Bronchial Asthma is a chronic disease involving the respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict, become inflamed, and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to triggers such as allergies, infections, pollutants, and weather changes. Childhood asthma causes are not fully understood but risk factors include inherited allergies, airway infections, and environmental exposures. Signs and symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and trouble breathing. Diagnosis involves assessing medical history, doing physical exams and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers through medication and lifestyle changes while nursing management provides education, environmental control, and assistance during medical procedures or asthma attacks.

1. Bronchial
Asthma
Second year student’s
Dr . Shimaa Sophy

2. 01 02
Table of contents
Introduction Pathophysiology
03 04
05
Definition Causes & Risk
factors
Diagnosis
Signs &
Symptoms
06 07 08
Complication Prevention
09
Medical
management 10
Nursing
management

3. Introduction
01

4. Introduction
In childhood asthma, the lungs and airways become easily
inflamed when exposed to certain triggers, such as
inhaling pollen or catching a cold or other respiratory
infection. Childhood asthma can cause bothersome daily
symptoms that interfere with play, sports, school and
sleep. In some children, unmanaged asthma can cause
dangerous asthma attacks. Childhood asthma isn't a
different disease from asthma in adults

5. Definition
02

6. Definition
(Sinus infections, allergies, pollen, breathing in some chemicals,
and acid reflux can also trigger attacks. Physical exercise; some
medicines; bad weather, such as thunderstorms or high
humidity; breathing in cold, dry air; and some foods, food
additives, and fragrances can also trigger an asthma attack).
Asthma is a chronic disease involving the respiratory system
in which the airways occasionally constrict, become
inflammated, and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus.
often in response to one or more triggers:

7. Pathophysiology
03

8. Pathophysiology

9. Causes & Risk factors
04

10. causes and risk factors
Inherited tendency to develop allergies - Parents with asthma - Some types of airway
infections at a very young age - Exposure to environmental factors, such as cigarette
smoke or other air pollution
Childhood asthma causes aren't fully understood. Some
factors thought to be involved include:
risk factors :
Viral infections such as the common cold - Exposure
to air pollutants, such as tobacco smoke -
Allergies to dust mites, pet dander, pollen or mold
- Physical activity - Weather changes or cold air

11. Signs & Symptoms
05

12. ● Cough that's constant or intermittent
● Wheezing or whistling sound while breathing
● Fatigue
● Chest tightness
● Trouble breathing or shortness of breath
● Nighttime cough
● Noisy breathing
Signs and symptoms
Asthma Attacks:
While not all asthma symptoms indicate an asthma attack, when the symptoms worsen, they
may lead to an asthma attack. Symptoms of an asthma attack can include:
● Wheezing (high-pitched whistle or purring sound, mostly when breathing out)
● Cough
● Tight chest
● Trouble breathing

13. Diagnosis
06

14. Diagnosis
• History taking (Ask)
Dyspnea, Expiratory wheeze, Accessory muscle movement, Difficulty
in feeding, talking, getting to sleep, Irritability to cough, Eczema,
Allergic rhinitis
• Physical Examination (Look)
• Lung function tests (spirometry)
• Chest x-ray
Chest x-ray is not needed to diagnose asthma. It’s needed only when
the diagnosis is not clear or any complications are suspected

15. Complication
07

16. • Severe asthma attacks that require emergency treatment or hospital care
• Permanent decline in lung function
• Missed school days or getting behind in school
• Poor sleep and fatigue
• Symptoms that interfere with play, sports or other activities
• Growth delay
• High risk of obesity
Complication

17. Prevention
08

18. Careful planning and avoiding asthma triggers are the best ways
to prevent asthma attacks.
● Limit exposure to asthma triggers.
● Don't allow smoking around your child.
● Encourage your child to be active.
● See the doctor when necessary.
● Help your child maintain a healthy weight.
● Keep heartburn under control.
Prevention

19. Medical management
09

20. Medical management
• Avoid triggers.
• Oxygen.
• Pharmacotherapy.
• Oral bronchodilators.

21. Nursing management
10

22. Nursing management
• Education
• Environment control
• Immediate care based on severity of symptoms
• Assessment & Allergic History
• Administer medication & observe patient response
• Assist in intubations procedure if needed
• Regular follow-up and give psychological support

23. A picture is worth a
thousand words

24. Thanks