Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
#computer #ipv #computernetworks #BharatSir #BKNAL #BSTI #Kokar #Bharatsir #computertechnology #computertech #ccna #computer #technology #pc #tech #gaming #laptop #computerscience #programming #software #pcgaming #coding #windows #computers #gamer #programmer #business #apple #python #developer #code #java #instagood #gamingpc #it #coder #computerrepair #internet #bhfyp #javascript #bhfyp
Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
#computer #ipv #computernetworks #BharatSir #BKNAL #BSTI #Kokar #Bharatsir #computertechnology #computertech #ccna #computer #technology #pc #tech #gaming #laptop #computerscience #programming #software #pcgaming #coding #windows #computers #gamer #programmer #business #apple #python #developer #code #java #instagood #gamingpc #it #coder #computerrepair #internet #bhfyp #javascript #bhfyp
Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
#computer #ipv #computernetworks #BharatSir #BKNAL #BSTI #Kokar #Bharatsir #computertechnology #computertech #ccna #computer #technology #pc #tech #gaming #laptop #computerscience #programming #software #pcgaming #coding #windows #computers #gamer #programmer #business #apple #python #developer #code #java #instagood #gamingpc #it #coder #computerrepair #internet #bhfyp #javascript #bhfyp
Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
#computer #ipv #computernetworks #BharatSir #BKNAL #BSTI #Kokar #Bharatsir #computertechnology #computertech #ccna #computer #technology #pc #tech #gaming #laptop #computerscience #programming #software #pcgaming #coding #windows #computers #gamer #programmer #business #apple #python #developer #code #java #instagood #gamingpc #it #coder #computerrepair #internet #bhfyp #javascript #bhfyp
Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
#computer #ipv #computernetworks #BharatSir #BKNAL #BSTI #Kokar #Bharatsir #computertechnology #computertech #ccna #computer #technology #pc #tech #gaming #laptop #computerscience #programming #software #pcgaming #coding #windows #computers #gamer #programmer #business #apple #python #developer #code #java #instagood #gamingpc #it #coder #computerrepair #internet #bhfyp #javascript #bhfyp
Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
#computer #ipv #computernetworks #BharatSir #BKNAL #BSTI #Kokar #Bharatsir #computertechnology #computertech #ccna #computer #technology #pc #tech #gaming #laptop #computerscience #programming #software #pcgaming #coding #windows #computers #gamer #programmer #business #apple #python #developer #code #java #instagood #gamingpc #it #coder #computerrepair #internet #bhfyp #javascript #bhfyp
Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
#computer #ipv #computernetworks #BharatSir #BKNAL #BSTI #Kokar #Bharatsir #computertechnology #computertech #ccna #computer #technology #pc #tech #gaming #laptop #computerscience #programming #software #pcgaming #coding #windows #computers #gamer #programmer #business #apple #python #developer #code #java #instagood #gamingpc #it #coder #computerrepair #internet #bhfyp #javascript #bhfyp
Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
#computer #ipv #computernetworks #BharatSir #BKNAL #BSTI #Kokar #Bharatsir #computertechnology #computertech #ccna #computer #technology #pc #tech #gaming #laptop #computerscience #programming #software #pcgaming #coding #windows #computers #gamer #programmer #business #apple #python #developer #code #java #instagood #gamingpc #it #coder #computerrepair #internet #bhfyp #javascript #bhfyp
Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
#computer #ipv #computernetworks #BharatSir #BKNAL #BSTI #Kokar #Bharatsir #computertechnology #computertech #ccna #computer #technology #pc #tech #gaming #laptop #computerscience #programming #software #pcgaming #coding #windows #computers #gamer #programmer #business #apple #python #developer #code #java #instagood #gamingpc #it #coder #computerrepair #internet #bhfyp #javascript #bhfyp
Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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What is Heuristics?
A heuristic is a technique that is used to solve a problem faster than the classic methods. These techniques are used to find the approximate solution of a problem when classical methods do not. Heuristics are said to be the problem-solving techniques that result in practical and quick solutions.
Heuristics are strategies that are derived from past experience with similar problems. Heuristics use practical methods and shortcuts used to produce the solutions that may or may not be optimal, but those solutions are sufficient in a given limited timeframe.
History
Psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky have developed the study of Heuristics in human decision-making in the 1970s and 1980s. However, this concept was first introduced by the Nobel Laureate Herbert A. Simon, whose primary object of research was problem-solving.
Why do we need heuristics?
Heuristics are used in situations in which there is the requirement of a short-term solution. On facing complex situations with limited resources and time, Heuristics can help the companies to make quick decisions by shortcuts and approximated calculations. Most of the heuristic methods involve mental shortcuts to make decisions on past experiences.
