
rGwfpvif[kac:jcif;? rGwfpviftjzpf jyKrlaexkdifjcif;? ¤if;wdkY
,HkMunfudk;uG,frItaMumif; a[majymomoemjyKjcif;? tjcm;olrsm;
udk tmruf'Dbmoma&; ,HkMunfrIudk vufcHvmatmif zdwfac:rI?
rGwfpvifrsm;bmoma&;qkdif&m cHpm;csufrsm;udk apmfum;jcif;wkdYudk
wm;jrpfydwfyifcJhonf/
1947ckESpfwGif EkdifiHtaejzifh oD;jcm;cGJxGufvGwfvyfa&;&
vmuwnf;u ygupöwefEkdifiH c&pf,mefbmom0if? [dE´Lbmom
0ifESifh Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;rSmvnf; tMurf;zufrI? zsufqD;rI? rSm;,Gif;
zrf;qD;rIwdkY wpfaeYwpfjcm; ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmNyD; ydkrdkqdk;&Gmaomtajctae
odkY a&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfonf/
,ckb*Fvm;a'h&Sf[laomEdkifiHonf ,cif&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;
pGmu Ak'¨bmom xGef;um;jyefYyGm;cJh&m ae&mXmewpfck jzpfcJhonf/
,cktcg vufusefAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;rSm EkdifiHvlOD;a& 0.7% om
&SdNyD; vsifjrefpGm usqif;vsuf&Sdonf/ (13)&mpk tapmykdif;wGif
tdEd´,EkdifiHudk rGwfpvifrsm; usL;ausmfwkdufcdkufcJhMuonf/ rGwf
pvifrsm;tkyfpdk;rIu [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;ESifh Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;udk

43. aESmifh,SufowfjzwfrIrsm; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jzpfapcJhonf/ ¤if;
bmom0ifrsm; bk&m;ausmif;rsm;? bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;
ta&;ygaomae&mrsm;udk tBuD;tus,f zsufqD;rIwdkY jyKcJhMuonf/
Ak'¨bmom0if&[ef;awmfrsm;udk owfjzwfcJhMuonf/ Ak'¨
bmom0ifrsm;ESifh [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;udk tpövmrfbmomokdY twif;
t"r® ul;ajymif;ap&ef tMurf;zufenf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/
þokdYtMurf;zufowfjzwfrIrcH&bJ toufcsrf;om&m&cJhonfh Ak'¨
bmom0iftrsm;pkrSmvnf; ab;uif;vHkNcHK&m&Sm&if; ppfwaumif;
awmifukef;a'ookdY ajymif;a&TUcJhMuonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQ
tdEd´, (British India) udk vGwfvyfa&;ay;aomtcg rGwfpvif
vlxku udk,fydkifEdkifiH awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/ udk,fydkifEkdifiHudkvnf;
¤if;wdkYudk ay;cJhNyD; ygupöwefEkdifiH[k topfzGJUpnf;cJhonf/
¤if;ygupöwefEkdifiHwGif rkdif(1000)uGma0;aom a'oBuD;ESpfck
yg0icfohJ n/f þEidk iftH opuf kdbmoma&;ouofujfzi hft"ydmÜ , fowf
rSwfNyD; rGwfpvifEdkifiH [líyif orkwfcJhMuonf/ [dE´Lbmom0if?
