23-25 November 2016, Thailand - A centerpiece of the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans Programme (NAP-Ag) in Thailand is its support to develop a new five-year Strategy on Climate Change in Agriculture (2017-2021). This is spearheaded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC) and its Office of Agriculture Economics (OAE). The strategy was unveiled after a series of meetings by a Technical Working Group at a three-day workshop held on 23-25 November 2016 in Bangkok, organized by UNDP.
Over 60 participants from each MOAC line department and 10 participants from academia and civil society were briefed by the Office of the Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP) and GIZ on the status of the National Adaption Plan (NAP) and learned how NAP-Ag programme efforts could support a broader NAP process and align with the Sector Plan. The new strategy focuses on improving evidence and data for informing policy choices, building the capacity of farmers and agri-businesses to adapt, promoting low-carbon development and productivity growth in the sector, and building institutional and managerial capacities to cope with climate change impacts.
Thailand UNDP-GIZ workshop on CBA - A review of conduction cost-benefit analysisUNDP Climate
Thailand, 27-28 November 2017 - UNDP and GIZ partnered with the Thailand Office of Agriculture Economics (OAE) to launch a workshop designed to connect vital stakeholders to build an effective National Adaptation Plan.
The two-day workshop at the Rama Garden Hotel had 20 participants from each department under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC). The workshop was designed to build capacity of planning officers to formulate better projects and budget submissions as well as potential climate finance proposal using cost-benefit analysis and ecosystem-based analysis appraisal tools.
The preparation for the new international climate agreement has advanced national policy making even before the agreement is adopted. NewClimate Institute assessed the extent to which preparation of intended nationally determined contributions has catalyzed enhanced national climate change mitigation capacity and action. Results showed that preparation increased priority of climate change, mainstreaming in sectoral plans, and inter-ministerial coordination. However, challenges remain in assessing technical options, impacts, and finance needs.
NAP Training Viet Nam - Cost Benefit Analysis and Development Adaptation OptionsUNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
Thailand UNDP-GIZ workshop on CBA - Enhancing resilience in Thailand through ...UNDP Climate
Thailand, 27-28 November 2017 - UNDP and GIZ partnered with the Thailand Office of Agriculture Economics (OAE) to launch a workshop designed to connect vital stakeholders to build an effective National Adaptation Plan.
The two-day workshop at the Rama Garden Hotel had 20 participants from each department under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC). The workshop was designed to build capacity of planning officers to formulate better projects and budget submissions as well as potential climate finance proposal using cost-benefit analysis and ecosystem-based analysis appraisal tools.
Thailand UNDP-GIZ workshop on CBA - Appraisal outcomesUNDP Climate
The document discusses mainstreaming climate change objectives into sectoral programs and projects in Thailand. It provides an overview of Thailand's climate policy direction and challenges in integrating climate change fully. It then outlines a key stage approach for designing and retooling programs and projects using climate change appraisal methods like cost-benefit analysis to develop budget and financial proposals. The document also presents a case study of applying these methods to the design of a flood management infrastructure program in the Chao Phraya River Basin. It analyzes costs and benefits with and without considering climate change impacts and risks. The analysis finds greater economic benefits when factoring in climate change and helps justify related investments.
Pathways used by the SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative) aim to steer voluntary climate action and contribute to achieving the 1.5°C objective of the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), reaching net-zero CO2 emissions at the global level by 2050 and net-zero GHG emissions in 2050 or later. In aggregate, 1.5ºCaligned pathways used by the SBTi stay within a 500 GT carbon budget under the assumption of about 20-40 GT of cumulative CO 2 removal by 2050.
Preparation of first NDCs kick-started national mitigation policy process, bu...NewClimate Institute
Frauke Röser, Niklas Höhne and Thomas Day presented on "Preparation of first NDCs kick-started national mitigation policy process, but momentum needs to be maintained", at the "Making climate action more transparent and ambitious" side event at COP24 in December 2018.
Niklas Höhne from NewClimate Institute presents at the 19th Annual Chatham House Climate Change Conference on Climate Change 2015: Building Agreement Towards 2°C, Paris and Beyond.
Thailand UNDP-GIZ workshop on CBA - A review of conduction cost-benefit analysisUNDP Climate
Thailand, 27-28 November 2017 - UNDP and GIZ partnered with the Thailand Office of Agriculture Economics (OAE) to launch a workshop designed to connect vital stakeholders to build an effective National Adaptation Plan.
The two-day workshop at the Rama Garden Hotel had 20 participants from each department under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC). The workshop was designed to build capacity of planning officers to formulate better projects and budget submissions as well as potential climate finance proposal using cost-benefit analysis and ecosystem-based analysis appraisal tools.
The preparation for the new international climate agreement has advanced national policy making even before the agreement is adopted. NewClimate Institute assessed the extent to which preparation of intended nationally determined contributions has catalyzed enhanced national climate change mitigation capacity and action. Results showed that preparation increased priority of climate change, mainstreaming in sectoral plans, and inter-ministerial coordination. However, challenges remain in assessing technical options, impacts, and finance needs.
NAP Training Viet Nam - Cost Benefit Analysis and Development Adaptation OptionsUNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
Thailand UNDP-GIZ workshop on CBA - Enhancing resilience in Thailand through ...UNDP Climate
Thailand, 27-28 November 2017 - UNDP and GIZ partnered with the Thailand Office of Agriculture Economics (OAE) to launch a workshop designed to connect vital stakeholders to build an effective National Adaptation Plan.
The two-day workshop at the Rama Garden Hotel had 20 participants from each department under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC). The workshop was designed to build capacity of planning officers to formulate better projects and budget submissions as well as potential climate finance proposal using cost-benefit analysis and ecosystem-based analysis appraisal tools.
Thailand UNDP-GIZ workshop on CBA - Appraisal outcomesUNDP Climate
The document discusses mainstreaming climate change objectives into sectoral programs and projects in Thailand. It provides an overview of Thailand's climate policy direction and challenges in integrating climate change fully. It then outlines a key stage approach for designing and retooling programs and projects using climate change appraisal methods like cost-benefit analysis to develop budget and financial proposals. The document also presents a case study of applying these methods to the design of a flood management infrastructure program in the Chao Phraya River Basin. It analyzes costs and benefits with and without considering climate change impacts and risks. The analysis finds greater economic benefits when factoring in climate change and helps justify related investments.