Heuristic techniques
The heuristic method might not always provide us the finest solution, but it is assured that it helps us find a good solution in a reasonable time.
Based on context, there can be different heuristic methods that correlate with the problem's scope. The most common heuristic methods are - trial and error, guesswork, the process of elimination, historical data analysis. These methods involve simply available information that is not particular to the problem but is most appropriate. They can include representative, affect, and availability heuristics.
We can perform the Heuristic techniques into two categories:
Direct Heuristic Search techniques in AI
It includes Blind Search, Uninformed Search, and Blind control strategy. These search techniques are not always possible as they require much memory and time. These techniques search the complete space for a solution and use the arbitrary ordering of operations.
The examples of Direct Heuristic search techniques include Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth First Search (DFS).
Weak Heuristic Search techniques in AI
It includes Informed Search, Heuristic Search, and Heuristic control strategy. These techniques are helpful when they are applied properly to the right types of tasks. They usually require domain-specific information.
The examples of Weak Heuristic search techniques include Best First Search (BFS) and A*.
More Related Content
Similar to BSTI-BharatSir : Computer Fundamentals Set-13
Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Students Download 1000 MCQ on Computer Fundamentals . You can also download all sets on pdf form from www.bharatsir.com. For details contact Bharat Bhushan @ B K NAL (Assistant Professor), Computer Science & Director Buddha Science and Technical Institute, Chunna Bhatta, Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India. Mobile : 0091-9835376044 / 0091-9006365889
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Similar to BSTI-BharatSir : Computer Fundamentals Set-13 (20)
What is Heuristics?
A heuristic is a technique that is used to solve a problem faster than the classic methods. These techniques are used to find the approximate solution of a problem when classical methods do not. Heuristics are said to be the problem-solving techniques that result in practical and quick solutions.
Heuristics are strategies that are derived from past experience with similar problems. Heuristics use practical methods and shortcuts used to produce the solutions that may or may not be optimal, but those solutions are sufficient in a given limited timeframe.
History
Psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky have developed the study of Heuristics in human decision-making in the 1970s and 1980s. However, this concept was first introduced by the Nobel Laureate Herbert A. Simon, whose primary object of research was problem-solving.
Why do we need heuristics?
Heuristics are used in situations in which there is the requirement of a short-term solution. On facing complex situations with limited resources and time, Heuristics can help the companies to make quick decisions by shortcuts and approximated calculations. Most of the heuristic methods involve mental shortcuts to make decisions on past experiences.
Heuristic techniques
The heuristic method might not always provide us the finest solution, but it is assured that it helps us find a good solution in a reasonable time.
Based on context, there can be different heuristic methods that correlate with the problem's scope. The most common heuristic methods are - trial and error, guesswork, the process of elimination, historical data analysis. These methods involve simply available information that is not particular to the problem but is most appropriate. They can include representative, affect, and availability heuristics.
We can perform the Heuristic techniques into two categories:
Direct Heuristic Search techniques in AI
It includes Blind Search, Uninformed Search, and Blind control strategy. These search techniques are not always possible as they require much memory and time. These techniques search the complete space for a solution and use the arbitrary ordering of operations.
The examples of Direct Heuristic search techniques include Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth First Search (DFS).
Weak Heuristic Search techniques in AI
It includes Informed Search, Heuristic Search, and Heuristic control strategy. These techniques are helpful when they are applied properly to the right types of tasks. They usually require domain-specific information.
The examples of Weak Heuristic search techniques include Best First Search (BFS) and A*.
What is Heuristics?
A heuristic is a technique that is used to solve a problem faster than the classic methods. These techniques are used to find the approximate solution of a problem when classical methods do not. Heuristics are said to be the problem-solving techniques that result in practical and quick solutions.
Heuristics are strategies that are derived from past experience with similar problems. Heuristics use practical methods and shortcuts used to produce the solutions that may or may not be optimal, but those solutions are sufficient in a given limited timeframe.
History
Psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky have developed the study of Heuristics in human decision-making in the 1970s and 1980s. However, this concept was first introduced by the Nobel Laureate Herbert A. Simon, whose primary object of research was problem-solving.
Why do we need heuristics?
Heuristics are used in situations in which there is the requirement of a short-term solution. On facing complex situations with limited resources and time, Heuristics can help the companies to make quick decisions by shortcuts and approximated calculations. Most of the heuristic methods involve mental shortcuts to make decisions on past experiences.