Ak'¨bmom0ifESifhtjcm; rGwfpvif r[kwfol oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk
ESifxkwfvQif ESifxkwf? ESifrxkwfjzpfvQif owfypfvkdufMuonf/
tdEd´,EkdifiHrS [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;uvnf; rGwfpvifoef;aygif;rsm;pGm
udk ESifxkwfjcif;jzifh wHkYjyefcJhonf/ (1971)ckESpfwGif ta&SUygupöwef
(East Pakistan)u ygupöwef vufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&;udk
wdkufckduf,lcJhonf/
(4) vwm aoG;acsmif;pD;ppfyGJ jzpfyGm;cJhNyD;aemuf ta&SU
ygupöwefonf b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiH [lí jzpfvmcJhonf/ rGwfpvif
ygupöwefEkdifiHom;rsm;u rGwfpvifb*FgvDrsm;tay: vlrsdK;a&;
cGJjcm;rI? vlwGifus,fvkyfrIwdkYaMumifh ppfjzpfyGm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ESpf
zufpvHk;u ppfyGJudk toHk;csí ¤if;y#dyu©ESifhvm;vm;rS rouf
qkdifaom b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiH&Sd [dE´Lbmom0ifESifh Ak'¨bmom0ifoef;
aygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfcJhMuonf/ ,ckvwfwavm tajctaewGif
b*Fvm;a'h&SfvlrsdK;rsm;onf urÇmwGif bmoma&;t& onf;rcHEkdif
qHk;? aygufuGJ tMurf;zufvG,fqHk;aom rGwfpvifrsm; jzpfvmaeMuonf/
Ak'¨bmom0if? [dE´Lbmom0ifESifh c&pf,mefbmom0if
vlenf;pkrsm;rSm tMurf;zufrI? rD;½dIUrI? ajrvkrI? t"r®bmomajymif;
ckdif;rIwdkYudk 'DvdIif;yrm wpfvHk;NyD; wpfvHk; vmt½dkufcHaeMu&&Sm
onf/ rGwfpvifr[kwfolrsm; (rGwfpvifr[kwfaomuav;rsm;tyg
t0if)udk tpövmrfbmom odkYr[kwf rkd[mrufESifhywfoufí a0zef
onf? tremrajymqdkonf[kqkdum vGJrSm;pGmpGyfpGJvsufao'Pfay;cJh
Muonf/ tdEd´,EkdifiHonf rdrdudk,fudkumuG,f&ef b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiH
ESifhpyfaeaom &Snfvsm;onfh e,fedrdwfwpfavQmufwGif rkdifaygif;
(1790) &Snfvsm;aom oHrPdql;BudK;rsm;jzifh cHwyfozG,f um&H
xm;onfh NcHpnf;½dk;udk wnfaqmufxm;NyD; jzpfonf/
&nf&G,fcsufrSm tpövmrftpGef;a&mufrsm;rS tdEd´,vlrsdK;rsm;
tvkyftudkifudk vk,lMurnfh a&TUajymif;tvkyform;rsm;? ]½dk[if
*sm qkdolrsm;} odkYr[kwf tjcm;aomrGwfpvifrsm;wnf;[laom
xdef;rEkdifodrf;r&jzpfonfh vdIif;wHydk;rsm; tdEd´,jynfwGif;odkY r0if
a&mufEkdifapa&; umuG,f&ef jzpfonf/ ¤if;NcHpnf;½dk;onfurÇmht&Snf
vsm;qHk;aom e,ferdwfNcHpnf;½dk;BuD;yif jzpfayonf/ þrnfaom
EdkifiHrsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHwGif okdYr[kwf tjcm;EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHwGif rnf
onfu trSefw&m;jzpfrnf? rnfonfu trSefw&m;jzpfonf[k
rnfodkY tqHk;tjzwfay;Ekdifygrnfenf;/
(rl&if;aqmif;yg;&Sif tar&duef pma&;q&m orkdif;okawoD Rick
Heizman - Organization of Islamic Cooperation –OIC udk
bmomjyef qkdygonf/ bmomjyefqkdol- &J&ifhol&Jaumif;)/ /

44. rsm;jym;pGmaom
vrf;ab;wkdYwGif
vlt½kd;rsm;
jyefYusJaeqJjzpfonf/
xkdvlowfuGif;jyifrsm;wGif
aoG;pGef;ae....

