In this paper we analytically propose an alternative approach to achieve better fairness in scheduling mechanisms which could provide better quality of service particularly for real time application. Our proposal oppose the allocation of the bandwidth which adopted by all previous scheduling mechanism. It rather adopt the opposition approach be proposing the notion of Maxmin-charge which fairly distribute the congestion. Furthermore, analytical proposition of novel mechanism named as Just Queueing is been demonstrated
The purpose of the present scientific contribution is to investigate from the business economics standpoing the emerging phenomenon of company networks. In particular, through the analysis of the theory of networks will be proposed the principal categories of business networks, and even before this the concept of the network will be defined. The proposed research, qualitatively, represents the point of departure for the study of the network phenomenon in light of the current economic phase termed “economy of knowledge”. Moreover, the research questions are the following: From where does the theory of networks arise? Do company networks consider themselves equal to knowledge networks?
A ROUTING MECHANISM BASED ON SOCIAL NETWORKS AND BETWEENNESS CENTRALITY IN DE...ijcsit
With the growing popularity of mobile smart devices, the existing networks are unable to meet the requirement of many complex scenarios; current network architectures and protocols do not work well with the network with high latency and frequent disconnections. To improve the performance of these networks some scholars opened up a new research field, delay-tolerant networks, in which one of the important
research subjects is the forwarding and routing mechanism of data packets. This paper presents a routing
scheme based on social networks owing to the fact that nodes in computer networks and social networks
have high behavioural similarity. To further improve efficiency this paper also suggests a mechanism,which is the improved version of an existing betweenness centrality based routing algorithm [1]. The experiments showed that the proposed scheme has better performance than the existing friendship routing algorithms.
MODELING SOCIAL GAUSS-MARKOV MOBILITY FOR OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORK csandit
Mobility is attracting more and more interests due to its importance for data forwarding
mechanisms in many networks such as mobile opportunistic network. In everyday life mobile
nodes are often carried by human. Thus, mobile nodes’ mobility pattern is inevitable affected by
human social character. This paper presents a novel mobility model (HNGM) which combines
social character and Gauss-Markov process together. The performance analysis on this
mobility model is given and one famous and widely used mobility model (RWP) is chosen to
make comparison..
A journal which discusses the relationship of logic to law; gives reference to previous researches related and provides logical questions which can be a guide for further explorations.
The purpose of the present scientific contribution is to investigate from the business economics standpoing the emerging phenomenon of company networks. In particular, through the analysis of the theory of networks will be proposed the principal categories of business networks, and even before this the concept of the network will be defined. The proposed research, qualitatively, represents the point of departure for the study of the network phenomenon in light of the current economic phase termed “economy of knowledge”. Moreover, the research questions are the following: From where does the theory of networks arise? Do company networks consider themselves equal to knowledge networks?
A ROUTING MECHANISM BASED ON SOCIAL NETWORKS AND BETWEENNESS CENTRALITY IN DE...ijcsit
With the growing popularity of mobile smart devices, the existing networks are unable to meet the requirement of many complex scenarios; current network architectures and protocols do not work well with the network with high latency and frequent disconnections. To improve the performance of these networks some scholars opened up a new research field, delay-tolerant networks, in which one of the important
research subjects is the forwarding and routing mechanism of data packets. This paper presents a routing
scheme based on social networks owing to the fact that nodes in computer networks and social networks
have high behavioural similarity. To further improve efficiency this paper also suggests a mechanism,which is the improved version of an existing betweenness centrality based routing algorithm [1]. The experiments showed that the proposed scheme has better performance than the existing friendship routing algorithms.
MODELING SOCIAL GAUSS-MARKOV MOBILITY FOR OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORK csandit
Mobility is attracting more and more interests due to its importance for data forwarding
mechanisms in many networks such as mobile opportunistic network. In everyday life mobile
nodes are often carried by human. Thus, mobile nodes’ mobility pattern is inevitable affected by
human social character. This paper presents a novel mobility model (HNGM) which combines
social character and Gauss-Markov process together. The performance analysis on this
mobility model is given and one famous and widely used mobility model (RWP) is chosen to
make comparison..
A journal which discusses the relationship of logic to law; gives reference to previous researches related and provides logical questions which can be a guide for further explorations.
Two Models of the Criminal ProcessHERBERT L. PACKERSource R.docxmarilucorr
Two Models of the Criminal Process
HERBERT L. PACKER
Source: Reprinted from The Limits of the Criminal Sanction by Herbert L. Packer, with the permission of the publishers, Stanford University Press. ( 1968 by Herbert L. Packer.
In one of the most important contributions to systematic thought about the administration of criminal justice, Herbert Packer articulates the values supporting two models of the justice process. He notes the gulf existing between the "Due Process Model" of criminal administration, with its emphasis on the rights of the individual, and the "Crime Control Model," which sees the regulation of criminal conduct as the most important function of the judicial system.
T
wo models of the criminal process will let us perceive the normative antinomy at the heart of the criminal law. These models are not labeled Is and Ought, nor are they to be taken in that sense. Rather, they represent an attempt to abstract two separate value systems that compete for priority in the operation of the criminal process. Neither is presented as either corresponding to reality or representing the ideal to the exclusion of the other. The two models merely afford a convenient way to talk about the operation of a process whose day-to-day functioning involves a constant series of minute adjustments between the competing demands of two value systems and whose normative future likewise involves a series of resolutions of the tensions between competing claims.
I call these two models the Due Process Model and the Crime Control Model. . . . As we examine the way the models operate in each successive stage, we will raise two further inquiries: first, where on a spectrum between the extremes represented by the two models do our present practices seem approximately to fall; second, what appears to be the direction and thrust of current and foreseeable trends along each such spectrum?
There is a risk in an enterprise of this sort that is latent in any attempt to polarize. It is, simply, that values are too various to be pinned down to yes-or-no answers. The models are distortions of reality. And, since they are normative in character, there is a danger of seeing one or the other as Good or Bad. The reader will have his preferences, as I do, but we should not be so rigid as to demand consistently polarized answers to the range of questions posed in the criminal process. The weighty questions of public policy that inhere in any attempt to discern where on the spectrum of normative choice the “right” answer lies are beyond the scope of the present inquiry. The attempt here is primarily to clarify the terms of discussion by isolating the assumptions that underlie competing policy claims, and examining the conclusions that those claims, if fully accepted, would lead to.
VALUES UNDERLYING THE MODELS
Each of the two models we are about to examine is an attempt to give operational content to a complex of values underlying the criminal law. As I have suggested ...