Heuristic techniques
The heuristic method might not always provide us the finest solution, but it is assured that it helps us find a good solution in a reasonable time.
Based on context, there can be different heuristic methods that correlate with the problem's scope. The most common heuristic methods are - trial and error, guesswork, the process of elimination, historical data analysis. These methods involve simply available information that is not particular to the problem but is most appropriate. They can include representative, affect, and availability heuristics.
We can perform the Heuristic techniques into two categories:
Direct Heuristic Search techniques in AI
It includes Blind Search, Uninformed Search, and Blind control strategy. These search techniques are not always possible as they require much memory and time. These techniques search the complete space for a solution and use the arbitrary ordering of operations.
The examples of Direct Heuristic search techniques include Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth First Search (DFS).
Weak Heuristic Search techniques in AI
It includes Informed Search, Heuristic Search, and Heuristic control strategy. These techniques are helpful when they are applied properly to the right types of tasks. They usually require domain-specific information.
The examples of Weak Heuristic search techniques include Best First Search (BFS) and A*.
Hill Climbing Algorithm in Artificial IntelligenceBharat Bhushan
Hill Climbing Algorithm in Artificial Intelligence
Hill climbing algorithm is a local search algorithm which continuously moves in the direction of increasing elevation/value to find the peak of the mountain or best solution to the problem. It terminates when it reaches a peak value where no neighbor has a higher value.
Hill climbing algorithm is a technique which is used for optimizing the mathematical problems. One of the widely discussed examples of Hill climbing algorithm is Traveling-salesman Problem in which we need to minimize the distance traveled by the salesman.
It is also called greedy local search as it only looks to its good immediate neighbor state and not beyond that.
A node of hill climbing algorithm has two components which are state and value.
Hill Climbing is mostly used when a good heuristic is available.
In this algorithm, we don't need to maintain and handle the search tree or graph as it only keeps a single current state.
Features of Hill Climbing:
Following are some main features of Hill Climbing Algorithm:
Generate and Test variant: Hill Climbing is the variant of Generate and Test method. The Generate and Test method produce feedback which helps to decide which direction to move in the search space.
Greedy approach: Hill-climbing algorithm search moves in the direction which optimizes the cost.
No backtracking: It does not backtrack the search space, as it does not remember the previous states.
State-space Diagram for Hill Climbing:
The state-space landscape is a graphical representation of the hill-climbing algorithm which is showing a graph between various states of algorithm and Objective function/Cost.
On Y-axis we have taken the function which can be an objective function or cost function, and state-space on the x-axis. If the function on Y-axis is cost then, the goal of search is to find the global minimum and local minimum. If the function of Y-axis is Objective function, then the goal of the search is to find the global maximum and local maximum.
Hill Climbing Algorithm in Artificial IntelligenceBharat Bhushan
Hill Climbing Algorithm in Artificial Intelligence
Hill climbing algorithm is a local search algorithm which continuously moves in the direction of increasing elevation/value to find the peak of the mountain or best solution to the problem. It terminates when it reaches a peak value where no neighbor has a higher value.
Hill climbing algorithm is a technique which is used for optimizing the mathematical problems. One of the widely discussed examples of Hill climbing algorithm is Traveling-salesman Problem in which we need to minimize the distance traveled by the salesman.
It is also called greedy local search as it only looks to its good immediate neighbor state and not beyond that.
A node of hill climbing algorithm has two components which are state and value.
Hill Climbing is mostly used when a good heuristic is available.
In this algorithm, we don't need to maintain and handle the search tree or graph as it only keeps a single current state.
Features of Hill Climbing:
Following are some main features of Hill Climbing Algorithm:
Generate and Test variant: Hill Climbing is the variant of Generate and Test method. The Generate and Test method produce feedback which helps to decide which direction to move in the search space.
Greedy approach: Hill-climbing algorithm search moves in the direction which optimizes the cost.
No backtracking: It does not backtrack the search space, as it does not remember the previous states.
State-space Diagram for Hill Climbing:
The state-space landscape is a graphical representation of the hill-climbing algorithm which is showing a graph between various states of algorithm and Objective function/Cost.
On Y-axis we have taken the function which can be an objective function or cost function, and state-space on the x-axis. If the function on Y-axis is cost then, the goal of search is to find the global minimum and local minimum. If the function of Y-axis is Objective function, then the goal of the search is to find the global maximum and local maximum.
Control Strategies
Control Strategy in Artificial Intelligence
scenario is a technique or strategy, tells us about which rule has to be applied next while searching for the solution of a problem within problem space.
It helps us to decide which rule has to apply next without getting stuck at any point.