45. Hindu Genocide in East Pakistan By Shrin andan Vyas
þaqmif;yg;onf(1971)ckESpfwGif ta&SUygupöwefü
[dE´Lbmom0if 2.5 oef;cefY tokwfoifcH&rItaMumif;ukd avhvm
wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
þaqmif;yg;onf b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH tpkd;&pDrHudef;Xme?
NAdwefeD;um;pG,fpkHusrf;? txufvTwfawmftrwft,f'Gwfuae'D
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk txufvTwfawmfw&m;pD&ifa&;aumfrwDokdY
tpD&ifcHpm? e,l;0dcfr*¾Zif;? e,l;a,mufwkdif;rfpf owif;pmtp&Sdonf
wdkYu ay;xm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd ukd;um;ygonf/
(1971)ckESpfwGif ta&SUygupöwefü [dE´Lbmom0ifoef;csDum
towfcH&jcif;udk jyo&eftwGuf þowif;tcsuftvufESifhtajccH
*Pef;ocsFmynmwkdYtm; tokH;jyKxm;ygonf/
This article deals with slaughter of about 2.5millon
Hindus in East Pakistan in 1971.This article refers to
information provided by Dept. of Planning of Government to
Bangladesh, Encyclopedia Britannica ,
SentorEdward Kenneydy's report to the U.S.Edward
Kennedy's report to the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee,
Newsweek,New York Times ,etc. This information and
elementary math are used to show that indeed millions of
Hindus were killed in East Pakistan in 1941.
,cifu ta&SUygupöwefjzpfaom b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHwGif
(1971)ckESpf? ppfwyf zdESdyfrIaMumifh 'ku©onf(10)oef; tdEd´,EdkifiH
twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufrI jzpfapcJhonfukd trsm;odMuygonf/ urÇm
ay:wGif us,fus,fjyefYjyefY av;pm;vufcHMuonfh u,fq,fa&;ESifh
owif;Xmersm;u aoqkH;olta&twGufukd (3)oef;[k qdkonf/
okdY&mwGif xkdpm&if;tif;rsm;ukdMunfhvQif ay:vGifxif&Sm;vmonfh
tcsufrSm-ta&SUygupöwef [dE´Lbmom0ifxkBuD;wpfckvkH;onf
(1971)ckESpfu (9)vMum zdESdyfrItwGif;ü ygupöwefppfwyf
ypfrSwfjzpfonfqkdaom tcsufjzpf/
b*Fvm;a'h&Sftpkd;&ESifh tar&dueftpkd;&wdkY xkwfjyefcsuf
rsm;rS &&Sdaompm&if;tif;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKí þaqmif;yg;u b*F
vm;a'h&SfEdkifiHrS 'ku©onfrsm;teuf vlOD;a&(80)%rSm [dE´Lbmom
0ifrsm;jzpfNyD; towfcH&ol(3)oef;teuf (80)%rSmvnf; [dE´L
bmom0ifrsm;yifjzpfaMumif; oufaojyrnf jzpfygonf/ odkYygí(1971)
ckEpS uf ta&SUygupöwefa'owGif jzpfyGm;cJhaomudpö&yfrsm;rSm [dE´L
bmom0if 'ku©onfwdkY jyóemwpfckjzpfNyD; [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;tm;
rsKd;jzKwfowfjzwfrIwpfck jzpfygonf/
NAdwef;eD;um; pG,fpkHusrf; (pm&if;tif;rsm;twGuf)? b*Fvm;
a'&h fS EdkifiHtpkd;&pDrHudef;Xme? e,l;pf0dcfr*¾Zif;? e,l;a,mufwdkif;rfpf
owif;pm? txufvTwfawmftrwft,f'Gwfuae'D tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk txufvTwfawmfw&m;pD&ifa&;aumfrwDodkY tpD&ifcHpm

46. 10 References -Encyclopedia Britannica ,Bangla Desh
Government _ Ministry of Planning (For statistics), Newsweek
,New York Times ,Senator Edward Kennedy's report to the U.S
Senate Judiciary Committee.