Computational Methods in Medicine
Angel Garrido
Faculty of Sciences, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
algbmv@telefonica.net
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence requires logic. But its classical version shows too many
insufficiencies. So, it is absolutely necessary to introduce more sophisticated tools, such as Fuzzy
Logic, Modal Logic, Non-Monotonic Logic, and so on [2]. Among the things that AI needs to
represent are categories, objects, properties, relations between objects, situations, states, time,
events, causes and effects, knowledge about knowledge, and so on. The problems in AI can be
classified in two general types [3, 4]: Search Problems and Representation Problem. There exist
different ways to reach this objective. So, we have [3] Logics, Rules, Frames, Associative Nets,
Scripts and so on, that are often interconnected. Also, it will be very useful, in dealing with
problems of uncertainty and causality, to introduce Bayesian Networks, and particularly, a principal
tool as the Essential Graph. We attempt here to show the scope of application of such versatile
methods, currently fundamental in Medicine.
APA STYLE follow this textbook answer should be summarize for t.docxamrit47
APA STYLE
follow this textbook answer should be summarize for this below text
Study all types of Distributive Justice (6 or 7 total)
Summarize each in
one sentence
. Produce examples for each.
Don't use
any other text or article except this one.
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
1. Scope and Role of Distributive Principles
2. Strict Egalitarianism
3. The Difference Principle
4. Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
5. Welfare-Based Principles
6. Desert-Based Principles
7. Libertarian Principles
8. Feminist Principles
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
Strict Egalitarianism
One of the simplest principles of distributive justice is that of strict, or radical, equality. The principle says that every person should have the same level of material goods and services. The principle is most commonly justified on the grounds that people are morally equal and that equality in material goods and services is the best way to give effect to this moral ideal.
The Difference Principle
The most widely discussed theory of distributive justice in the past four decades has been that proposed by John Rawls in
A Theory of Justice
, (Rawls 1971), and
Political Liberalism
, (Rawls 1993). Rawls proposes the following two principles of justice:
· 1. Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all; and in this scheme the equal political liberties, and only those liberties, are to be guaranteed their fair value.
· 2. Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: (a) They are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and (b), they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society. (Rawls 1993, pp. 5–6. The principles are numbered as they were in Rawls' original
A Theory of Justice
.)
Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
Dworkin proposed that people begin with equal resources but be allowed to end up with unequal economic benefits as a result of their own choices. What constitutes a just material distribution is to be determined by the result of a thought experiment designed to model fair distribution. Suppose that everyone is given the same purchasing power and each uses that purchasing power to bid, in a fair auction, for resources best suited to their life plans. They are then permitted to use those resources as they see fit. Although people may end up with different economic benefits, none of them is given less consideration than another in the sense that if they wanted somebody else's resource bundle they could have bid for it instead.
In Dworkin's proposal we see his attitudes to ‘ambitions’ and ‘endowments’ which have become a central feature of luck egalitarianism (though under a wide variety of al.
Debate on the Quality of Judicial Decisions (from Theory to Practice)AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The judicial decision is much more than compliance with legal norms, the judicial production of the law itself is present.
There are methods to optimize judgment by granting it reliability, but the study-debate on optimization mechanisms have been continually
disregarded. The process of judicial decision-making is one of the most complex, since this decision escapes in its essence the Theory and
Philosophy of Law and fits more deeply into the intimacy of the "agent" of the decision whose universe is to be understood. The authority it
judges fulfils a duty of State and at the same time exercises a flexible part of its own obligations and limits in the isolation of its
individuality and under the flow of procedures that hang between the content of the decision and its formal externalization, the
judgment.The theme of the judicial decision on which this reflection intends to delimit the epistemic fields that law faces: the problem of
unlimited space that contemplates the debate on the rational production of decisions and aims to contribute to the advancement of the bases
of theoretical and practical rigor necessary for the constitution of a Theory of Judicial Decision. This research seeks to visualize the
growing, complex and sophisticated context in which Western democracies have witnessed the increase of rational demands for the
improvement of human rights guarantee institutions.
KEYWORDS: Secrecy of Justice, Freedom, Ethics, Judicial Decision, Performance Indicators of Judicial Decision (KPi's).
AyeIntroductionUtilitarianism is a theory that the aim of actio.docxcelenarouzie
AyeIntroduction
Utilitarianism is “a theory that the aim of action should be the largest possible balance of pleasure over pain or the greatest happiness of the greatest number” Merriam-Webster. I argue that the principle of utility can be proper to set for specific rules that benefit all society and improper when ruling for general issues. To prove my argument, I will show what Bentham and Mill ideas of the principle of Utility. I will use Rule-utilitarianism and Act-utilitarianism to further my analysis of the principle of utility in matters of laws and policy. Comment by Kevin McGravey: Try to use a definition from an author or your own. Comment by Kevin McGravey: Awk. Comment by Kevin McGravey: Good –explain here exactly how you’ll do this. Bentham & Mill
Bentham's Principle of Utility have four components. First, is to recognize the main role of pain and pleasure in people’s lives. Second, favors or condemns an action on the basis of the amount of pain or pleasure brought to people for example, consequences. Third, he associates good with pleasure and evil with pain. Last, he asserts that pleasure and pain are measurable. Comment by Kevin McGravey: has Comment by Kevin McGravey: You want to cite Bentham here.
Mill adjusted the more hedonistic views in Bentham's philosophy by emphasizing, it is not the quantity of pleasure, but the quality of happiness that is central to utilitarianism. This analysis is unreasonable according to Mill, qualities cannot be quantified, and there is a distinction between higher and lower pleasures. Utilitarianism refers to the Greatest Happiness Principle it seeks to promote the ability of achieving happiness like higher pleasures for the most amount of people. Comment by Kevin McGravey: Again, cite Mill here so that you can explore the view in more depth.
Rule & Act Utilitarianism
Rule-utilitarianism is the principle of utility which is used to determine the validity of rules of conduct or moral principles. Rule utilitarianism sounds paradoxical because it says that we can have better results if we follow the rules than by always performing individual actions whose consequences are good as possible in that situation.
The rule-utilitarian approach to morality can be shown by considering the rules of the road. Driving the general utilitarian principle can be very broad and open-ended like “drive safely” where rule utilitarianism is more specific like “stop at red lights.”
The reasoning behind a more inflexible rule-based system leads to greater overall utility is that people have poor judgment when driving. Having specific rules minimizes the dangers of having too broad of rules.
A rule-utilitarian can be shown by seeing the difference between stop signs and yield signs. Stop signs stop drivers from crossing an intersection at all times, even if the driver sees that there are no cars approaching and therefore no danger in not stopping. A yield sign allows drivers to go through without stopping, unless.