Characteristics of Control Strategies
A good Control strategy has two main
characteristics:
Control Strategy should cause Motion
Control strategy should be Systematic
Co ntrol Strategy should cause Motion
Each rule or strategy applied should cause the motion because if there will be no motion than such control strategy will never lead to a solution. Motion states about the change of state and if a state will not change then there be no movement from an initial state and we would never solve the problem.
Co ntrol Strategy should be Systematic
Though the strategy applied should create the
motion but if do not follow some systematic
strategy than we are likely to reach the same state
number of times before reaching the solution
which increases the number of steps. Taking care of only first strategy we may go through particular useless sequences of operators several times. Control Strategy should be systematic implies a need for global motion as well as for local motion.
Control Strategies
Control Strategy in Artificial Intelligence
scenario is a technique or strategy, tells us about which rule has to be applied next while searching for the solution of a problem within problem space.
It helps us to decide which rule has to apply next without getting stuck at any point.
Characteristics of Control Strategies
A good Control strategy has two main
characteristics:
Control Strategy should cause Motion
Control strategy should be Systematic
Co ntrol Strategy should cause Motion
Each rule or strategy applied should cause the motion because if there will be no motion than such control strategy will never lead to a solution. Motion states about the change of state and if a state will not change then there be no movement from an initial state and we would never solve the problem.
Co ntrol Strategy should be Systematic
Though the strategy applied should create the
motion but if do not follow some systematic
strategy than we are likely to reach the same state
number of times before reaching the solution
which increases the number of steps. Taking care of only first strategy we may go through particular useless sequences of operators several times. Control Strategy should be systematic implies a need for global motion as well as for local motion.
Dynamic Programming :
Dynamic programming is a technique for solving problems by breaking them down into smaller subproblems, solving each subproblem once, and storing the solution to each subproblem so that it can be reused in the future. Some characteristics of dynamic programming include:
Optimal substructure: Dynamic programming problems typically have an optimal substructure, meaning that the optimal solution to the problem can be obtained by solving the subproblems optimally and combining their solutions.
Overlapping subproblems: Dynamic programming problems often involve overlapping subproblems, meaning that the same subproblems are solved multiple times. To avoid solving the same subproblem multiple times, dynamic programming algorithms store the solutions to the subproblems in a table or array, so that they can be reused later.
Bottom-up approach: Dynamic programming algorithms usually solve problems using a bottom-up approach, meaning that they start by solving the smallest subproblems and work their way up to the larger ones.
Efficiency: Dynamic programming algorithms can be very efficient, especially when the subproblems overlap significantly. By storing the solutions to the subproblems and reusing them, dynamic programming algorithms can avoid redundant computations and achieve good time and space complexity.
Applicability: Dynamic programming is applicable to a wide range of problems, including optimization problems, decision problems, and problems that involve sequential decisions. It is often used to solve problems in computer science, operations research, and economics.
Algorithm Design Techniques
Iterative techniques, Divide and Conquer, Dynamic Programming, Greedy Algorithms.
Dynamic Programming :
Dynamic programming is a technique for solving problems by breaking them down into smaller subproblems, solving each subproblem once, and storing the solution to each subproblem so that it can be reused in the future. Some characteristics of dynamic programming include:
Optimal substructure: Dynamic programming problems typically have an optimal substructure, meaning that the optimal solution to the problem can be obtained by solving the subproblems optimally and combining their solutions.
Overlapping subproblems: Dynamic programming problems often involve overlapping subproblems, meaning that the same subproblems are solved multiple times. To avoid solving the same subproblem multiple times, dynamic programming algorithms store the solutions to the subproblems in a table or array, so that they can be reused later.
Bottom-up approach: Dynamic programming algorithms usually solve problems using a bottom-up approach, meaning that they start by solving the smallest subproblems and work their way up to the larger ones.
Efficiency: Dynamic programming algorithms can be very efficient, especially when the subproblems overlap significantly. By storing the solutions to the subproblems and reusing them, dynamic programming algorithms can avoid redundant computations and achieve good time and space complexity.
Applicability: Dynamic programming is applicable to a wide range of problems, including optimization problems, decision problems, and problems that involve sequential decisions. It is often used to solve problems in computer science, operations research, and economics.
Algorithm Design Techniques
Iterative techniques, Divide and Conquer, Dynamic Programming, Greedy Algorithms.
Problem Characteristics in Artificial Intelligence,
Unit -2 Problem Solving and Searching Techniques
o choose an appropriate method for a particular problem first we need to categorize the problem based on the following characteristics.
Is the problem decomposable into small sub-problems which are easy to solve?