Pathways used by the SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative) aim to steer voluntary climate action and contribute to achieving the 1.5°C objective of the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), reaching net-zero CO2 emissions at the global level by 2050 and net-zero GHG emissions in 2050 or later. In aggregate, 1.5ºCaligned pathways used by the SBTi stay within a 500 GT carbon budget under the assumption of about 20-40 GT of cumulative CO 2 removal by 2050.
Preparation of first NDCs kick-started national mitigation policy process, bu...NewClimate Institute
Frauke Röser, Niklas Höhne and Thomas Day presented on "Preparation of first NDCs kick-started national mitigation policy process, but momentum needs to be maintained", at the "Making climate action more transparent and ambitious" side event at COP24 in December 2018.
Niklas Höhne from NewClimate Institute presents at the 19th Annual Chatham House Climate Change Conference on Climate Change 2015: Building Agreement Towards 2°C, Paris and Beyond.
Thailand UNDP-GIZ workshop on CBA - Effective water management and sustainabl...UNDP Climate
Thailand, 27-28 November 2017 - UNDP and GIZ partnered with the Thailand Office of Agriculture Economics (OAE) to launch a workshop designed to connect vital stakeholders to build an effective National Adaptation Plan.
The two-day workshop at the Rama Garden Hotel had 20 participants from each department under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC). The workshop was designed to build capacity of planning officers to formulate better projects and budget submissions as well as potential climate finance proposal using cost-benefit analysis and ecosystem-based analysis appraisal tools.
Niklas Höhne from NewClimate Institute presents at a lunch event hosted by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) at the margins of the UNFCCC ADP negotiations on the development of 2°C compatible investment criteria.
Carsten Warnecke presented on "The role of offsetting in ambition raising and net-zero" at the 20th IEA-IETA-EPRI GHG Trading Workshop (Panel 6: Role of carbon markets in reaching net zero) in October 2020.
Niklas Höhne presented on "Implementation challenges of 1.5°C pathways" at the side event "Emerging Science of 1.5°C: Mitigation Pathways to Paris" at COP24 in December 2018.
This document compares countries' climate action plans and policies using multiple approaches:
1) Comparing emission reduction targets to macroeconomic indicators and calculations of countries' fair share of emission reductions.
2) Assessing countries' policies across sectors like power, industry, transport, and agriculture against best practice policies.
3) Rating countries' climate policy packages based on the scope and strength of policies like carbon pricing, renewable energy support and fossil fuel subsidy phase outs.
The document finds that while current country plans will still lead to over 2°C of warming, more ambitious action closing the emissions gap by 20-34% could limit warming to below 2°C. It advocates using multiple complementary approaches to evaluate and compare countries'
Cost benefit analysis in policy making ta 181113Tera Allas
The document discusses using cost-benefit analysis in policy making. It outlines the overall policy making process and how cost-benefit analysis can inform it. It notes that policy makers consider multiple objectives like economic efficiency, public acceptance, and fairness. While cost-benefit analysis focuses on economic welfare, other decision making criteria like financial, social, and legal factors also play a role. The document provides examples of how cost-benefit analysis frameworks are used to assess different policy options and quantify their costs and benefits.
Opportunities for impact evaluation in the NAP processFAO
This document discusses how impact evaluation techniques can help countries in their National Adaptation Plan (NAP) processes in two key ways:
1) Estimating the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture using the Ricardian technique, which relates farm profits to climate data to quantify damage from climate change and help identify potential adaptations.
2) Estimating the impacts of specific adaptation options using experimental and quasi-experimental techniques to scientifically test which options are effective, informing the selection and improvement of adaptations.
Technical expertise is needed to apply these impact evaluation methods, which can address several elements of the NAP process, including assessing vulnerabilities, reviewing adaptations, prioritizing strategies, and monitoring progress.
Offsetting emissions under CORSIA - Analysing the potential supply of creditsNewClimate Institute
Carsten Warnecke presented on "Offsetting emissions under CORSIA - Analysing the potential supply of credits" at the Innovate4Climate conference in June 2019
Aki Kachi presented on "Current trends in green recovery measures" at the "Landscape of climate finance: From supporting recovery globally to recent advances in the CEE region" Workshop. The event was organized within the framework of the EUKI-supported project “Landscape of Climate Finance: Promoting debate on climate finance flows in Central Europe”, jointly implemented by I4CE, NewClimate Institute and WiseEuropa.
NAP Training Viet Nam - Mainstreaming Climate Change and Public Expenditures ...UNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
OECD Green Talks LIVE - Financing Climate FuturesOECD Environment
Infrastructure worldwide has suffered from chronic under-investment for decades and currently makes up more than 60% of greenhouse gas emissions. A deep transformation of existing infrastructure systems is needed for both climate and development, one that includes systemic conceptual and behavioural changes in the ways in which we manage and govern our societies and economies. The OECD, UN Environment and the World Bank Group “Financing Climate Futures: Rethinking Infrastructure” initiative focuses on how governments can move beyond the current incremental approach to climate action and more effectively align financial flows with climate and development priorities.
On 29 November 2018, Rodolfo Lacy, Anthony Cox and Virginie Marchal of the OECD Environment Directorate, along with Dorothée Allain-Dupré of the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities and Richard Baron from the 2050 Pathways Platform presented and discussed key findings from the report during a Green Talks LIVE webinar.
Cost-benefit analysis for climate change adaptation policies in agricultureFAO
This document discusses benefit-cost analysis (BCA) for climate change adaptation policies in agriculture. It explains that BCA is an ex-ante methodology used to efficiently allocate scarce resources by identifying solutions that minimize costs or maximize benefits. The document outlines the basic steps of a BCA, which include specifying alternative projects, identifying impacted groups, quantifying and monetizing impacts over time, discounting values, and calculating net present values. It provides an example of applying BCA to the "Enhancing the Resilience of Agro-ecological Systems" project in Malawi, finding an internal rate of return of 27.5% and a positive net present value.
Building Institutional Capacity in Thailand to Design and Implement Climate P...UNDP Climate
23-25 November 2016, Thailand - A centerpiece of the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans Programme (NAP-Ag) in Thailand is its support to develop a new five-year Strategy on Climate Change in Agriculture (2017-2021). This is spearheaded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC) and its Office of Agriculture Economics (OAE). The strategy was unveiled after a series of meetings by a Technical Working Group at a three-day workshop held on 23-25 November 2016 in Bangkok, organized by UNDP. Over 60 participants from each MOAC line department and 10 participants from academia and civil society were briefed by the Office of the Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP) and GIZ on the status of the National Adaption Plan (NAP) and learned how NAP-Ag programme efforts could support a broader NAP process and align with the Sector Plan. The new strategy focuses on improving evidence and data for informing policy choices, building the capacity of farmers and agri-businesses to adapt, promoting low-carbon development and productivity growth in the sector, and building institutional and managerial capacities to cope with climate change impacts.