Regulating human control over autonomous systemsAraz Taeihagh
In recent years, many sectors have experienced significant progress in automation, associated with the growing advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning. There are already automated robotic weapons, which are able to evaluate and engage with targets on their own, and there are already autonomous vehicles that do not need a human driver. It is argued that the use of increasingly autonomous systems (AS) should be guided by the policy of human control, according to which humans should execute a certain significant level of judgment over AS. While in the military sector there is a fear that AS could mean that humans lose control over life and death decisions, in the transportation domain, on the contrary, there is a strongly held view that autonomy could bring significant operational benefits by removing the need for a human driver. This article explores the notion of human control in the United States in the two domains of defense and transportation. The operationalization of emerging policies of human control results in the typology of direct and indirect human controls exercised over the use of AS. The typology helps to steer the debate away from the linguistic complexities of the term “autonomy.” It identifies instead where human factors are undergoing important changes and ultimately informs about more detailed rules and standards formulation, which differ across domains, applications, and sectors.
When Ostrom Meets Blockchain: Exploring the Potentials of Blockchain for Comm...eraser Juan José Calderón
When Ostrom Meets Blockchain: Exploring the Potentials of Blockchain for Commons Governance by David Rozas (drozas@ucm.es), Antonio Tenorio-Fornés (antoniotenorio@ucm.es), Silvia
1 2
Díaz-Molina (smdmolina@ucm.es), and Samer Hassan (shassan@cyber.harvard.edu)
Select a policy from the list of examples found in Chapter 1 of .docxedmondpburgess27164
Select a policy from the list of examples found in Chapter 1 of
Criminal Justice Policy
in Table 1.1 “Examples of Federal Criminal Justice Policies” (Mallicoat, 2014). In this discussion, you will evaluate your selected criminal justice policy by using one of the models (i.e., Packer’s, Feeley’s, or Cox and Wade’s) discussed in Chapter 2 of
The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice
(Marion & Oliver, 2012).
Initial Post:
After selecting one of the criminal justice policies as identified by Mallicoat, evaluate it based on one of the models identified in
The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice
, and explain your conclusions based on your evaluation of the current criminal justice system. In your examination of the policy process, determine if the policy under review is symbolic or substantive. Finally, determine the major goal and secondary goal of the policy based on Box 2.1 “Major Goals of the Criminal Justice System,” in
The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice
(Marion & Oliver, 2012). Support your claims with examples from the required materials and/or other scholarly sources, and properly cite your references with both in-text and APA citations at the end of your post. Your initial post is due by Day 3 (Thursday) and should be at least 400 words in length.
Examples of Federal Criminal Justice Policies
Controlled Substances Act (Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970) – Regulated the manufacturing, importation, possession, and use of controlled substances (both legal and illegal).
Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 – Regulates the over-the-counter sale of medicinal products containing ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine (products typically found in cold medications and used to manufacture methamphetamine).
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 – Enacted mandatory minimum sentences for drug possession.
Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 – Changed the sentencing ratio between crack cocaine and powder cocaine to 1 to 18 (previously a 1 to 100 ratio).
Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 (Comprehensive Crime Control Act) – Created sentencing structure for Federal offenses, established the U.S. Sentencing Commission, and abolished Federal parole.
Sex Offender (Jacob Wetterling) Act of 1994 – Requires convicted sex offenders to notify policy of changes to residency and employment status.
Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 – Organizes sex offenders into a 3-tier system and mandates timelines for registration based on tier. Creates a national sex offender registry and provides for the civil commitment for sexually dangerous persons.
U.S. Patriot Act (2001) – Expanded the power of police agencies to gather intelligence data on terrorism suspects, and broadened discretionary powers to detain and deport immigrants suspected of terrorism.
Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 – Enhanced criminal punishments for Federal fraud la.
Major Models of the Criminal Justice SystemPacker’s ModelsThe .docxsmile790243
Major Models of the Criminal Justice System
Packer’s Models
The first major conceptual model of the criminal justice system came from Herbert Packer, who was
a distinguished professor of law at Stanford University. In the 1960s, Packer published an article
titled “Two Models of the Criminal Process,” which was later included in a book titled The Limits of
the Criminal Sanction. In these publications, Packer presented two models of the criminal justice
system: the crime control model and the due process model. His goal was to present two models
that would “give operational content to a complex of values underlying the criminal law.” Packer
achieved his goal, for these two models have come to reflect the competing ideologies and policies
of the criminal justice system.
Packer did not necessarily want these two models to become an oversimplification of the values
that underlie the criminal process. Rather, he wanted to be able to communicate the two
competing systems of values that created an enormous amount of tension on the development of
the criminal process and how it should best be ordered. He did contend that the polarity of the two
models was not absolute and that there was some common ground between these competing
philosophies. The primary commonality between these two competing models, Packer explained,
could actually be found in their adherence to the U.S. Constitution. Both adhered to the principles
found in the Constitution, but each does so in its own unique way. In addition, both agree that our
system is an adversarial system, pitting the prosecution against the defense. Neither model
disagrees with this basic premise, but how they react to the adversarial system of justice is quite
diverse. Despite the articulation of this “common ground” between the competing models, it is the
polarity of the two models that is most renowned and most discussed in terms of Packer’s models.
Therefore, it is to these two competing models we now turn.
Crime Control
The crime control model articulates that the repression of criminal conduct is by far the most
important function of the criminal justice system. If the system and, more specifically, the police
fail to keep criminal conduct under tight control, then it is believed that this will lead to the
breakdown of public order, which will cause the denigration of human freedom. If people are not
free to do as they choose for fear of crime, then society suffers. Thus, the criminal justice system
becomes a guarantor of human freedom. And to achieve this freedom, the crime control model
argues that the criminal justice system is charged with arresting suspects, determining guilt, and
ensuring that criminals are properly punished. Therefore, the crime control model stresses the need
for efficiency and speed to generate a high rate of apprehension while dealing with limited
resources. The goal is to then process these individuals through the system by moving those who
are not guilty out of the process a ...
Syntactic search relies on keywords contained in a query to find suitable documents. So, documents that do
not contain the keywords but contain information related to the query are not retrieved. Spreading
activation is an algorithm for finding latent information in a query by exploiting relations between nodes in
an associative network or semantic network. However, the classical spreading activation algorithm uses all
relations of a node in the network that will add unsuitable information into the query. In this paper, we
propose a novel approach for semantic text search, called query-oriented-constrained spreading activation
that only uses relations relating to the content of the query to find really related information. Experiments
on a benchmark dataset show that, in terms of the MAP measure, our search engine is 18.9% and 43.8%
respectively better than the syntactic search and the search using the classical constrained spreading
activation.