Can solution steps be ignored or undone?
Is the universe of the problem is predictable?
Is a good solution to the problem is absolute or relative?
Is the solution to the problem a state or a path?
What is the role of knowledge in solving a problem using artificial intelligence?
Does the task of solving a problem require human interaction?
1. Is the problem decomposable into small sub-problems which are easy to solve?
Can the problem be broken down into smaller problems to be solved independently?
See also Water Jug Problem in Artificial Intelligence
The decomposable problem can be solved easily.
Example: In this case, the problem is divided into smaller problems. The smaller problems are solved independently. Finally, the result is merged to get the final result.
Is the problem decomposable
2. Can solution steps be ignored or undone?
In the Theorem Proving problem, a lemma that has been proved can be ignored for the next steps.
Such problems are called Ignorable problems.
In the 8-Puzzle, Moves can be undone and backtracked.
Such problems are called Recoverable problems.
In Playing Chess, moves can be retracted.
Such problems are called Irrecoverable problems.
Ignorable problems can be solved using a simple control structure that never backtracks. Recoverable problems can be solved using backtracking. Irrecoverable problems can be solved by recoverable style methods via planning.
3. Is the universe of the problem is predictable?
In Playing Bridge, We cannot know exactly where all the cards are or what the other players will do on their turns.
Uncertain outcome!
For certain-outcome problems, planning can be used to generate a sequence of operators that is guaranteed to lead to a solution.
For uncertain-outcome problems, a sequence of generated operators can only have a good probability of leading to a solution. Plan revision is made as the plan is carried out and the necessary feedback is provided.
4. Is a good solution to the problem is absolute or relative?
The Travelling Salesman Problem, we have to try all paths to find the shortest one.
See also Generate and Test Heuristic Search - Artificial Intelligence
Any path problem can be solved using heuristics that suggest good paths to explore.
For best-path problems, a much more exhaustive search will be performed.
5. Is the solution to the problem a state or a path
The Water Jug Problem, the path that leads to the goal must be reported.
Production System in Artificial Intelligence (AI)
A production system in AI helps create AI-based computer programs. With the help of it, the automation of various types of machines has become an easy task. The types of machines can be a computer, mobile applications, manufacturing tools, or more. The set of rules in a production system in Artificial Intelligence defines the behavior of the machine. It helps the machine respond to the surroundings.
A production system in AI is a type of cognitive architecture that defines specific actions as per certain rules. The rules represent the declarative knowledge of a machine to respond according to different conditions. Today, many expert systems and automation methodologies rely on the rules of production systems.
Global Database
A global database consists of the architecture used as a central data structure. A database contains all the necessary data and information required for the successful completion of a task. It can be divided into two parts as permanent and temporary. The permanent part of the database consists of fixed actions, whereas the temporary part alters according to circumstances.
Learn more about Artificial Neural networks in this insightful Artificial Intelligence Training now!
Production Rules
Production rules in AI are the set of rules that operates on the data fetched from the global database. Also, these production rules are bound with precondition and postcondition that gets checked by the database. If a condition is passed through a production rule and gets satisfied by the global database, then the rule is successfully applied. The rules are of the form A®B, where the right-hand side represents an outcome corresponding to the problem state represented by the left-hand side.
Control System
The control system checks the applicability of a rule. It helps decide which rule should be applied and terminates the process when the system gives the correct output. It also resolves the conflict of multiple conditions arriving at the same time. The strategy of the control system specifies the sequence of rules that compares the condition from the global database to reach the correct result.
Simplicity
The production rule in AI is in the form of an ‘IF-THEN’ statement. Every rule in the production system has a unique structure. It helps represent knowledge and reasoning in the simplest way possible to solve real-world problems. Also, it helps improve the readability and understanding of the production rules.
Problem Characteristics in Artificial IntelligenceBharat Bhushan
Problem Characteristics in Artificial Intelligence,
Unit -2 Problem Solving and Searching Techniques
o choose an appropriate method for a particular problem first we need to categorize the problem based on the following characteristics.
Is the problem decomposable into small sub-problems which are easy to solve?
Can solution steps be ignored or undone?
Is the universe of the problem is predictable?
Is a good solution to the problem is absolute or relative?
Is the solution to the problem a state or a path?
What is the role of knowledge in solving a problem using artificial intelligence?
Does the task of solving a problem require human interaction?
1. Is the problem decomposable into small sub-problems which are easy to solve?
Can the problem be broken down into smaller problems to be solved independently?
See also Water Jug Problem in Artificial Intelligence
The decomposable problem can be solved easily.