ygupöwefEdkifiHwGif (1970)ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif t0grD
tzGJUcsKyfu trwfae&m (169)ae&m teuf (167)udk tEdkif&NyD; ta&SU
ygupöwefa'owGif vlxkrJ (80%)ausmf &&Sdonf/ ocsmFenf;t&
qdkvQif t0grDtzGJUcsKyfonf ygupöweftrsKd;om;nDvmcHwGif trsm;pk
&&Sdonf(pkpkaygif; 313 ae&mwGif 167)/
(1) ordkif;aMumif;t& ta&SUygupöwefonf pkpkaygif;
o,HZmw (36%)udkom cGJa0cHpm;cGifh&SdNyD; ygupöwefjynfaxmifpk
z,f'&,ftpkd;&wGif ae&m(20%)udkom &onf/
(2) vlaygif; (2500000) ausmf aoqkH;cJhaom (1970)
Edk0ifbmvwGif aMumufrufzG,f qdkifuvkH;rkefwdkif;tNyD; ta&SU
ygupöwefa'otay: ygupöweftpkd;& tom;a&mifcGJjcm;rIu
ta&SUygupöwefvlxktm; olpdrf;jyifjyifuJhodkU pdwfcHpm;rIudk jzpfay:
aponf/ ta&SUESifhtaemuf ygupöwefEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tMum;
uGJjym;jcm;em;rIonf tjynfjynfqkdif&m ta&;tcif;wpf&yftjzpfodkY
½kwfjcnf;wdk;wufoGm;cJhonf/ (1971)ckESpf? rwfv (25)&ufaeYwGif
or®w,m,mceftrdefUjzifh ygupöwefppfwyfonf tMurf;zuf
ppfqifa&;wpf&yfudk pwifcJh&m (1971) ckESpf? 'DZifbmv(17)&ufaeY
wGif tdE´d,ppfwyfxH aemufqkH;vufeufcs&onfhtcsdefxd MumjrihfcJhonf/
ygupöwefppfwyf þtMurf;zufrIppfqifa&;u b*F
vm;a'h&Sf 'ku©onf(10)oef;? tdEd´,e,fjcm;udk jzwfausmf0ifa&mufrI
jzpfapcJhNyD; (txufvTwfawmftrwf tuf'Gwfuae'D tar&duef
jynfaxmifpktxufvTwfawmf w&m;pD&ifa&;aumfrwDodkY tpD&ifcHpm
tnTef;-3) u,fq,fa&;Xmetrsm;pk tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh b*Fvm;
a'h&Sftpdk;& w&m;0ifcefYrSef;csuftay: tajccHwGufcsufrIt&
(3)oef; towfcH&aponf/ (tnTef; -4?5)
okdY&mwGif 'ku©onfrsm;ESifhaoqHk;olrsm;tm; rnfonfh
ae&mwGifrQ bmoma&;t& cGJjcm;azmfjyrI r&Sday/ tdEd´,owif;rD'D,m
wdkYrS tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif þodYkaomowif;tcsuftvufrsdK;udk razmfjy
bJ usefae&pfonfudk awGU&onf/ þokdYaom owif;xkwfjyefrIwkdYu
ta&SUygupöwefa'owGif jzpfyGm;cJhonfh [dE´Lbmom0ifwdkYtm; rsdK;jzKwf
owfjzwfrIwnf;[laom ydkrdk,kwfrmaumufuspfaom trSefw&m;udk
a,bk,stm;jzifh urÇmhjrifuGif;rS txl;ojzifh tdEd´,EdkifiHom;wdkY
jrifuGif;rS zHk;uG,fxm;ovdk jzpfaecJhayonf/
[dE´Lbmom0ifwkdYonf ygupöwefppfwyf txl;a&G;cs,f
xm;aom ypfrSwfjzpfonf/ (1971) ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv(1)&uf aeYpGJ
wyfxm;onfh oltpD&ifcHpmtESpfcsKyfwGif txufvTwfawmftrwf
tuf'Gufuae'Du a&;om;xm;onfrSm (tnTef;-6) ]tar&duef