ON THE PROBABILITY OF K-CONNECTIVITY IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS UNDER DIFFER...graphhoc
We compare the probability of k-Connectivity of an ad hoc network under Random Way Point (RWP),City Section and Manhattan mobility models. A Network is said to be k Connected if there exists at least k edge disjoint paths between any pair of nodes in that network at any given time and velocity. Initially, for each of the three mobility models, the movement of the each node in the ad hoc network at a given velocity and time are captured and stored in the Node Movement Database (NMDB). Using the movements in the NMDB, the location of the node at a given time is computed and stored in the Node
Location Database (NLDB).
The Impact of Data Replication on Job Scheduling Performance in Hierarchical ...graphhoc
In data-intensive applications data transfer is a primary cause of job execution delay. Data access time depends on bandwidth. The major bottleneck to supporting fast data access in Grids is the high latencies of Wide Area Networks and Internet. Effective scheduling can reduce the amount of data transferred across the internet by dispatching a job to where the needed data are present. Another solution is to use a data replication mechanism. Objective of dynamic replica strategies is reducing file access time which leads to reducing job runtime. In this paper we develop a job scheduling policy and a dynamic data replication strategy, called HRS (Hierarchical Replication Strategy), to improve the data access efficiencies. We study our approach and evaluate it through simulation. The results show that our algorithm has improved 12% over the current strategies
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Two Models of the Criminal ProcessHERBERT L. PACKERSource R.docxmarilucorr
Two Models of the Criminal Process
HERBERT L. PACKER
Source: Reprinted from The Limits of the Criminal Sanction by Herbert L. Packer, with the permission of the publishers, Stanford University Press. ( 1968 by Herbert L. Packer.
In one of the most important contributions to systematic thought about the administration of criminal justice, Herbert Packer articulates the values supporting two models of the justice process. He notes the gulf existing between the "Due Process Model" of criminal administration, with its emphasis on the rights of the individual, and the "Crime Control Model," which sees the regulation of criminal conduct as the most important function of the judicial system.
T
wo models of the criminal process will let us perceive the normative antinomy at the heart of the criminal law. These models are not labeled Is and Ought, nor are they to be taken in that sense. Rather, they represent an attempt to abstract two separate value systems that compete for priority in the operation of the criminal process. Neither is presented as either corresponding to reality or representing the ideal to the exclusion of the other. The two models merely afford a convenient way to talk about the operation of a process whose day-to-day functioning involves a constant series of minute adjustments between the competing demands of two value systems and whose normative future likewise involves a series of resolutions of the tensions between competing claims.
I call these two models the Due Process Model and the Crime Control Model. . . . As we examine the way the models operate in each successive stage, we will raise two further inquiries: first, where on a spectrum between the extremes represented by the two models do our present practices seem approximately to fall; second, what appears to be the direction and thrust of current and foreseeable trends along each such spectrum?
There is a risk in an enterprise of this sort that is latent in any attempt to polarize. It is, simply, that values are too various to be pinned down to yes-or-no answers. The models are distortions of reality. And, since they are normative in character, there is a danger of seeing one or the other as Good or Bad. The reader will have his preferences, as I do, but we should not be so rigid as to demand consistently polarized answers to the range of questions posed in the criminal process. The weighty questions of public policy that inhere in any attempt to discern where on the spectrum of normative choice the “right” answer lies are beyond the scope of the present inquiry. The attempt here is primarily to clarify the terms of discussion by isolating the assumptions that underlie competing policy claims, and examining the conclusions that those claims, if fully accepted, would lead to.
VALUES UNDERLYING THE MODELS
Each of the two models we are about to examine is an attempt to give operational content to a complex of values underlying the criminal law. As I have suggested ...
Computational Methods in Medicine
Angel Garrido
Faculty of Sciences, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
algbmv@telefonica.net
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence requires logic. But its classical version shows too many
insufficiencies. So, it is absolutely necessary to introduce more sophisticated tools, such as Fuzzy
Logic, Modal Logic, Non-Monotonic Logic, and so on [2]. Among the things that AI needs to
represent are categories, objects, properties, relations between objects, situations, states, time,
events, causes and effects, knowledge about knowledge, and so on. The problems in AI can be
classified in two general types [3, 4]: Search Problems and Representation Problem. There exist
different ways to reach this objective. So, we have [3] Logics, Rules, Frames, Associative Nets,
Scripts and so on, that are often interconnected. Also, it will be very useful, in dealing with
problems of uncertainty and causality, to introduce Bayesian Networks, and particularly, a principal
tool as the Essential Graph. We attempt here to show the scope of application of such versatile
methods, currently fundamental in Medicine.
APA STYLE follow this textbook answer should be summarize for t.docxamrit47
APA STYLE
follow this textbook answer should be summarize for this below text
Study all types of Distributive Justice (6 or 7 total)
Summarize each in
one sentence
. Produce examples for each.
Don't use
any other text or article except this one.
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
1. Scope and Role of Distributive Principles
2. Strict Egalitarianism
3. The Difference Principle
4. Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
5. Welfare-Based Principles
6. Desert-Based Principles
7. Libertarian Principles
8. Feminist Principles
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
Strict Egalitarianism
One of the simplest principles of distributive justice is that of strict, or radical, equality. The principle says that every person should have the same level of material goods and services. The principle is most commonly justified on the grounds that people are morally equal and that equality in material goods and services is the best way to give effect to this moral ideal.
The Difference Principle
The most widely discussed theory of distributive justice in the past four decades has been that proposed by John Rawls in
A Theory of Justice
, (Rawls 1971), and
Political Liberalism
, (Rawls 1993). Rawls proposes the following two principles of justice:
· 1. Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all; and in this scheme the equal political liberties, and only those liberties, are to be guaranteed their fair value.
· 2. Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: (a) They are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and (b), they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society. (Rawls 1993, pp. 5–6. The principles are numbered as they were in Rawls' original
A Theory of Justice
.)
Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
Dworkin proposed that people begin with equal resources but be allowed to end up with unequal economic benefits as a result of their own choices. What constitutes a just material distribution is to be determined by the result of a thought experiment designed to model fair distribution. Suppose that everyone is given the same purchasing power and each uses that purchasing power to bid, in a fair auction, for resources best suited to their life plans. They are then permitted to use those resources as they see fit. Although people may end up with different economic benefits, none of them is given less consideration than another in the sense that if they wanted somebody else's resource bundle they could have bid for it instead.
In Dworkin's proposal we see his attitudes to ‘ambitions’ and ‘endowments’ which have become a central feature of luck egalitarianism (though under a wide variety of al.
Debate on the Quality of Judicial Decisions (from Theory to Practice)AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The judicial decision is much more than compliance with legal norms, the judicial production of the law itself is present.