Example: In this case, the problem is divided into smaller problems. The smaller problems are solved independently. Finally, the result is merged to get the final result.
Is the problem decomposable
2. Can solution steps be ignored or undone?
In the Theorem Proving problem, a lemma that has been proved can be ignored for the next steps.
Such problems are called Ignorable problems.
In the 8-Puzzle, Moves can be undone and backtracked.
Such problems are called Recoverable problems.
In Playing Chess, moves can be retracted.
Such problems are called Irrecoverable problems.
Ignorable problems can be solved using a simple control structure that never backtracks. Recoverable problems can be solved using backtracking. Irrecoverable problems can be solved by recoverable style methods via planning.
3. Is the universe of the problem is predictable?
In Playing Bridge, We cannot know exactly where all the cards are or what the other players will do on their turns.
Uncertain outcome!
For certain-outcome problems, planning can be used to generate a sequence of operators that is guaranteed to lead to a solution.
For uncertain-outcome problems, a sequence of generated operators can only have a good probability of leading to a solution. Plan revision is made as the plan is carried out and the necessary feedback is provided.
4. Is a good solution to the problem is absolute or relative?
The Travelling Salesman Problem, we have to try all paths to find the shortest one.
See also Generate and Test Heuristic Search - Artificial Intelligence
Any path problem can be solved using heuristics that suggest good paths to explore.
For best-path problems, a much more exhaustive search will be performed.
5. Is the solution to the problem a state or a path
The Water Jug Problem, the path that leads to the goal must be reported.
Problem Characteristics in Artificial IntelligenceBharat Bhushan
Artificial Intelligence is a “way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think”.
Since artificial intelligence (AI) is mainly related to the search process, it is important to have some methodology to choose the best possible solution.
To choose an appropriate method for a particular problem first we need to categorize the problem based on the following characteristics.
Is the problem decomposable into small sub-problems which are easy to solve?
Can solution steps be ignored or undone?
Is the universe of the problem is predictable?
Is a good solution to the problem is absolute or relative?
Is the solution to the problem a state or a path?
What is the role of knowledge in solving a problem using artificial intelligence?
Does the task of solving a problem require human interaction?
1. Is the problem decomposable into small sub-problems which are easy to solve?
Can the problem be broken down into smaller problems to be solved independently?
See also Water Jug Problem in Artificial Intelligence
The decomposable problem can be solved easily.
Example: In this case, the problem is divided into smaller problems. The smaller problems are solved independently. Finally, the result is merged to get the final result.
Is the problem decomposable
2. Can solution steps be ignored or undone?
In the Theorem Proving problem, a lemma that has been proved can be ignored for the next steps.
Such problems are called Ignorable problems.
In the 8-Puzzle, Moves can be undone and backtracked.
Such problems are called Recoverable problems.
In Playing Chess, moves can be retracted.
Such problems are called Irrecoverable problems.
Ignorable problems can be solved using a simple control structure that never backtracks. Recoverable problems can be solved using backtracking. Irrecoverable problems can be solved by recoverable style methods via planning.
3. Is the universe of the problem is predictable?
In Playing Bridge, We cannot know exactly where all the cards are or what the other players will do on their turns.
Uncertain outcome!
For certain-outcome problems, planning can be used to generate a sequence of operators that is guaranteed to lead to a solution.
For uncertain-outcome problems, a sequence of generated operators can only have a good probability of leading to a solution. Plan revision is made as the plan is carried out and the necessary feedback is provided.
4. Is a good solution to the problem is absolute or relative?
The Travelling Salesman Problem, we have to try all paths to find the shortest one.
See also Generate and Test Heuristic Search - Artificial Intelligence
Any path problem can be solved using heuristics that suggest good paths to explore.
For best-path problems, a much more exhaustive search will be performed.
5. Is the solution to the problem a state or a path
The Water Jug Problem, the path that leads to the goal must be reported.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE : Introduction ,
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Background and Applications, Turing Test and Rational
Agent approaches to AI, Introduction to Intelligent Agents, their structure, behavior and
environment.
2. Problem Solving and Searching Techniques
Problem Characteristics, Production Systems, Control Strategies, Breadth First Search, Depth First
Search, Hill climbing and its Variations, Heuristics Search Techniques: Best First Search, A*
algorithm, Constraint Satisfaction Problem, Means-End Analysis, Introduction to Game Playing,
Min-Max and Alpha-Beta pruning algorithms.
3. Knowledge Representation
Introduction to First Order Predicate Logic, Resolution Principle, Unification, Semantic Nets,
Conceptual Dependencies, Frames, and Scripts, Production Rules, Conceptual Graphs.