NAP Process in Togo: Experience Intergrating Adaptation Into Planning and Bud...NAP Global Network
Togo has initiated a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process since 2014 with support from GIZ to integrate climate change adaptation into planning and budgeting. An intersectoral committee oversees the process, chaired by the Ministry of Planning and co-chaired by the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources. Current work focuses on developing the NAP process, mainstreaming adaptation into policies and programs like agriculture, and drafting a NAP document by 2016. Challenges include maintaining coordination, scaling to more sectors, mobilizing domestic resources, and obtaining external finance. Next steps involve drafting the NAP reference document, training, developing financing and implementation strategies, and monitoring sectors' adaptation actions.
This document discusses mainstreaming climate change adaptation through financing frameworks. It notes the large estimated costs of adaptation versus available climate funds. Countries must integrate climate change into national budgets and planning to address this gap. The adaptation gap is defined as climate damage not addressed by current and projected adaptation levels, as a percentage of total potential damage. Financing frameworks can support National Adaptation Plans by prioritizing adaptation, developing long-term strategies, building capacity, and coordinating monitoring and review of public expenditure and the adaptation gap over time. An online course is proposed to teach these concepts and tools to policymakers and planners.
Niklas Höhne presented on "Brown to Green Report 2018", at the "The Emissions Gap and the Brown to Green report – How do we enhance ambition and accelerate action?" side event at COP24 in December 2018.
The document discusses key messages around pursuing a green recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. It emphasizes the importance of resilience, sustainable finance, multilateralism, and harnessing investment in the green sector to create jobs. It also highlights the role of environmental health in public health. The document reviews lessons learned from green stimulus programs during the 2008 financial crisis, including the importance of monitoring and evaluation to ensure green recovery measures reduce emissions while supporting growth. It outlines next steps like refining a green recovery database and providing policy guidance to support countries in building climate and economic resilience during the low-carbon transition.
An Economic View of Environmental ProtectioneAmbiente
Robert N. Stavins
Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Conference on Sustainability in Manufacturing
Assoreca and the Green Economy Network
Assolombarda Auditorium, Milano
November 20, 2014
Thailand UNDP-GIZ workshop on CBA - Effective water management and sustainabl...UNDP Climate
Thailand, 27-28 November 2017 - UNDP and GIZ partnered with the Thailand Office of Agriculture Economics (OAE) to launch a workshop designed to connect vital stakeholders to build an effective National Adaptation Plan.
The two-day workshop at the Rama Garden Hotel had 20 participants from each department under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC). The workshop was designed to build capacity of planning officers to formulate better projects and budget submissions as well as potential climate finance proposal using cost-benefit analysis and ecosystem-based analysis appraisal tools.
Niklas Höhne from NewClimate Institute presents at a lunch event hosted by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) at the margins of the UNFCCC ADP negotiations on the development of 2°C compatible investment criteria.
Carsten Warnecke presented on "The role of offsetting in ambition raising and net-zero" at the 20th IEA-IETA-EPRI GHG Trading Workshop (Panel 6: Role of carbon markets in reaching net zero) in October 2020.
Niklas Höhne presented on "Implementation challenges of 1.5°C pathways" at the side event "Emerging Science of 1.5°C: Mitigation Pathways to Paris" at COP24 in December 2018.
This document compares countries' climate action plans and policies using multiple approaches:
1) Comparing emission reduction targets to macroeconomic indicators and calculations of countries' fair share of emission reductions.
2) Assessing countries' policies across sectors like power, industry, transport, and agriculture against best practice policies.
3) Rating countries' climate policy packages based on the scope and strength of policies like carbon pricing, renewable energy support and fossil fuel subsidy phase outs.
The document finds that while current country plans will still lead to over 2°C of warming, more ambitious action closing the emissions gap by 20-34% could limit warming to below 2°C. It advocates using multiple complementary approaches to evaluate and compare countries'
Cost benefit analysis in policy making ta 181113Tera Allas
The document discusses using cost-benefit analysis in policy making. It outlines the overall policy making process and how cost-benefit analysis can inform it. It notes that policy makers consider multiple objectives like economic efficiency, public acceptance, and fairness. While cost-benefit analysis focuses on economic welfare, other decision making criteria like financial, social, and legal factors also play a role. The document provides examples of how cost-benefit analysis frameworks are used to assess different policy options and quantify their costs and benefits.
Opportunities for impact evaluation in the NAP processFAO
This document discusses how impact evaluation techniques can help countries in their National Adaptation Plan (NAP) processes in two key ways:
1) Estimating the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture using the Ricardian technique, which relates farm profits to climate data to quantify damage from climate change and help identify potential adaptations.
2) Estimating the impacts of specific adaptation options using experimental and quasi-experimental techniques to scientifically test which options are effective, informing the selection and improvement of adaptations.
Technical expertise is needed to apply these impact evaluation methods, which can address several elements of the NAP process, including assessing vulnerabilities, reviewing adaptations, prioritizing strategies, and monitoring progress.
Offsetting emissions under CORSIA - Analysing the potential supply of creditsNewClimate Institute
Carsten Warnecke presented on "Offsetting emissions under CORSIA - Analysing the potential supply of credits" at the Innovate4Climate conference in June 2019
Aki Kachi presented on "Current trends in green recovery measures" at the "Landscape of climate finance: From supporting recovery globally to recent advances in the CEE region" Workshop. The event was organized within the framework of the EUKI-supported project “Landscape of Climate Finance: Promoting debate on climate finance flows in Central Europe”, jointly implemented by I4CE, NewClimate Institute and WiseEuropa.
NAP Training Viet Nam - Mainstreaming Climate Change and Public Expenditures ...UNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
OECD Green Talks LIVE - Financing Climate FuturesOECD Environment
Infrastructure worldwide has suffered from chronic under-investment for decades and currently makes up more than 60% of greenhouse gas emissions. A deep transformation of existing infrastructure systems is needed for both climate and development, one that includes systemic conceptual and behavioural changes in the ways in which we manage and govern our societies and economies. The OECD, UN Environment and the World Bank Group “Financing Climate Futures: Rethinking Infrastructure” initiative focuses on how governments can move beyond the current incremental approach to climate action and more effectively align financial flows with climate and development priorities.