There are methods to optimize judgment by granting it reliability, but the study-debate on optimization mechanisms have been continually
disregarded. The process of judicial decision-making is one of the most complex, since this decision escapes in its essence the Theory and
Philosophy of Law and fits more deeply into the intimacy of the "agent" of the decision whose universe is to be understood. The authority it
judges fulfils a duty of State and at the same time exercises a flexible part of its own obligations and limits in the isolation of its
individuality and under the flow of procedures that hang between the content of the decision and its formal externalization, the
judgment.The theme of the judicial decision on which this reflection intends to delimit the epistemic fields that law faces: the problem of
unlimited space that contemplates the debate on the rational production of decisions and aims to contribute to the advancement of the bases
of theoretical and practical rigor necessary for the constitution of a Theory of Judicial Decision. This research seeks to visualize the
growing, complex and sophisticated context in which Western democracies have witnessed the increase of rational demands for the
improvement of human rights guarantee institutions.
KEYWORDS: Secrecy of Justice, Freedom, Ethics, Judicial Decision, Performance Indicators of Judicial Decision (KPi's).
AyeIntroductionUtilitarianism is a theory that the aim of actio.docxcelenarouzie
AyeIntroduction
Utilitarianism is “a theory that the aim of action should be the largest possible balance of pleasure over pain or the greatest happiness of the greatest number” Merriam-Webster. I argue that the principle of utility can be proper to set for specific rules that benefit all society and improper when ruling for general issues. To prove my argument, I will show what Bentham and Mill ideas of the principle of Utility. I will use Rule-utilitarianism and Act-utilitarianism to further my analysis of the principle of utility in matters of laws and policy. Comment by Kevin McGravey: Try to use a definition from an author or your own. Comment by Kevin McGravey: Awk. Comment by Kevin McGravey: Good –explain here exactly how you’ll do this. Bentham & Mill
Bentham's Principle of Utility have four components. First, is to recognize the main role of pain and pleasure in people’s lives. Second, favors or condemns an action on the basis of the amount of pain or pleasure brought to people for example, consequences. Third, he associates good with pleasure and evil with pain. Last, he asserts that pleasure and pain are measurable. Comment by Kevin McGravey: has Comment by Kevin McGravey: You want to cite Bentham here.
Mill adjusted the more hedonistic views in Bentham's philosophy by emphasizing, it is not the quantity of pleasure, but the quality of happiness that is central to utilitarianism. This analysis is unreasonable according to Mill, qualities cannot be quantified, and there is a distinction between higher and lower pleasures. Utilitarianism refers to the Greatest Happiness Principle it seeks to promote the ability of achieving happiness like higher pleasures for the most amount of people. Comment by Kevin McGravey: Again, cite Mill here so that you can explore the view in more depth.
Rule & Act Utilitarianism
Rule-utilitarianism is the principle of utility which is used to determine the validity of rules of conduct or moral principles. Rule utilitarianism sounds paradoxical because it says that we can have better results if we follow the rules than by always performing individual actions whose consequences are good as possible in that situation.
The rule-utilitarian approach to morality can be shown by considering the rules of the road. Driving the general utilitarian principle can be very broad and open-ended like “drive safely” where rule utilitarianism is more specific like “stop at red lights.”
The reasoning behind a more inflexible rule-based system leads to greater overall utility is that people have poor judgment when driving. Having specific rules minimizes the dangers of having too broad of rules.
A rule-utilitarian can be shown by seeing the difference between stop signs and yield signs. Stop signs stop drivers from crossing an intersection at all times, even if the driver sees that there are no cars approaching and therefore no danger in not stopping. A yield sign allows drivers to go through without stopping, unless.
Regulating human control over autonomous systemsAraz Taeihagh
In recent years, many sectors have experienced significant progress in automation, associated with the growing advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning. There are already automated robotic weapons, which are able to evaluate and engage with targets on their own, and there are already autonomous vehicles that do not need a human driver. It is argued that the use of increasingly autonomous systems (AS) should be guided by the policy of human control, according to which humans should execute a certain significant level of judgment over AS. While in the military sector there is a fear that AS could mean that humans lose control over life and death decisions, in the transportation domain, on the contrary, there is a strongly held view that autonomy could bring significant operational benefits by removing the need for a human driver. This article explores the notion of human control in the United States in the two domains of defense and transportation. The operationalization of emerging policies of human control results in the typology of direct and indirect human controls exercised over the use of AS. The typology helps to steer the debate away from the linguistic complexities of the term “autonomy.” It identifies instead where human factors are undergoing important changes and ultimately informs about more detailed rules and standards formulation, which differ across domains, applications, and sectors.
When Ostrom Meets Blockchain: Exploring the Potentials of Blockchain for Comm...eraser Juan José Calderón
When Ostrom Meets Blockchain: Exploring the Potentials of Blockchain for Commons Governance by David Rozas (drozas@ucm.es), Antonio Tenorio-Fornés (antoniotenorio@ucm.es), Silvia
1 2
Díaz-Molina (smdmolina@ucm.es), and Samer Hassan (shassan@cyber.harvard.edu)
Select a policy from the list of examples found in Chapter 1 of .docxedmondpburgess27164
Select a policy from the list of examples found in Chapter 1 of
Criminal Justice Policy
in Table 1.1 “Examples of Federal Criminal Justice Policies” (Mallicoat, 2014). In this discussion, you will evaluate your selected criminal justice policy by using one of the models (i.e., Packer’s, Feeley’s, or Cox and Wade’s) discussed in Chapter 2 of
The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice
(Marion & Oliver, 2012).
Initial Post:
After selecting one of the criminal justice policies as identified by Mallicoat, evaluate it based on one of the models identified in
The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice
, and explain your conclusions based on your evaluation of the current criminal justice system. In your examination of the policy process, determine if the policy under review is symbolic or substantive. Finally, determine the major goal and secondary goal of the policy based on Box 2.1 “Major Goals of the Criminal Justice System,” in
The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice
(Marion & Oliver, 2012). Support your claims with examples from the required materials and/or other scholarly sources, and properly cite your references with both in-text and APA citations at the end of your post. Your initial post is due by Day 3 (Thursday) and should be at least 400 words in length.
Examples of Federal Criminal Justice Policies
Controlled Substances Act (Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970) – Regulated the manufacturing, importation, possession, and use of controlled substances (both legal and illegal).
Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 – Regulates the over-the-counter sale of medicinal products containing ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine (products typically found in cold medications and used to manufacture methamphetamine).
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 – Enacted mandatory minimum sentences for drug possession.
Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 – Changed the sentencing ratio between crack cocaine and powder cocaine to 1 to 18 (previously a 1 to 100 ratio).
Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 (Comprehensive Crime Control Act) – Created sentencing structure for Federal offenses, established the U.S. Sentencing Commission, and abolished Federal parole.
Sex Offender (Jacob Wetterling) Act of 1994 – Requires convicted sex offenders to notify policy of changes to residency and employment status.
Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 – Organizes sex offenders into a 3-tier system and mandates timelines for registration based on tier. Creates a national sex offender registry and provides for the civil commitment for sexually dangerous persons.
U.S. Patriot Act (2001) – Expanded the power of police agencies to gather intelligence data on terrorism suspects, and broadened discretionary powers to detain and deport immigrants suspected of terrorism.
Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 – Enhanced criminal punishments for Federal fraud la.
Major Models of the Criminal Justice SystemPacker’s ModelsThe .docxsmile790243
Major Models of the Criminal Justice System
Packer’s Models
The first major conceptual model of the criminal justice system came from Herbert Packer, who was
a distinguished professor of law at Stanford University. In the 1960s, Packer published an article
titled “Two Models of the Criminal Process,” which was later included in a book titled The Limits of
the Criminal Sanction. In these publications, Packer presented two models of the criminal justice
system: the crime control model and the due process model. His goal was to present two models
that would “give operational content to a complex of values underlying the criminal law.” Packer
achieved his goal, for these two models have come to reflect the competing ideologies and policies
of the criminal justice system.
Packer did not necessarily want these two models to become an oversimplification of the values
that underlie the criminal process. Rather, he wanted to be able to communicate the two
competing systems of values that created an enormous amount of tension on the development of
the criminal process and how it should best be ordered. He did contend that the polarity of the two
models was not absolute and that there was some common ground between these competing
philosophies. The primary commonality between these two competing models, Packer explained,
could actually be found in their adherence to the U.S. Constitution. Both adhered to the principles
found in the Constitution, but each does so in its own unique way. In addition, both agree that our
system is an adversarial system, pitting the prosecution against the defense. Neither model
disagrees with this basic premise, but how they react to the adversarial system of justice is quite
diverse. Despite the articulation of this “common ground” between the competing models, it is the
polarity of the two models that is most renowned and most discussed in terms of Packer’s models.
Therefore, it is to these two competing models we now turn.
Crime Control
The crime control model articulates that the repression of criminal conduct is by far the most
important function of the criminal justice system. If the system and, more specifically, the police
fail to keep criminal conduct under tight control, then it is believed that this will lead to the
breakdown of public order, which will cause the denigration of human freedom. If people are not
free to do as they choose for fear of crime, then society suffers. Thus, the criminal justice system
becomes a guarantor of human freedom. And to achieve this freedom, the crime control model
argues that the criminal justice system is charged with arresting suspects, determining guilt, and
ensuring that criminals are properly punished. Therefore, the crime control model stresses the need
for efficiency and speed to generate a high rate of apprehension while dealing with limited
resources. The goal is to then process these individuals through the system by moving those who
are not guilty out of the process a ...
Syntactic search relies on keywords contained in a query to find suitable documents. So, documents that do
not contain the keywords but contain information related to the query are not retrieved. Spreading
activation is an algorithm for finding latent information in a query by exploiting relations between nodes in
an associative network or semantic network. However, the classical spreading activation algorithm uses all
relations of a node in the network that will add unsuitable information into the query. In this paper, we
propose a novel approach for semantic text search, called query-oriented-constrained spreading activation
that only uses relations relating to the content of the query to find really related information. Experiments
on a benchmark dataset show that, in terms of the MAP measure, our search engine is 18.9% and 43.8%
respectively better than the syntactic search and the search using the classical constrained spreading
activation.
Similar to Breaking the Legend: Maxmin Fairness notion is no longer effective (20)
ON THE PROBABILITY OF K-CONNECTIVITY IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS UNDER DIFFER...graphhoc
We compare the probability of k-Connectivity of an ad hoc network under Random Way Point (RWP),City Section and Manhattan mobility models. A Network is said to be k Connected if there exists at least k edge disjoint paths between any pair of nodes in that network at any given time and velocity. Initially, for each of the three mobility models, the movement of the each node in the ad hoc network at a given velocity and time are captured and stored in the Node Movement Database (NMDB). Using the movements in the NMDB, the location of the node at a given time is computed and stored in the Node
Location Database (NLDB).
The Impact of Data Replication on Job Scheduling Performance in Hierarchical ...graphhoc
In data-intensive applications data transfer is a primary cause of job execution delay. Data access time depends on bandwidth. The major bottleneck to supporting fast data access in Grids is the high latencies of Wide Area Networks and Internet. Effective scheduling can reduce the amount of data transferred across the internet by dispatching a job to where the needed data are present. Another solution is to use a data replication mechanism. Objective of dynamic replica strategies is reducing file access time which leads to reducing job runtime. In this paper we develop a job scheduling policy and a dynamic data replication strategy, called HRS (Hierarchical Replication Strategy), to improve the data access efficiencies. We study our approach and evaluate it through simulation. The results show that our algorithm has improved 12% over the current strategies
DISTANCE TWO LABELING FOR MULTI-STOREY GRAPHSgraphhoc
An L (2, 1)-labeling of a graph G (also called distance two labeling) is a function f from the vertex set V (G) to the non negative integers {0,1,…, k }such that |f(x)-f(y)| ≥2 if d(x, y) =1 and | f(x)- f(y)| ≥1 if d(x, y) =2. The L (2, 1)-labeling number λ (G) or span of G is the smallest k such that there is a f with
max {f (v) : vє V(G)}= k. In this paper we introduce a new type of graph called multi-storey graph. The distance two labeling of multi-storey of path, cycle, Star graph, Grid, Planar graph with maximal edges and its span value is determined. Further maximum upper bound span value for Multi-storey of simple
graph are discussed.
Impact of Mobility for Qos Based Secure Manet graphhoc
Secure multicast communication in Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) is challenging due to its inherent characteristics of infrastructure-less architecture with lack of central authority, limited resources such as bandwidth, energy and power. Several group oriented applications over MANETs create new challenges to routing protocols in terms of QOS requirements. In many multicast interactions, due to its frequent node mobility, new member can join and current members can leave at a time. It is necessary to choose a routing protocol which establishes true connectivity between the mobile nodes. The pattern of movement of members is classified into different mobility models and each one has its own distinct features. It is a crucial part in the performance of MANET. Hence key management is the fundamental challenge in achieving secure communication using multicast key distribution for mobile adhoc networks. This paper describes the impact of mobility models for the performance of a new cluster-based multicast tree algorithm with destination sequenced distance vector routing protocol in terms of QOS requirements such as end to end delay, energy consumption and key delivery ratio. For simulation purposes, three mobility models are considered. Simulation results illustrate the performance of routing protocol with different mobility models and different mobility speed under varying network conditions.
