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Brunei political history
- 1. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM FOR POLSC 131 UP DILIMAN POLITICAL SCIENCE STUDENTS
- 3. ● Located on the coast of Borneo; is only about 1% of the whole island ● Is bordered by the West Philippine Sea (N) and Malaysia everywhere else ● Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan ● Total area: 5,770 sqm km BRUNEI GEOGRAPHY
- 5. ● Rivers: Tutong, Belait, Temburong, Pandaruan ● Large cities: Kuala Belait, Seria ● A number of heavily populated areas are at the West side ● Terrain is usually coastal plains but is marked by mountains in the East and hilly lowlands in the West BRUNEI GEOGRAPHY
- 6. ● Its lowest point: sea-level ● Its highest point: Bukit Pagon ● Rich in petroleum, natural gas and timber ● Land is mostly used for forests ● Is at the center of maritime SEA ● Is also located in the Ring of Fire BRUNEI GEOGRAPHY
- 7. ● Climate is tropical equatorial ● Controlled by equatorial monsoon winds BRUNEI GEOGRAPHY
- 8. BRUNEI PEOPLE ● As of 2018, population is at 450,565 ● Mostly Malay, a number of Chinese and the remaining to be of various other SEA descents ● Mostly Sunni Muslim ● A middle-aged population but a growing youth
- 9. BRUNEI PEOPLE ● Indigenous groups are mostly situated in forested uplands ● Malays are mostly found in coastal areas ● Chinese are mostly found in urban areas ● Average life expectancy ● Net migration is quite high but the growth rate is decreasing
- 10. BRUNEI GOVERNMENT ● After full independence in 1984, it became an Islamic sultanate/absolute monarchy ● Sultan is head of state and of government ● Governs the Council of Ministers as PM ● Local administrative districts (daerah) → mukim → villages (kampung)
- 11. BRUNEI GOVERNMENT ● Has the Supreme Court and courts for Sharia law ● Legislative Council (Majlis Mesyuarat Negara Brunei ● Current sultan since 1967: Hassanal Bolkiah ● Considered a welfare state ● Constitutional sultanate ● Member of ASEAN
- 12. BRUNEI ECONOMY ● Energy-rich ● Attracts much investment due to its stable government ● Exports of crude oil and natural gas account for 65% of the GDP ● Domestic hydrocarbon production ● Hope to get into info and communication tech and halal manufacturing
- 13. BRUNEI CULTURE ● Thanks to its Islamic tradition, architecture is heavily inspired by it ● Very Malay-centric so Chinese natives have had trouble gaining citizenship (stateless persons) ● Strong similarities with Malaysian culture
- 14. BRUNEI PRE-HISTORY 6th century ● Evidence points to early trade with China (based on Chinese sources) 7th century ● Possible predecessor states: Vijayapura (possible subject of the Srivijaya Empire)
- 15. BRUNEI PRE-HISTORY 10th century ● Possible predecessor state: Po-ni ○ Marked by a tributary relationship with China
- 16. BRUNEI 13th - 15th CENTURY ● Came under the control of the Majapahit empire ○ Explains strong Hindu influence ● With the decline of the Majapahit, there was a wide conversion to Islam ○ Independent sultanate was born
- 17. BRUNEI 16th CENTURY ● Time of great Bolkiah (5th sultan) ○ Brunei had control of Borneo, the Sulu archipelago and other nearby islands ○ Golden Age of Brunei ○ 1485 to 1524
- 18. BRUNEI 16th CENTURY ● Capture of Malacca by the Portuguese (1511) ○ Was beneficial to Brunei since the dispersion moved many Muslims to use their ports
- 19. BRUNEI 16th CENTURY ● Magellan expedition marked entry of foreign powers ● Castillan War with the Spaniards ○ Spanish Expedition to Borneo ○ Much internal strife allowed the Spaniards access to the capital ○ Spaniards were forced to abandon it due to weakness
- 20. BRUNEI 17th CENTURY ● Brunei Civil War ○ 1661 to 1673 ○ Triggered by a cockfight ○ Became a drawn-out battle really about royal succession ● Coupled with increasing foreign presence, Brunei went into a decline
- 21. BRUNEI 19th CENTURY ● In the midst of a rebellion in Sarawak, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II asked help from British Army Officer James Brooke in quelling it ○ Became “White Rajah” of Sarawak in 1839 ● Loss of important territories made Brunei dependent on British power ○ Sarawak in 1841 (James Brooke) ○ Labuan in 1846 (annexed to the British) ○ Limbang in 1890 (to Sarawak)