On 29 November 2018, Rodolfo Lacy, Anthony Cox and Virginie Marchal of the OECD Environment Directorate, along with Dorothée Allain-Dupré of the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities and Richard Baron from the 2050 Pathways Platform presented and discussed key findings from the report during a Green Talks LIVE webinar.
Cost-benefit analysis for climate change adaptation policies in agricultureFAO
This document discusses benefit-cost analysis (BCA) for climate change adaptation policies in agriculture. It explains that BCA is an ex-ante methodology used to efficiently allocate scarce resources by identifying solutions that minimize costs or maximize benefits. The document outlines the basic steps of a BCA, which include specifying alternative projects, identifying impacted groups, quantifying and monetizing impacts over time, discounting values, and calculating net present values. It provides an example of applying BCA to the "Enhancing the Resilience of Agro-ecological Systems" project in Malawi, finding an internal rate of return of 27.5% and a positive net present value.
Building Institutional Capacity in Thailand to Design and Implement Climate P...UNDP Climate
23-25 November 2016, Thailand - A centerpiece of the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans Programme (NAP-Ag) in Thailand is its support to develop a new five-year Strategy on Climate Change in Agriculture (2017-2021). This is spearheaded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC) and its Office of Agriculture Economics (OAE). The strategy was unveiled after a series of meetings by a Technical Working Group at a three-day workshop held on 23-25 November 2016 in Bangkok, organized by UNDP. Over 60 participants from each MOAC line department and 10 participants from academia and civil society were briefed by the Office of the Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP) and GIZ on the status of the National Adaption Plan (NAP) and learned how NAP-Ag programme efforts could support a broader NAP process and align with the Sector Plan. The new strategy focuses on improving evidence and data for informing policy choices, building the capacity of farmers and agri-businesses to adapt, promoting low-carbon development and productivity growth in the sector, and building institutional and managerial capacities to cope with climate change impacts.
NAP Process in Togo: Experience Intergrating Adaptation Into Planning and Bud...NAP Global Network
Togo has initiated a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process since 2014 with support from GIZ to integrate climate change adaptation into planning and budgeting. An intersectoral committee oversees the process, chaired by the Ministry of Planning and co-chaired by the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources. Current work focuses on developing the NAP process, mainstreaming adaptation into policies and programs like agriculture, and drafting a NAP document by 2016. Challenges include maintaining coordination, scaling to more sectors, mobilizing domestic resources, and obtaining external finance. Next steps involve drafting the NAP reference document, training, developing financing and implementation strategies, and monitoring sectors' adaptation actions.
This document discusses mainstreaming climate change adaptation through financing frameworks. It notes the large estimated costs of adaptation versus available climate funds. Countries must integrate climate change into national budgets and planning to address this gap. The adaptation gap is defined as climate damage not addressed by current and projected adaptation levels, as a percentage of total potential damage. Financing frameworks can support National Adaptation Plans by prioritizing adaptation, developing long-term strategies, building capacity, and coordinating monitoring and review of public expenditure and the adaptation gap over time. An online course is proposed to teach these concepts and tools to policymakers and planners.
Niklas Höhne presented on "Brown to Green Report 2018", at the "The Emissions Gap and the Brown to Green report – How do we enhance ambition and accelerate action?" side event at COP24 in December 2018.
The document discusses key messages around pursuing a green recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. It emphasizes the importance of resilience, sustainable finance, multilateralism, and harnessing investment in the green sector to create jobs. It also highlights the role of environmental health in public health. The document reviews lessons learned from green stimulus programs during the 2008 financial crisis, including the importance of monitoring and evaluation to ensure green recovery measures reduce emissions while supporting growth. It outlines next steps like refining a green recovery database and providing policy guidance to support countries in building climate and economic resilience during the low-carbon transition.
An Economic View of Environmental ProtectioneAmbiente
Robert N. Stavins
Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Conference on Sustainability in Manufacturing
Assoreca and the Green Economy Network
Assolombarda Auditorium, Milano
November 20, 2014
11/2014convegno su Green Economy e industria manifatturiera in Italia. Presen...Gabriella Foglio
Eccellente inquadramento della problematica "Sviluppo economico e protezione ambientale" da parte del Prof. Stavins/Harvard University. Uomo simpatico oltre che acuto
OECD Green Talks LIVE: Moving the world economy to net zero: the role of tran...OECD Environment
To meet the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement, decarbonisation measures will need to be financed across all sectors of the economy — most importantly in energy-intensive and hard-to-abate sectors in emerging markets and developing economies. As governments and the private sector ramp up their net-zero pledges, grapple with the ongoing energy crisis and face rising inflation, how to achieve those goals is increasingly put into question.
In the midst of these challenges, market actors and jurisdictions have ramped up efforts around transition finance, such as developing taxonomies and guidelines. But transition finance is often criticised for opening the door to greenwashing and risking emission-intensive lock-in. How can we ensure the development of robust corporate transition plans to support credible and meaningful transition investments towards net zero? And how can emission-intensive lock-in and greenwashing be avoided?
Experts on transition finance and transition planning will present and discuss their importance for moving to net-zero pathways in hard-to-abate sectors and emerging markets and developing economies, as well as outstanding challenges in this space. The presentation will draw from the recent report OECD Guidance on Transition Finance: Ensuring Credibility of Corporate Climate Transition Plans (Find the report here: https://oe.cd/transition-fin), which proposes 10 key elements to help corporates in developing transition plans, financiers to identify credible investment opportunities, and policymakers to develop strong policy frameworks.
More information: https://www.oecd.org/env/green-talks-live.htm
Findings - A glance on mitigation in the report of IPCC-WGIII AR5Jesbin Baidya
The document summarizes key findings from the Working Group III contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on mitigation of climate change. It finds that greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise despite some reduction efforts. Without more mitigation actions, global temperatures are projected to increase 3.7-4.8°C by 2100. Effective mitigation requires changes across all sectors of the economy and large shifts in investment. International cooperation is also essential for significantly reducing climate change impacts given the global nature of the problem.
Findings - A glance on mitigation in the report of IPCC-WGIII AR5ipcc-media
The document summarizes key findings from the Working Group III contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on mitigation of climate change. It finds that greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise despite some reduction efforts. Without more mitigation actions, global temperatures are projected to increase 3.7-4.8°C by 2100. Effective mitigation requires changes across all sectors of the economy and large shifts in investment. International cooperation is also essential for significantly reducing climate change impacts given the global nature of the problem.
CCXG Global Forum March 2018, Climate, Growth and Infrastructure: Where to fr...OECD Environment
1) Boosting economic growth does not require locking the world into a high-emissions future if pro-growth reforms are combined with coherent climate policy and alignment across the economy.