A Transmission Range Based Clustering Algorithm for Topology Control Manetgraphhoc
This paper presents a novel algorithm for clustering of nodes by transmission range based clustering (TRBC).This algorithm does topology management by the usage of coverage area of each node and power management based on mean transmission power within the context of wireless ad-hoc networks. By reducing the transmission range of the nodes, energy consumed by each node is decreased and topology is formed. A new algorithm is formulated that helps in reducing the system power consumption and prolonging the battery life of mobile nodes. Formation of cluster and selection of optimal cluster head and thus forming the optimal cluster taking weighted metrics like battery life, distance, position and mobility is done based on the factors such as node density, coverage area, contention index, required and current node degree of the nodes in the clusters
A Battery Power Scheduling Policy with Hardware Support In Mobile Devices graphhoc
A major issue in the ad hoc networks with energy constraints is to find ways that increase their lifetime. The use of multihop radio relaying requires a sufficient number of relaying nodes to maintainnetwork connectivity. Hence, battery power is a precious resource that must be used efficiently in order to avoid early termination of any node. In this paper, a new battery power scheduling policy based on dynamic programming is proposed for mobile devices.This policy makes use of the state information of each cell provided by the smart battery package and uses the strategy of dynamic programming to optimally satisfy a request for power. Using extensive simulation it is proved that dynamic programming based schedulingpolicyimproves the lifetime of the mobile nodes.Also a hardware support is proposed to succeeds in distinguishing between real-time and non-real-time traffic and provides the appropriate grade of service, to meet the time constraints associated with real time traffic.
A Review of the Energy Efficient and Secure Multicast Routing Protocols for ...graphhoc
This paper presents a thorough survey of recent work addressing energy efficient multicast routing protocols and secure multicast routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). There are so many issues and solutions which witness the need of energy management and security in ad hoc wireless networks. The objective of a multicast routing protocol for MANETs is to support the propagation of data from a sender to all the receivers of a multicast group while trying to use the available bandwidth efficiently in the presence of frequent topology changes. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Secure multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. However, offering energy efficient and secure multicast routing is a difficult and challenging task. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. These protocols have distinguishing features and use different mechanisms.
Case Study On Social Engineering Techniques for Persuasion Full Text graphhoc
There are plenty of security software in market; each claiming the best, still we daily face problem of viruses and other malicious activities. If we know the basic working principal of such malware then we can very easily prevent most of them even without security software. Hackers and crackers are experts in psychology to manipulate people into giving them access or the information necessary to get access. This paper discusses the inner working of such attacks. Case study of Spyware is provided. In this case study, we got 100% success using social engineering techniques for deception on Linux operating system, which is considered as the most secure operating system. Few basic principal of defend, for the individual as well as for the organization, are discussed here, which will prevent most of such attack if followed.
I-Min: An Intelligent Fermat Point Based Energy Efficient Geographic Packet F...graphhoc
Energy consumption and delay incurred in packet delivery are the two important metrics for measuring the performance of geographic routing protocols for Wireless Adhoc and Sensor Networks (WASN). A protocol capable of ensuring both lesser energy consumption and experiencing lesser delay in packet delivery is thus suitable for networks which are delay sensitive and energy hungry at the same time. Thus a smart packet forwarding technique addressing both the issues is thus the one looked for by any geographic routing protocol. In the present paper we have proposed a Fermat point based forwarding technique which reduces the delay experienced during packet delivery as well as the energy consumed for transmission and reception of data packets.
Fault tolerant wireless sensor mac protocol for efficient collision avoidancegraphhoc
In sensor networks communication by broadcast methods involves many hazards, especially collision. Several MAC layer protocols have been proposed to resolve the problem of collision namely ARBP, where the best achieved success rate is 90%. We hereby propose a MAC protocol which achieves a greater success rate (Success rate is defined as the percentage of delivered packets at the source reaching the destination successfully) by reducing the number of collisions, but by trading off the average propagation delay of transmission. Our proposed protocols are also shown to be more energy efficient in terms of energy dissipation per message delivery, compared to the currently existing protocol.
Enhancing qo s and qoe in ims enabled next generation networksgraphhoc
Managing network complexity, accommodating greater numbers of subscribers, improving coverage to support data services (e.g. email, video, and music downloads), keeping up to speed with fast-changing technology, and driving maximum value from existing networks – all while reducing CapEX and OpEX and ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) for the network and Quality of Experience (QoE) for the user. These are just some of the pressing business issues faced by mobileservice providers, summarized by the demand to “achieve more, for less.” The ultimate goal of optimization techniques at the network and application layer is to ensure End-user perceived QoS. The next generation networks (NGN), a composite environment of proven telecommunications and Internet-oriented mechanisms have become generally recognized as the telecommunications environment of the future. However, the nature of the NGN environment presents several complex issues regarding quality assurance that have not existed in the legacy environments (e.g., multi-network, multi-vendor, and multi-operator IP-based telecommunications environment, distributed intelligence, third-party provisioning, fixed-wireless and mobile access, etc.). In this Research Paper, a service aware policy-based approach to NGN quality assurance is presented, taking into account both perceptual quality of experience and technologydependant quality of service issues. The respective procedures, entities, mechanisms, and profiles are discussed. The purpose of the presented approach is in research, development, and discussion of pursuing the end-to-end controllability of the quality of the multimedia NGN-based communications in an environment that is best effort in its nature and promotes end user’s access agnosticism, service agility, and global mobility
Simulated annealing for location area planning in cellular networksgraphhoc
LA planning in cellular network is useful for minimizing location management cost in GSM network. In fact, size of LA can be optimized to create a balance between the LA update rate and expected paging rate within LA. To get optimal result for LA planning in cellular network simulated annealing algorithm is used. Simulated annealing give optimal results in acceptable run-time
Secure key exchange and encryption mechanism for group communication in wirel...graphhoc
Secured communication in ad hoc wireless networks is primarily important, because the communication signals are openly available as they propagate through air and are more susceptible to attacks ranging from passive eavesdropping to active interfering. The lack of any central coordination and shared wireless medium makes them more vulnerable to attacks than wired networks. Nodes act both as hosts and routers and are interconnected by Multi- hop communication path for forwarding and receiving packets to/from other nodes. The objective of this paper is to propose a key exchange and encryption mechanism that aims to use the MAC address as an additional parameter as the message specific key[to encrypt]and forward data among the nodes. The nodes are organized in spanning tree fashion, as they avoid forming cycles and exchange of key occurs only with authenticated neighbors in ad hoc networks, where nodes join or leave the network dynamically.