Programming in Logic (PROLOG)
4. Dealing with Uncertainty and Inconsistencies
Maintenance System, Default Reasoning, Probabilistic Reasoning, Bayesian Probabilistic
Inference, Possible World Representations.
5. Understanding Natural Languages
Parsing Techniques, Context-Free and
Transformational Grammars, Recursive and Augmented Transition Nets.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE : Introduction ,
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Background and Applications, Turing Test and Rational
Agent approaches to AI, Introduction to Intelligent Agents, their structure, behavior and
environment.
2. Problem Solving and Searching Techniques
Problem Characteristics, Production Systems, Control Strategies, Breadth First Search, Depth First
Search, Hill climbing and its Variations, Heuristics Search Techniques: Best First Search, A*
algorithm, Constraint Satisfaction Problem, Means-End Analysis, Introduction to Game Playing,
Min-Max and Alpha-Beta pruning algorithms.
3. Knowledge Representation
Introduction to First Order Predicate Logic, Resolution Principle, Unification, Semantic Nets,
Conceptual Dependencies, Frames, and Scripts, Production Rules, Conceptual Graphs.
Programming in Logic (PROLOG)
4. Dealing with Uncertainty and Inconsistencies
Maintenance System, Default Reasoning, Probabilistic Reasoning, Bayesian Probabilistic
Inference, Possible World Representations.
5. Understanding Natural Languages
Parsing Techniques, Context-Free and
Transformational Grammars, Recursive and Augmented Transition Nets.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. Introduction
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Background and Applications, Turing Test and Rational
Agent approaches to AI, Introduction to Intelligent Agents, their structure, behavior and environment.
2. Problem Solving and Searching Techniques
Problem Characteristics, Production Systems, Control Strategies, Breadth First Search, Depth First
Search, Hill climbing and its Variations, Heuristics Search Techniques: Best First Search, A*
algorithm, Constraint Satisfaction Problem, Means-End Analysis, Introduction to Game Playing,
Min-Max and Alpha-Beta pruning algorithms.
3. Knowledge Representation
Introduction to First Order Predicate Logic, Resolution Principle, Unification, Semantic Nets,
Conceptual Dependencies, Frames, and Scripts, Production Rules, Conceptual Graphs.
Programming in Logic (PROLOG)
4. Dealing with Uncertainty and Inconsistencies
Maintenance System, Default Reasoning, Probabilistic Reasoning, Bayesian Probabilistic
Inference, Possible World Representations.
5. Understanding Natural Languages
Parsing Techniques, Context-Free and
Transformational Grammars, Recursive and Augmented Transition Nets.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. Introduction
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Background and Applications, Turing Test and Rational
Agent approaches to AI, Introduction to Intelligent Agents, their structure, behavior and environment.
2. Problem Solving and Searching Techniques
Problem Characteristics, Production Systems, Control Strategies, Breadth First Search, Depth First
Search, Hill climbing and its Variations, Heuristics Search Techniques: Best First Search, A*
algorithm, Constraint Satisfaction Problem, Means-End Analysis, Introduction to Game Playing,
Min-Max and Alpha-Beta pruning algorithms.
3. Knowledge Representation
Introduction to First Order Predicate Logic, Resolution Principle, Unification, Semantic Nets,
Conceptual Dependencies, Frames, and Scripts, Production Rules, Conceptual Graphs.
Programming in Logic (PROLOG)
4. Dealing with Uncertainty and Inconsistencies
Maintenance System, Default Reasoning, Probabilistic Reasoning, Bayesian Probabilistic
Inference, Possible World Representations.
5. Understanding Natural Languages
Parsing Techniques, Context-Free and
Transformational Grammars, Recursive and Augmented Transition Nets.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
BSTI-BharatSir : Computer Fundamentals Set-13
1. MCQ
:
Computer
Fundamentals
BHARAT BHUSHAN @ B. K. NAL
Assistant Professor (Computer Science)
Director, BSTI, Kokar
Buddha Science & Technical Institute
www.bharatsir.com
SUPRIYA BHARATI
Assistant Professor (Computer Science)
Asst. Director, BSTI, Kokar
By
&
Computer
Fundamentals
Kokar, Ranchi-834001, Jharkhand, India
MCQ SET-13
2. Information Security
Computer
Fundamentals
with
Bharat
Sir,
BSTI,
Kokar,
Ranchi
Buddha Science & Technical Institute, Kokar, Ranchi
www.bharatsir.com |Mobile : 09835376044| Whatsapp : 09006365889
Computer Fundamentals ( Set-13 )
1. Which of the following is a interpreted language.
A. cobol
B. c
C. c++
D. basic
2. Which is considered to be the next generation of
OMR.