2) More ambitious climate policies will not harm growth and the combined actions of climate policies and economic reform still deliver net GDP increase in the long run.
3) Getting investment flowing into climate solutions requires a 10% increase in infrastructure spending, offset by $1.6 trillion in annual fossil fuel savings, to achieve a well-below 2 degree scenario.
CCXG Global Forum March 2018, Climate, Growth and Infrastructure:Where to fr...OECD Environment
1) Boosting economic growth does not require locking the world into a high-emissions future if pro-growth reforms are combined with coherent climate policy and alignment across the economy.
2) More ambitious climate policies will not harm growth and the combined actions of climate policies and economic reform still deliver net GDP increase in the long run.
3) Getting investment flowing into infrastructure for a low-carbon future requires a 10% increase in spending, offset by $1.6 trillion in annual fossil fuel savings, to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement.
Green growth can be seen as a way to pursue economic growth and development, while preventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and unsustainable natural resource use.
For the short term, green growth can transform the opportunity of the crisis to ensure a more sustainable economic recovery.
For the long term, it will promote new, greener sources of growth.
The OECD is working on policy recommendations to help governments achieve greener growth. The presentation gives an overview of the findings to date and the next steps. It mentions innovation, taxes, jobs and development issues, as well as how to measure progress towards greener growth.
This document discusses how to integrate economic and financial analysis into funding proposals for the Green Climate Fund (GCF). It outlines the key differences between financial analysis, which looks at cash flows and revenues/expenditures from the perspective of a single party, and economic analysis, which compares monetary and non-monetary costs and benefits from a societal perspective. The document provides examples of how GCF currently uses economic and financial analysis and recommends basic steps to conduct analyses for agriculture and food security projects.
1) The document summarizes the OECD guidance on transition finance, which aims to ensure the credibility of corporate climate transition plans. It outlines key challenges in transition finance and elements that make transition plans credible.
2) Over half of global greenhouse gas emissions come from energy and industry. Transition finance is mainly provided through sustainability-linked bonds and loans to help companies implement net-zero plans.
3) Credible transition plans should set science-based net-zero targets, outline strategies to meet interim goals, and integrate climate metrics into financial reporting to ensure accountability.
Presentation- Fourth meeting of the Task Force on Climate Change Adaptation -...OECD Environment
Presentation- Fourth meeting of the Task Force on Climate Change Adaptation - Overview of the Horizontal Project on Climate and Economic Resilience, Andrew Prag OECD
The document provides an analysis of policy and technology options that can help ASEAN countries achieve their greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets under the Paris Agreement. It finds that while the ASEAN region is making progress toward its Paris goals, additional action is still needed. Specifically:
- Under unconditional targets, the ASEAN region faces an emissions gap of around 400 MtCO2e by 2030, requiring an 11% reduction from current projections. Under conditional targets, the gap is around 900 MtCO2e, requiring a 24% reduction.
- Policy options like carbon pricing and support for natural gas and renewables can help close these gaps cost-effectively. Electricity market reforms to integrate more renewables are also important.
This document summarizes recent assessments from IFPRI and AgMIP on climate change and agriculture. It finds that policies addressing the interface between pastureland, livestock, and forests are key to reducing emissions in Colombia. Considering major crops, climate-smart agriculture could achieve around 10% of the 1 Gt CO2e emissions reduction goal. It also stresses the need for system-level thinking that considers interactions between agriculture and carbon-rich environments, including agroforestry systems. Meeting climate goals will require policy coherence and multisectoral plans across ministries, as well as synergistic investments beyond the agriculture sector. The tools developed can help identify costs, returns, threats and objectives to inform decision-making under different climate scenarios.
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Five key achievements at a glance
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Building Institutional Capacity in Thailand to Design and Implement Climate Programs - Introduction to CBA
1. The Role of Cost-Benefit Analysis
Presentation by Dr. Benoit Laplante
Bangkok, Thailand
November 23 to 25, 2016
Session 1:
Introduction to the Nature of Cost-Benefit Analysis
2. 2
5) Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
4) Economic, financial, and fiscal analysis
3) The role of cost-benefit analysis
Outline of presentation
1) After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
2) Climate change and agriculture
6) Cost-benefit analysis in practice
8) Climate-proofing investment projects
7) Selecting adaptation options
3. 3
5) Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
4) Economic, financial, and fiscal analysis
3) The role of cost-benefit analysis
Outline of presentation
1) After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
2) Climate change and agriculture
6) Cost-benefit analysis in practice
8) Climate-proofing investment projects
7) Selecting adaptation options
4. 4
After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
• 195 countries adopted the Paris Agreement on climate
change.
• 83% of the pledges are partially or totally conditional to the
use of USD 100 billion per year in financial assistance for
their implementation.
• Global average temperature has already reached 1°C above
pre-industrial times in 2015. An additional warming
of 0.4-0.5°C is expected as a result of historical emissions.
The 1.5°C could be reached by the early 2030s.
5. 5
After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
Thailand INDC: “Thailand intends to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 20
percent from the projected business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2030. The level of
contribution could increase up to 25 percent, subject to adequate and enhanced
access to technology development and transfer, financial resources and
capacity building support (…).”
Viet Nam INDC: “With domestic resources, by 2030 Viet Nam will reduce GHG
emissions by 8% compared to BAU (…). The above-mentioned 8% contribution
could be increased to 25% if international support is received through bilateral
and multilateral cooperation (…).”
Ghana’s emission reduction goal is to unconditionally lower its GHG emissions by
15% relative to a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario emission of 73.95MtCO2e by
2030. An additional 30% emission reduction is attainable on condition that
external support is made available to Ghana.
India’s INDC: “(3) To reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% by
2030 from 2005 level; (7) To mobilize domestic and new & additional funds from
developed countries to implement the above mitigation and adaptation actions in
view of the resource required and the resource gap.”
6. 6
After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
• Define “emissions intensity” as the following:
• Suppose that Country X intends to reach an emissions intensity of
0.65 in 2030 (a reduction of 35%).
• Suppose that in 2005, Country X produces 1 ton of GHG and that it has
a GDP of $1 million.
• Then, for example, Country X could produce 2 tons of GHG in 2030
and still achieve the objective if GDP becomes $3.075 million or more
in 2030.
Emissions intensity =
Tons of GHG
$ million of GDP
• Then, emissions intensity of Country X in 2005 is 1.
Emissions intensity =
2 Tons of GHG
$3.075 million of GDP
= 0.65
• But GHG emissions have doubled.