- 22. ● Under the reign of Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin ○ Brunei was only around the size of modern Brunei at this time as British would constantly take land forcibly ○ The Sultan ceded Terusan to Sarawak and appealed to the British crown to stop Charles Brooke (Rajah of Sarawak) ● Treaty of Protection (17th September, 1888) ○ British status in Brunei changed to a British Protectorate ○ British took over responsibility over Brunei’s external affairs ○ ‘Guaranteed’ protection against attacked ○ Sultan could not cede territory without British consent BRUNEI Brunei under Britain 1906 map of Brunei
- 23. BRUNEI Brunei under Britain ● Treaty of Protection (17th September, 1888) ○ The treaty, however, recognized Charles Brooke as British, and the British Protectorate did not prevent him from seizing Limbang in 1890 (correction in the map) ○ Limbang was the richest food-growing district of Brunei ● Disturbances in Belait and Tutong ○ Amidst rebellion issues in these districts, Charles Brooke took the opportunity to annex Belait and Tutong ○ Sultan Hashim refused, but appealed to the Sultan of Turkey for help ○ The british knew of this and sent Malcolm McArthur to investigate Brunei’s problems
- 24. BRUNEI Brunei under Britain ● The supplementary agreement of 1905 and the Residency System ○ Brunei accepted a British Resident to advise the Sultan on external and internal affairs (except matters of religion) ○ Scrapping of the Brunei Land Tenure system ■ Kerajaan (crown lands) ■ Kuripan (lands held by the wazirs as appanages) ■ Tulin (private hereditary domains) ● The Resident’s powers encompassed virtually every aspect of the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of the Government.
- 25. ● Brunei’s economy struggled to development a substantial income until the discovery of Oil ● From the period of 1932 up until 1959, the government received $340 million in royalties ● Assets rose from $300,000 to $144.5 million by 1952 ● Brunei eventually became widely dependent on oil and gas to finance its development programmes, neglecting their rubber, sago, and clutch industries ● The oil allowed Brunei to maintain it’s sovereignty BRUNEI Oil Discovery of 1928 and the Issues that Followed
- 26. ● In the 1960s, Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman proposed the formation of the Federation of Malaysia ○ Malaya ○ Singapore ○ Sarawak ○ Sabah ○ Brunei ● This idea was subsequently rejected due to the Sultan not wanting the Malaysian government to control Brunei’s oil revenue BRUNEI Oil Discovery of 1928 and the Issues that Followed
- 27. ● During the Second World War, 10,0000 Japanese troops arrived at Kuala Belait ○ Despite Brunei being a British-protected state at the time, only a small detachment of a Punjab Regiment was left to protect British Borneo territories ● During their administration, the Japanese reorganized Brunei’s administration ○ Brunei became one of five Japanese Prefectures including Baram, Labuan, Lawas and Limbang -- all former Brunei territories. ● Economic slowdown of Brunei ○ Oil wells were cut off to the Japanese by the British with the filling of cement ○ Otherwise the supply would go to the Japanese BRUNEI Japanese Occupation of Brunei - Road to Independence
- 28. ● Between 1959 and 1962, a legislature was set-up where half the seats were elected towards the Brunei People’s Party, who were thought to accept the Malaysian Federation ● The North Kalimantan proposal, born from the North Kalimantan National Army linked to the left wing Brunei People’s Party and funded by indonesia, had anti-federation sentiments. ● Rebellion eventually broke out on 8 December in 1962 where battle took place for 10 days. ● Included were assaults on Limbang and executions at Temburong ● With aid by British Forces, 40 rebels were killed and 3400 were captured late in the day of December 17 BRUNEI Brunei Revolt of 1962
- 29. ● Eventually, with the rejection to join the Malaysian Federation despite Sarawak and North Borneo doing so, Brunei continued it’s road independence ● With it’s first 1959 constitution establishing the Chief Minister as the highest official, the British Resident loses it’s authoritative power, but is yet an adviser ● Indecision came from both the Brunei and British governments in the 1960s ○ Brunei wanted to maintain the 1959 agreement with the British due to internal and external defences of Brunei being lackluster ○ British, unsatisfied with the constitution wanted to opt out BRUNEI Road to Independence Brunei