47. jynfaxmifpk uGif;qif;aumuf,laom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;? ra&rwGufEkdif
onfhowif;orm;wdkY udk,fawGUrsufjrifrSwfwrf;rsm;? urÇmhbPf
uJhodkYaom tjynfjynfqkdif&mtzGJUtpnf;rsm; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh
qyfaumfrwDu xyfrHí &&SdorQ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; tm;vHk;
wdkYu ta&SUba*Fg(ta&SUygupöwef)ukd qGJn§pfcsKyfudkifaeaom taMumuf
w&m;vTrf;rdk;apjcif;jzifh tkyfpdk;rIudk oufaojyrSwfwrf;jyKvQuf&Sdonf/
tjyif;xefqHk;xdcdkuf&olwdkYrSm [dE´LvlUtokduft0ef;0ifrsm;
jzpfayonf/ olwdkY ajr,mrsm;ESifh aps;qkdifae&mrsm; vk,uf
odrf;ydkufcH&onf/ pepfwusowfjzwfokwfoifjcif; cH&onf/ tcsdKU
ae&mrsm;ü ([dE´L twdkaumuf) ]tdyfcsf} trSwftom;udk t0ga&mif
aq;jzifh a&;cs,fxm;cJhMuonf/ ppfOay'udk taMumif;jyKí þ
vkyf&yftm;vHk;udk (ygupöwefEkdifiHNrdKUawmf) tpövmrfbufrSw&m;
0ifcGifhjyKjcif;? trdefYay;jcif;ESifh pDrHaqmif&Gufjcif;jyKonf/
(vlowfuGif;rsm;pmtkyfa&;ol) ylvpfZmqk&Sifowif;orm;
qpf'eD&Sef;b*fonf (1971)ckESpf ppfwyfzdESdyfrIumvESifh (1971)
ckESpf b*Fvm;a'h&SfppfyGJ umvtwGif;wGif e,l;a,mufwkdif;rf
owif;pm (ta&SUb*Fvm; NrdKUawmf) 'gumNrdKUtajcpdkuf owif;
axmufjzpfonf/ ol rlydkifowif; ]epfqif rjrifcsifa,mifaqmif
aeaom ygupöwefokwfoifrIBuD;} wGif rpöwm&Sef;bwfu a&;om;
xm;onfrSm ]ppfudk uRefawmfBuHKcJhNyD; tdEd´,ppfom;rsm;udk vGwf
ajrmufa&;twGuf u,fwif&Sifrsm;tjzpf vlxk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;
omBudKqkdrIukd udk,fwkdif jrifawGUcGifh&cJhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif EkdifiH
tESHYudk vrf;&Sdoí vSnfhvnfMunfh½Iaomtcg ygupöwefwdkY
orkdif;wGifrnfhvkyf&yfrsm;udk vwfvwfqwfqwfBuD; awGU&awmh
onf/ wpfNrdKUNyD; wpfNrdKUawGU&onfrSm vSHpGyfrsm;? usnfqHrsm;ESifh
wif;ykwfwdkYjzifh vlrsm;udk owfjzwfcJhaom okwfoifowfjzwfonfh
ae&mrsm; jzpfonf/ tcsdKUNrdKUrsm;wGif okwfoifowfjzwfrIrsm;udk
aeYpOf tpDtpOfjzifh jyKvkyfcJhonf/
xdktcsdefonf ppfNyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf wpfvtMum (1972)
ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif jzpfonf/ rsm;jym;pGmaomvrf;ab;wkdYwGif
vlt½kd;rsm; jyefYusJaeqJ jzpfonf/ xkdvlowfuGif;jyifrsm;wGif
aoG;pGef;aeaomt0wfrsm;? vlwkdYqHyifaxG;rsm;rSm NcHKykwfrsm;ü
NidwG,fvQuf&Sdaeayao;onf/ em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifpGrf; enf;
yg;ao;aomi,f&G,fvSonfh uav;i,frsm;onf t½dk;acgif;rsm;jzifh