7. 7
After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
• 195 countries adopted the Paris Agreement on climate
change.
• 83% of the pledges are partially or totally conditional to the
use of USD 100 billion per year in financial assistance for
their implementation.
• If all pledges are implemented, global GHG emissions will
be 33% above the level of what they should be in 2030 to stay
below 2C° above pre-industrial levels.
• Global average temperature has already reached 1°C above
pre-industrial times in 2015. An additional warming
of 0.4-0.5°C is expected as a result of historical emissions.
The 1.5°C could be reached by the early 2030s.
• The 2°C target could be reached by 2050, even if pledges are
fully implemented.
Source: Universal Ecological Fund. 2016. The Truth about Climate Change.
8. 8
5) Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
4) Economic, financial, and fiscal analysis
3) The role of cost-benefit analysis
Outline of presentation
1) After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
2) Climate change and agriculture
6) Cost-benefit analysis in practice
8) Climate-proofing investment projects
7) Selecting adaptation options
9. Climate change and agriculture
In general:
“The study shows that temperature and precipitation changes in
both climate scenarios will significantly lower crop yields and
production— with irrigated and rainfed wheat and irrigated rice
affected the most.”
Source: World Bank. 2010. Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change. Washington, D.C.
Scientific literature:
Climatic Change
Nature Climate Change
Science
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
10. Climate change and agriculture
In Thailand:
In Thailand, it is reported that increasing temperature has
led to a reduction in crop yield, particularly in non-irrigated
rice. In a study conducted by ONEP in 2008, negative
impacts on corn productivity ranged from 5–44%, depending
on the location of production.
Climate change already has an impact on the sector.
Saltwater intrusion has also affected many agricultural areas in
the coastal regions of Thailand.
11. Climate change and agriculture
In Thailand:
Under the most pessimistic scenario, without adaptation or
technological improvements, rice yield potential is likely to
decline about 50% by 2100 (compared to 1990).
Source: ADB. 2009. The Economics of Climate Change in Southeast Asia: A
Regional Review. Manila.
12. Climate change and agriculture
Overwhelming message:
Crop yields will fall as a result of climate change. This may
raise prices of agricultural commodities (with adverse
impact on the poor), and endanger food security.
What to do?
Simple question:
Answer:
Not so simple.
Especially if we consider that climate change will have
impacts on many things other than agricultural productivity.
So….what is the best to use our limited resources across
sectors? How much should society invest in adaptation?
13. 5) Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
4) Economic, financial, and fiscal analysis
3) The role of cost-benefit analysis
Outline of presentation
1) After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
2) Climate change and agriculture
6) Cost-benefit analysis in practice
8) Climate-proofing investment projects
7) Selecting adaptation options
14. In presence of limited resources, decision makers are left
with the difficult problem of evaluating and choosing
investment projects and assessing policies in a context of
significant complexity and uncertainty.
For this purpose, decision makers have a need for a
framework which structures information in a way which
makes feasible and transparent this process of evaluation
and selection.
The role of cost-benefit analysis
15. Cost-benefit analysis provides a means of assessing and
comparing the impacts of projects and policies, even
when benefits and costs occur over long time horizons.
It provides a systematic means to identify, quantify, and
wherever possible monetize all impacts of a project or
policy (including their environmental impacts), and
present these impacts as social costs and social benefits.
The role of cost-benefit analysis is to provide information
to the decision-maker about the costs and benefits of the
project or the policy.
The cost-benefit analysis informs decision-makers, does
not replace them.
The role of cost-benefit analysis
16. 1) Is a process (technique) to compare all the gains and losses
resulting from a project or from a policy into a common unit of
measurement.
Technically, cost-benefit analysis…
2) Summarizes all positive (benefits) and negative (costs)
impacts of a project or policy into one number.
4) Aims to provide information about the economic efficiency of a
project or policy.
3) The economic analysis of a project (or policy) serves as an
organizing framework for stakeholders to discuss the various
aspects, both positive and negative, of projects or policies.
The role of cost-benefit analysis
17. Numerous criteria are used (or should be used, or must be
used) to assess projects or policies, such as:
• The physical or biological impacts;
• Economic efficiency;
• Distributional equity;
• Social and cultural and religious acceptability;
• Operational practicality;
• Administrative feasibility;
• Legality.
Warning
The economic analysis informs decision-makers and policy-
makers about the economic efficiency of projects or
policies.
The role of cost-benefit analysis
18. Economic efficiency is only one criterion used to decide
whether a project should be funded or not. Other criteria
are also used.
Hence, even if the economic analysis of an investment
were to show that the project should not be recommended
from an economic efficiency point of view, it does not
mean that the project will not go ahead.
Warning
The role of cost-benefit analysis
19. For any given project (or policy), we want to know:
Is this a good project (or policy)?
For any given group of projects (or policies), we want to
know:
Which project (or policy) is better?
Given a set of options all achieving a given objective, we
want to know:
Which of these options is better?
The role of cost-benefit analysis
20. However:
• Good or better for whom?
• For a project proponent OR for Government OR for
society?
The role of cost-benefit analysis
21. 5) Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
4) Economic, financial, and fiscal analysis
3) The role of cost-benefit analysis
Outline of presentation
1) After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
2) Climate change and agriculture
6) Cost-benefit analysis in practice
8) Climate-proofing investment projects
7) Selecting adaptation options
22. • Cost-benefit analysis has become a generic term. As its name
suggests, it is an analysis which aims to compare the costs
and benefits of a project or a policy.
Cost-benefit analysis:
• The question is: Whose costs and whose benefits?
• The answer to this question will determine the difference
between a financial analysis, a fiscal analysis, or an economic
analysis.
Economic, financial and fiscal analysis
• Economists will generally equate cost-benefit analysis to
economic analysis where costs and benefits to society are
included in the analysis. However, project proponents also do
cost-benefit analysis where costs and benefits to the project
components are included in the analysis.
23. Financial analysis:
• A financial analysis is a cost-benefit analysis but where:
• The only stakeholder included in the analysis is the developer
(or investor).
• The only costs included in the analysis are the costs of the
project to the developer or investor.
• The only benefits included in the analysis are the benefits to
the developer or investor.
• A financial analysis examines the profitability of a project for
the developer of the project or for the investor; it is based on a
cash-flow analysis and looks at costs paid by the investor, and
revenues received by the investor.
The question is:
Will the project increase investors’ wealth?
Economic, financial and fiscal analysis
24. Fiscal analysis:
• A fiscal analysis is a cost-benefit analysis but where:
• The only stakeholder included in the analysis is the Government.