- 30. ● It was not until November 23, 1971 that a new Anglo-Brunei agreement was made amending the 1959 constitution ● A new, winning, conservative party in Britain opted for the extension of Military training and presence in Brunei, continuing the role of Britain in regards to external affairs ○ Brunei’s defence was limited to consultative responsibility ○ However battalions of Gurkha units remain deployed in Brunei ● January 7, 1979, Brunei signed a treaty with the UK taking over international responsibilities as an independent nation, with Britain assisting in diplomacy ● By January 1 1984, Independence was officially Proclaimed by Sultan Bolkiah and assumed the title of “His Majesty” ● Brunei was then admitted to the ASEAN on January 7, 1984, and the UN on September 22, 1984 BRUNEI Road to Independence Brunei
- 31. ● After significant time under the Royal Dutch Shell Group of Companies, Brunei establishes petroleumBRUNEI, it’s first National Oil Company (2001) ○ This allows Brunei control over policy regulation, as well as having a trading arm in investing in Oil projects across South East Asia ● Reestablishment of the legislature ○ Although the first legislative council council was first established in 1959, it was dissolved in 1984 with the independence of Brunei by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. All powers were vested in the Sultan shortly after ○ It was not until September 25, 2004 that a legislature was established in Brunei following an amended version of Brunei’s constitution and no longer the 1959 version ○ The legislature follows the practice of other Commonwealth parliaments BRUNEI Recent Events of Brunei
- 32. ● Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (TPSEP) ○ Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, Singapore ○ Focuses on tariff reduction ● Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines- East Asian Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA) ○ Focuses on connectivity and power ○ Conducts trainings and projects regarding tourism or road development to open new trade and investment opportunities ● Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) ○ Trade and investment liberalization ○ Business facilitation ○ Economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH) ○ APEC members had the largest collective growth rate amongst all communities internationally BRUNEI Recent Events of Brunei - Various Economic Partnerships in SEA
- 33. ● Claim over 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gasses in the South China Seas ○ Brunei has small claims relative to the Asia Maritime Transparency Initiatives ○ Brunei and Malaysia are both claiming the southern border of the Spratly Islands ● Imposition of the Shariah Penal Code (2014) ○ Widely described as ‘Draconian’ and ‘Medieval’, this code includes severing of limbs for property crimes or stoning to death for sexual intercourse and homosexuality ○ Criticized by foreign countries for it’s Human Rights Violations ○ https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-wn-brunei-sharia-la w-20140501-story.html ○ “The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights also condemned the Brunei legal code for its planned application of death sentences for rape, adultery, sodomy, extramarital sexual relations, insulting verses of the Koran and murder.” BRUNEI Recent Events of Brunei - Other events
- 34. BRUNEI Sources Abu Bakar, Nani S. H. (2018). A Historical Overview of Brunei’s Economy Before the Discovery of Oil and some Subsequent Issues. Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Haji Julaini, S.S. (2013). Brunei Darussalam in Brief. Department of Government Printing. Retrieved by March 4, 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.information.gov.bn/Media%20Document%20Library/Brunei%20Today/brunei%20in%20brief_FINAL%202.pdf Harry, Kathleen. (2015). The Brunei Rebellion of 1962. Charles Darwin University. Hughes-Hallett, H.R. (August 1940). A SKETCH INTO THE HISTORY OF BRUNEI. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 18(2). Hussainmaya, B.A. (2007). Some Observations on pre-colonial legal system and practices in Brunei. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Selected papers in Economic and Social History. Brunei: Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Talib, Naimah S. (2013). Brunei Darussalam: Royal Absolutism and the Modern State. Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. Issue 13.