twkjrif twwfoifum pdwful;,Ofupm;enf;rsm;udk upm;vsuf
&dSMuonf/ tjcm;usef&pfaomtrSwftom;wdkYrSm rGwfpvifppfwyf
txl;jyK ypfrSwfrsm;jzpfaom [dE´Lbmom0ifwkdY aetdrfrsm;wGif
ygupöwefwkdYu a&;okwfcJhaom t0ga&mif ]tdyfcsf}pmvHk;rsm; jzpf
onf/ (tnTef;-7)
wpfcku (1971)ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv(1)&ufaeY rwkdifrDjzpfNyD;
tjcm;wpfcku (1972) ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dvu jzpfonfh vGwfvyfaom
avhvmcsufESpfcku ta&SUygupöwefa'orS [dE´Lbmom0ifwdkY

48. tdrfrsm;udk t0ga&mif ]tdyfcsf} pmvHk;rsm;jzifh trSwftom;jyKcJhMuNyD;
[dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;onf ygupöwefppfwyf txl;jyK ypfrSwfjzpf
aMumif; twnfjyKxm;ayonf/ tajctaerSm (1939)ckESpfrS
(1944)ckESpftxd emZDwdkYu *sL;vlrsdK;wdkYtm; ypfrSwfxm;vsuf
ESdyfuGyfrIESifh rarQmfvifhbJ qifwlaeaMumif;awGU&NyD; &v'frSmvnf;
qifwlaeayonf/
b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHrS 'ku©onftrsm;pkrSm [dE´Lbmom0if
rsm; jzpfonf/ txufvTwfawmftrwftuf'Gyfuae'Du ol
tpD&ifcHpmwGif (1971)ckESpf? b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHrS xGufvmaom
'ku©onfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí atmufygtwkdif; tao;pdwf tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ (1971)ckESpf atmufwkdbm (25)
&ufaeYwGif ta&SUygupöwefa'orS 'ku©onf(9.5)oef; tdEd´,
EkdifiHokdY jzwfausmf0ifa&mufcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ (1971)ckESpf atmuf
wkdbmvwGif ysrf;rQvl0ifEIef;rSm wpf&ufvQif 'ku©onf 106453
OD; jzpfonf/ (tnTef;-3) xkdYaMumifh (1971)ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (3)
&ufwGif jzpfyGm;aom b*Fvm;a'h&fSppfyGJtpü pkpkaygif; 'ku©onf
ta&twGufrSm (10)oef;cefY jzpfonf/ (tnTef;-5)
txufvTwfawmftrwfuae'Du xyfrHí azmfjyonfrSm
tdEd´,tpdk;&onf tqifajyaomae&mrsm;ü [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;ESifh
rGwfpvifrsm;twGuf oD;jcm;'ku©onfpcef;rsm; wnfaxmifay;xm;
&m [dE´L'ku©onfpcef;rsm;onf [dE´Lbmom0if trsm;pk&Sd&ma'o
rsm;ü wnf&SdNyD; tvm;wlyif rGwfpvifpcef;rsm;onf rGwfpvif
trsm;pk&Sd&ma'orsm;wGif wnf&dSonf/ 'ku©onfwdkY todkuft0ef;
tvkdufudk,fpm;jyKrIrSm [dE´Lbmom0if (80%)? rGwfpvif(15%)
ESifh c&pf,mefbmom0ifESifh tjcm;olrsm;(5%)jzpfonf/ (tnTef;-8)
þtcsufu 'ku©onf (10)oef;teuf (8)oef;onf
[dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;jzpfonf[k qkdvkdayonf/ (tnTef;-8)