A. ocr
B. icr
C. micr
D. none of the above
3. Which one of these consist of interconnected
electronic devicesthat control everything that
computer does?
A. hardware
B. software
C. data
D. users
4. Computers with 80286 microprocessor is
A. XT computer
B. AT computers
C. PS/2 computer
D. None of above
5. In which year was UK’s premier computing event
started?
A. 1980
B. 1985
C. 1986
D. 1987
6. Computer operators?
3. Information Security
Computer
Fundamentals
with
Bharat
Sir,
BSTI,
Kokar,
Ranchi
Buddha Science & Technical Institute, Kokar, Ranchi
www.bharatsir.com |Mobile : 09835376044| Whatsapp : 09006365889
Computer Fundamentals ( Set-13 )
A. writes computer programs for specific
problems
B. operate the device which input and output
data from the computer
C. normally require a college degree in computer
science
D. all of the above
7. Identify the correct statement.
A. IBM PCs used RISC CPU designs
B. Macintosh used CISC CPU design
C. IBM used CISC CPU design
D. None of above is true
8. The first machine to successfully perform a long
series of arithmetic and logical operations was:
A. ENIAC
B. Mark-I
C. Analytic Engine
D. UNIVAC-1
9. An error in software or hardware is called a bug.
What is the alternative computer jargon for it?
A. Leech
B. Squid
C. Slug
D. Glitch
10. Most of the first generation computers were
A. Special purpose computers
B. General purpose computers
C. Both of above
D. None of above
11. What does DMA stand for?
4. Information Security
Computer
Fundamentals
with
Bharat
Sir,
BSTI,
Kokar,
Ranchi
Buddha Science & Technical Institute, Kokar, Ranchi
www.bharatsir.com |Mobile : 09835376044| Whatsapp : 09006365889
Computer Fundamentals ( Set-13 )
A. Distinct Memory Access
B. Direct Memory Access
C. Direct Module Access
D. Direct Memory Allocation
12. What is the name of the display feature that
highlights are of the screen which requires
operator attention?
A. Pixel
B. Reverse video
C. Touch screen
D. Cursor
13. Which programming languages are classified as
low level languages?
A. Basic, COBOL, FORTRAN
B. Prolog 2, Expert Systems
C. Knowledge based Systems
D. Assembly Languages
14. Who invented vacuum tubes?
A. John Bardeen
B. William Shockley
C. Lee de Forest
D. All of above
15. UNIVAC is
A. Universal Automatic Computer
B. Universal Array Computer
C. Unique Automatic Computer
D. Unvalued Automatic Computer
16. RJ45 UTP cable has ________ Cables.
A. 2 pair
B. 3 pair
5. Information Security
Computer
Fundamentals
with
Bharat
Sir,
BSTI,
Kokar,
Ranchi
Buddha Science & Technical Institute, Kokar, Ranchi
www.bharatsir.com |Mobile : 09835376044| Whatsapp : 09006365889
Computer Fundamentals ( Set-13 )
C. 4 pair
D. 5 pair
17. A directly accessible appointment calendar is
feature of a __ resident package?
A. CPU
B. Memory
C. Buffer
D. ALU
18. A digital computer did not score over an analog
computer in terms of
A. Speed
B. Accuracy
C. Reliability
D. Cost
19. The act of retrieving existing data from memory is
called
A. Read-out
B. Read from
C. Read
D. All of above
20. What is the first stage in software development?
A. Specification and design
B. Testing
C. System Analysis
D. Maintenance
21. IBM System/360 is
A. Mainframe Computer
B. Mini Computers
C. Micro Computers
D. None of above
6. Information Security
Computer
Fundamentals
with
Bharat
Sir,
BSTI,
Kokar,
Ranchi
Buddha Science & Technical Institute, Kokar, Ranchi
www.bharatsir.com |Mobile : 09835376044| Whatsapp : 09006365889
Computer Fundamentals ( Set-13 )
22. Regarding data, computers are very good at
A. store
B. Processing
C. retrieve
D. All of above
23. ENIAC uses
A. Decimal Numbering System
B. Octal Numbering System
C. Binary Numbering System
D. Hexadecimal Numbering System
24. Web cam is an
A. input unit device
B. output unit device
C. processing device
D. Input and Output device
25. Symbolic logic was discovered by
A. George Boole
B. Herman Hollerith
C. Van Neumann
D. Basic Pascal