• The only costs included in the analysis are the costs of the project to
State budget.
• The only benefits included in the analysis are the benefits of the
project to State budget.
The question is:
What is the impact of the project on Government budget?
Economic, financial and fiscal analysis
• A fiscal analysis examines the impacts of the project on
government’s fiscal (budgetary) position.
25. Economic analysis:
• An economic analysis is a cost-benefit analysis but where:
• The stakeholder is all society, not only the developer or investor.
• The costs included in the analysis are all costs of the project for
society resulting from all impacts.
• The benefits included in the analysis are all benefits of the
project for society.
The question is:
Will this project increase society’s well-being (welfare)?
Economic, financial and fiscal analysis
26. Is this a good project?
For investor For society
Private sector Public sector
Conduct a
financial
analysis or
private cost-
benefit analysis
Conduct a
fiscal analysis
Conduct an
economic
analysis or
social cost-
benefit analysis
For government
These 3 types of analyses are very different from one
another and will provide different types of information to
different types of decision-makers.
Economic, financial and fiscal analysis
27. Hence:
• Before conducting a “cost-benefit” analysis, a first key step is
to ask: What type of cost-benefit analysis or whose point of
view will this analysis take?
Economic, financial and fiscal analysis
• Once an answer is given to the above question, then the
analyst must ensure that only those costs and benefits
consistent with that point of view are included in the analysis.
• As mentioned earlier, economists will generally equate cost-
benefit analysis to economic analysis in which one aims to
assess the impacts of the investment project or policy on
society’s welfare.
28. 5) Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
4) Economic, financial, and fiscal analysis
3) The role of cost-benefit analysis
Outline of presentation
1) After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
2) Climate change and agriculture
6) Cost-benefit analysis in practice
8) Climate-proofing investment projects
7) Selecting adaptation options
29. Economic (cost-benefit) analysis:
• When undertaking a cost-benefit analysis, we compare the
costs and the benefits of a proposed investment (or policy)
and ask the question:
“Is this a good project (or policy) for society?”
Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
30. Cost-effectiveness analysis:
• When undertaking a cost-effectiveness analysis, we do not
ask the question:
“Is this a good project (or policy) for society?”
• Instead, we ask the question:
Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
“What is the least cost way of achieving the same stream of
benefits or the same objective or the same target?”
31. Examples:
“We must achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050.”
“Roads must be able to withstand a 1-in-50 flood event.”
Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
Question is: What is the least cost way of achieving these
targets?
“Agricultural productivity (yield) in Thailand must be
maintained in the future despite the projected impacts of
climate change.”
32. What about multi-criteria analysis?
Common statement:
“When the benefits of an investment or a policy cannot be
quantified monetarily, then a multi-criteria analysis can be used
to assess the investment or policy.”
This is not quite correct. MCA is not a substitute to cost-benefit
analysis.
MCA is always done. Decisions are always based on many
criteria. Sometimes economic efficiency is one criteria, and
sometimes it is not. Sometimes economic efficiency is very
important, and sometimes it is not so important.
33. 5) Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
4) Economic, financial, and fiscal analysis
3) The role of cost-benefit analysis
6) Cost-benefit analysis in practice
Outline of presentation
1) After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
8) Climate-proofing investment projects
7) Selecting adaptation options
2) Climate change and agriculture
34. Cost-benefit analysis in practice
Requirements to conduct CBA nature exist in numerous
countries, including Australia, Canada, Philippines, and
the United Kingdom among numerous others.
In Asian Development Bank and World Bank
All projects submitted to the Board of Management of
these institutions must contain an economic analysis of the
investment projects.
These countries and institutions have developed guidelines
to conduct economic analyses. These are freely available on the
web. Some are more theoretical (like textbooks), some are more
practical.
35. For Green Climate Fund:
• All projects must conduct economic analysis.
• If the project includes activities which may generate revenues
(for example a water supply project), then a financial analysis
must also be conducted.
Economic and financial analysis
36. 4 pieces of economic analysis in GCF proposal:
Economic and financial analysis
• Section E.6.1 Cost effectiveness and efficiency
A short paragraph which reports the estimated NPV.
• Section F.1 Economic and financial analysis
A short but more detailed description of the economic analysis.
• Appendix XII
Complete economic analysis.
• Excel Spreadsheet
37. 5) Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
4) Economic, financial, and fiscal analysis
3) The role of cost-benefit analysis
6) Cost-benefit analysis in practice
Outline of presentation
1) After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
8) Climate-proofing investment projects
7) Selecting adaptation options
2) Climate change and agriculture
38. Provided that adaptation is still needed, then society faces a
number of important questions, including:
• What is the cost of climate change expected to be for
different sectors (e.g. agriculture, water, health, coastal
resources, etc.)?
Selecting adaptation options
39. Impacts of SLR: South East Asia
GDP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Myanmar
(Burma)
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Indonesia
NorthKorea
SouthKorea
Malaysia
PapuaNew
Guinea
Philippines
Thailand
TaiwanChina
Vietnam
Impacted(%oftotalGDP)
5 meter
4 meter
3 meter
2 meter
1 meter
Source: Dasgupta, S., B. Laplante, C. Meisner, D. Wheeler and C. Yo. 2009. The Impact of Sea-
Level Rise on Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Climatic Change, 93, 3, 379-388.
40. Country
Total
Impacted
Total
Impacted
(% of Total)
Area (km2)* 513,618 0 0
Population (103)* 62,806 0 0
GDP*
(106 US$)
378,476 0 0
Urban extent
(km2)**
27,284 0 0
Agriculture extent
(km2)**
347,615 0 0
Wetland (km2)** 32,383 0 0
SLR = 0 (m)
*Source: SEDAC.
**Calculated from grid surface.
41. Country
Total
Impacted
Total
Impacted
(% of Total)
Area (km2)* 513,618 1,607 0.31
Population (103)* 62,806 686 1.09
GDP*
(106 US$)
378,476 5,372 1.42
Urban extent
(km2)**
27,284 361 1.32
Agriculture extent
(km2)**
347,615 772 0.22
Wetland (km2)** 32,383 911 2.82
Inundation area
SLR = 1 (m)
*Source: SEDAC.
**Calculated from grid surface.
42. Country
Total
Impacted
Total
Impacted
(% of Total)
Area (km2)* 513,618 3,685 0.72
Population (103)* 62,806 1,517 2.41
GDP*
(106 US$)
378,476 10,411 2.75
Urban extent
(km2)**
27,284 964 3.53
Agriculture extent
(km2)**
347,615 2,204 0.63
Wetland (km2)** 32,383 2,062 0.37
Inundation area
SLR = 2 (m)
*Source: SEDAC.