þtcsufudk axmufcHaomtjcm;tcsufrSm txufvTwf
awmftrwf uae'Du 'ku©onfpcef;rsm; wm0efcHu,fq,fa&;
t&m&Sd tBuD;tuJrsm;pGmtm; rnfonhft&monf csufcsif; tvdktyf
qHk;jzpfonfudk ar;jref;aomtcg olwdkYajzqkdcsufu ]rD;oN*dKvf&ef
ae&mrsm;}[lí jzpfonf/ ([dE´Lbmom0ifrsm; aoqHk;aomfrD;oN*dKvf
avh&Sdonf)/
aysmufqHk;aeaom[dE´L bmom0if2.5 oef;? tzGJUtpnf;
trsm;tjym;u ygupöwefppfwyf vlrqefaomzdESdyfrIonf
b*FgvD(3)oef;ukd owfjzwfypfcJhaMumif; jyqkdMuonf/ þcefYrSef;
csufudk b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHtpdk;&uyif ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ (tnTef;
-5) okdY&mwGif udk;uG,f&mbmomtvkduf aoqHk;olwdkYtm; cGJjcm;&ef
rSm tvG,fwul rjzpfEkdifay/
( Burma Democratic Concern (BDC)) wGif azmfjyxm;aom
bmomjyefaqmif;yg;tm; aumufEkwfazmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf/-zsmyHke'D)

49. olr vufonf;udk
teDa&mifjc,forItwGuf
tif;qufydk;rTm;awG
xnfhxm;aomtdwfxJodkY
olrvufudk xnfhNyD;
'Pfay;wm....

50. olronf rsufESmzHk;pGyfudk cRwf&efqHk;jzwfvkdufonfhtwGuf
tpGef;a&muftpövmrfrpfaumifpDtzGJU owfjzwf&ef Ncdrf;ajcmufrI
awGudk cH&ygw,f/ wu,fawmh olr av;ESpft&G,fuwnf;u
rdcifjzpfolu t"r® twif;tusyf 0wfckdif;ojzifhom 0wfqifae&
wmjzpfNyD; rdrdoabmt& pdwfBudKufvGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fxm;aom
udpör[kwfyg/
olronf &Jpcef;okdYoGm;NyD; acgif;NcHKvTmonf rdcif
qHk;jzwfcsufomjzpfNyD; rdrdqHk;jzwfcsuf r[kwfyg/ acgif;pGyfcRwf
vkduf&ojzifh rdrdb0wpfavQmufwGif vGwfvyfrIudk yxrOD;qHk;
tBudrf cHpm;vkduf&ygonf[k aMunmcJhygonf/ ¤if;tjyif tmPm
ykdifawGESifh ukd&rf&fusrf;pmwGif b,fae&mwGifrS
acgif;NcHKvTrf;xm;&ef nTefMum;csuftykd'f
wpfydk'fyif r&Sd[k jiif;qdk axmuf
jycJhygonf/ onfhtwGuf
olr vlrItodkif;t0ef;wGif
vnf; tBuD;tus,f a0zef
cH&ygonf/ orl zciuf
olUtdrfukdcJrsm;ESifh vma&muf
ypfayguf wdkufcdkufcJhygonf/
(Oya'u cGifhjyKxm;avvm;? 'gu
a&m tMurf;zufrIvkdURubby mirror wdkY
½HIUcsEkdifMurvm;)/
ukvor*¾vufatmufcH
vlU tcGifhta&;tzGJU (WFUNA)
tzGJUwGif vkyftm;ay;aeaom olru acgif;NcHKvTmonf tpövmrf
ray:xGef;rDuwnf;u (tpövmrfbmomonf c&pfouú&mZf 600
ausmfwGif pwif ay:xGef;ygonf) tm&yfa,mufsm;? rdef;rrsm;u
&moDOwktajctaet& 0wfqifcJhaom a&S;"avh0wfpm;qif,ifrIom
jzpfygonf/ tpövmrftrsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;twGuf avhvmrIrsm;
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