**Calculated from grid surface.
43. Country
Total
Impacted
Total
Impacted
(% of Total)
Area (km2)* 513,618 7,578 1.48
Population (103)* 62,806 3,075 4.90
GDP*
(106 US$)
378,476 28,230 7.46
Urban extent
(km2)**
27,284 1,993 7.30
Agriculture extent
(km2)**
347,615 5,304 1.53
Wetland (km2)** 32,383 4,405 13.60
Inundation area
SLR = 3 (m)
*Source: SEDAC.
**Calculated from grid surface.
44. Country
Total
Impacted
Total
Impacted
(% of Total)
Area (km2)* 513,618 12,294 2.52
Population (103)* 62,806 5,297 8.43
GDP*
(106 US$)
378,476 61,179 16.16
Urban extent
(km2)**
27,284 3,335 12.22
Agriculture extent
(km2)**
347,615 9,895 2.85
Wetland (km2)** 32,383 7,846 24.23
Inundation area
SLR = 4 (m)
*Source: SEDAC.
**Calculated from grid surface.
45. Country
Total
Impacted
Total
Impacted
(% of Total)
Area (km2)* 513,618 18,498 3.60
Population (103)* 62,806 7,811 12.44
GDP*
(106 US$)
378,476 85,669 22.64
Urban extent
(km2)**
27,284 4,782 17.53
Agriculture extent
(km2)**
347,615 14,864 4.28
Wetland (km2)** 32,383 11,617 35.87
Inundation area
SLR = 5 (m)
*Source: SEDAC.
**Calculated from grid surface.
46. Provided that adaptation is still needed, then society faces a
number of important questions, including:
• What is the cost of climate change expected to be for
different sectors (e.g. agriculture, water, health, coastal
resources, etc.)?
• How much to invest in adaptation?
Selecting adaptation options
47. Selecting adaptation options
Net revenues
per rai
Time (as temperature
increases)
If no adaptation
available, this is the cost
of climate change.
Today Today +1 Today +2 Today +3 etc
More precisely: The cost of climate change
would be computed as the present value of
the estimated reduction in annual net
revenues.
49. Selecting adaptation options
Net revenues
per rai
Time (as temperature
increases)
Let’s now suppose that there is one
adaptation option possible.
??
Today Today +1 Today +2 Today +3 etc
50. Selecting adaptation options
Net revenues
per rai
Time (as temperature
increases)
Let’s now suppose that there is one
adaptation option possible.
Benefits of
adaptation
Today Today +1 Today +2 Today +3 etc
Net benefits of adaptation =
Benefits of adaptation (increase in net revenues
per rai) – Cost of adaptation investment
51. Selecting adaptation options
Net revenues
per rai
Time (as temperature
increases)
Let’s now suppose that there is one
adaptation option possible.
Benefits of
adaptation
Today Today +1 Today +2 Today +3 etc
??
52. Selecting adaptation options
Net revenues
per rai
Time (as temperature
increases)
Let’s now suppose that there is one
adaptation option possible.
Benefits of
adaptation
Today Today +1 Today +2 Today +3 etc
Residual
damages
53. Selecting adaptation options
Net revenues
per rai
Time (as temperature
increases)
Let’s now suppose that there is one
adaptation option possible.
Benefits of
adaptation
Today Today +1 Today +2 Today +3 etc
Residual
damages
Cost of climate change =
Cost of adaptation investment + Residual
damages
54. Provided that adaptation is still needed, then society faces a
number of important questions, including:
• What is the cost of climate change expected to be for
different sectors (e.g. agriculture, water, health, coastal
resources, etc.)?
• What are the costs and benefits of different adaptation
measures? Which adaptation measure to select?
• How much to invest in adaptation?
• What is the appropriate combination of soft measures (policies)
and hard measures (infrastructure)? How to account for the co-
benefits of ecosystem-based adaptation measures?
Selecting adaptation options
55. 5) Economic versus cost-effectiveness analysis
4) Economic, financial, and fiscal analysis
3) The role of cost-benefit analysis
6) Cost-benefit analysis in practice
Outline of presentation
1) After Paris: Adaptation is still needed
8) Climate-proofing investment projects
7) Selecting adaptation options
2) Climate change and agriculture
56. Climate-proofing investment projects
Society invests in:
• Roads, bridges, railways, ports, airports;
• Energy power plants;
• Irrigation schemes;
• Schools and hospitals;
• And many other things.
Many of these assets may be exposed and vulnerable to climate
change.
How much more should society be willing-to-pay to increase the
resilience of these assets to climate change?
58. A menu of possible decisions:
Invest
now
Be ready and invest
later if needed
Do nothing and invest
later if needed
Climate-proofing investment projects
59. • costs of climate-proofing now are relatively small while the expected
benefits are estimated to be very large (a low-regret approach), and/or
• costs of climate-proofing at a later point are expected to be prohibitive, or
climate-proofing at a later point in time is technically not possible; and/or
• among climate-proofing options there exist options which deliver net
positive economic benefits regardless of the nature and extent of climate
change, including the current climate conditions (a no-regret approach);
and/or
• the set of climate-proofing options includes options which not only
reduce project climate risks, but also have other social, environmental or
economic benefits (co-benefits). The presence of co-benefits, if any, must
be included in the economic analysis of adaptation options.
Invest now if:
Climate-proofing investment projects
60. Climate-proofing investment projects
• No climate-proofing investment is needed now, but the project can be
designed to accommodate climate-proofing in the future if and when
circumstances indicate this to be a better option than not climate-
proofing.
• This type of decisions aim to ensure that a project is climate ready.
Be ready and invest later if:
61. Climate-proofing investment projects
• costs of climate-proofing now are estimated to be large relative to the
expected benefits; and/or
• costs (in present value terms) of climate-proofing (e.g. retro-fitting) at a
later point in time are expected to be no larger than climate-proofing
now; and/or
• expected benefits of climate-proofing are estimated to be relatively
small.
Do nothing and invest later if:
Note: The decision to “do nothing” does not come from ignoring
climate change, but from rationally deciding out of a technical and
economic assessment that the best thing to do for now is to do
nothing.
63. The Role of Cost-Benefit Analysis
Presentation by Dr. Benoit Laplante
Bangkok, Thailand
November 23 to 25, 2016
Session 1:
Introduction to the Nature of Cost-Benefit Analysis