Simulation to track 3 d location in gsm through ns2 and real lifegraphhoc
In recent times the cost of mobile communication has dropped significantly leading to a dramatic increase in mobile phone usage. The widespread usage has led mobiles to emerge as a strong alternative for other applications one of which is tracking. This has enabled law-enforcing agencies to detect overspeeding vehicles and organizations to keep track its employees. The 3 major ways of tracking being employed presently are (a) via GPS [1] (b) signal attenuation property of a packet [3] and (c) using GSM Network [2]. The initial cost of GPS is very high resulting in low usage whereas (b) needs a very high precision measuring device. The paper presents a GSM-based tracking technique which eliminates the above mentioned overheads, implements it in NS2 and shows the limitations of the real life simulation. An accuracy of 97% was achieved during NS2 simulation which is comparable to the above mentioned alternate methods of tracking.
Performance Analysis of Ultra Wideband Receivers for High Data Rate Wireless ...graphhoc
For high data rate ultra wideband communication system, performance comparison of Rake, MMSE and Rake-MMSE receivers is attempted in this paper. Further a detail study on Rake-MMSE time domain equalizers is carried out taking into account all the important parameters such as the effect of the number of Rake fingers and equalizer taps on the error rate performance. This receiver combats inter-symbol interference by taking advantages of both the Rake and equalizer structure. The bit error rate performances are investigated using MATLAB simulation on IEEE 802.15.3a defined UWB channel models. Simulation results show that the bit error rate probability of Rake-MMSE receiver is much better than Rake receiver and MMSE equalizer. Study on non-line of sight indoor channel models illustrates that bit error rate performance of Rake-MMSE (both LE and DFE) improves for CM3 model with smaller spread compared to CM4 channel model. It is indicated that for a MMSE equalizer operating at low to medium SNR values, the number of Rake fingers is the dominant factor to improve system performance, while at high SNR values the number of equalizer taps plays a more significant role in reducing the error rate.
Coverage and Connectivity Aware Neural Network Based Energy Efficient Routing...graphhoc
There are many challenges when designing and deploying wireless sensor networks (WSNs). One of the key challenges is how to make full use of the limited energy to prolong the lifetime of the network, because energy is a valuable resource in WSNs. The status of energy consumption should be continuously monitored after network deployment. In this paper, we propose coverage and connectivity aware neural network based energy efficient routing in WSN with the objective of maximizing the network lifetime. In the proposed scheme, the problem is formulated as linear programming (LP) with coverage and connectivity aware constraints. Cluster head selection is proposed using adaptive learning in neural networks followed by coverage and connectivity aware routing with data transmission. The proposed scheme is compared with existing schemes with respect to the parameters such as number of alive nodes, packet delivery fraction, and node residual energy. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can be used in wide area of applications in WSNs.
An Overview of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for the Existing Protocols and Applicat...graphhoc
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of two or more devices or nodes or terminals with
wireless communications and networking capability that communicate with each other without the aid of
any centralized administrator also the wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to exchange
information without using any existing fixed network infrastructure. And it’s an autonomous system in
which mobile hosts connected by wireless links are free to be dynamically and some time act as routers at
the same time, and we discuss in this paper the distinct characteristics of traditional wired networks,
including network configuration may change at any time , there is no direction or limit the movement and
so on, and thus needed a new optional path Agreement (Routing Protocol) to identify nodes for these
actions communicate with each other path, An ideal choice way the agreement should not only be able to
find the right path, and the Ad Hoc Network must be able to adapt to changing network of this type at any
time. and we talk in details in this paper all the information of Mobile Ad Hoc Network which include the
History of ad hoc, wireless ad hoc, wireless mobile approaches and types of mobile ad Hoc networks, and
then we present more than 13 types of the routing Ad Hoc Networks protocols have been proposed. In this
paper, the more representative of routing protocols, analysis of individual characteristics and advantages
and disadvantages to collate and compare, and present the all applications or the Possible Service of Ad
Hoc Networks
An Algorithm for Odd Graceful Labeling of the Union of Paths and Cycles graphhoc
In 1991, Gnanajothi [4] proved that the path graph n
P with n vertex and n −1edge is odd graceful, and
the cycle graph Cm with m vertex and m edges is odd graceful if and only if m even, she proved the
cycle graph is not graceful if m odd. In this paper, firstly, we studied the graphCm∪Pn when m = 4, 6,8,10
and then we proved that the graphCm∪Pn
is odd graceful if m is even. Finally, we described an
algorithm to label the vertices and the edges of the vertex set ( ) m n
V C ∪P and the edge set ( ) m n
E C ∪P .
ACTOR GARBAGE COLLECTION IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS USING GRAPH TRANSFORMATIONgraphhoc
A lot of research work has been done in the area of Garbage collection for both uniprocessor and
distributed systems. Actors are associated with activity (thread) and hence usual garbage collection
algorithms cannot be applied for them. Hence a separate algorithm should be used to collect them. If we
transform the active reference graph into a graph which captures all the features of actors and looks like
passive reference graph then any passive reference graph algorithm can be applied for it. But the cost of
transformation and optimization are the core issues. An attempt has been made to walk through these
issues.
A Proposal Analytical Model and Simulation of the Attacks in Routing Protocol...graphhoc
In this work we have devoted to some proposed analytical methods to simulate these attacks, and node mobility in MANET. The model used to simulate the malicious nodes mobility attacks is based on graphical theory, which is a tool for analyzing the behavior of nodes. The model used to simulate the Blackhole cooperative, Blackmail, Bandwidth Saturation and Overflow attacks is based on malicious nodes and the number of hops. We conducted a simulation of the attacks with a C implementation of the proposed mathematical models.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...
Breaking the Legend: Maxmin Fairness notion is no longer effective
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ABSTRACT
In this paper we analytically propose an alternative approach to achieve better fairness in scheduling
mechanisms which could provide better quality of service particularly for real time application. Our proposal
oppose the allocation of the bandwidth which adopted by all previous scheduling mechanism. It rather adopt the
opposition approach be proposing the notion of Maxmin-charge which fairly distribute the congestion.
Furthermore, analytical proposition of novel mechanism named as Just Queueing is been demonstrated.
KEYWORDS:
scheduling mechanism, Queueing, Maxmin, WFQ
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the recognition and discovery of the congestion in packet switching network by Nagle, many scholars
attempts to reach a respective solution to remedy such issue. The most appreciated mechanism is Weighted Fair
Queueing WFQ which proposed by Demers in 1998 [1]. Since the success of WFQ, most proceeding scheduling
Time Stamp (TS) scheduling algorithm proposed in the literature are based on the principle of maxmin which first
proposed by Demers.
However, by the rapid emergence and increase popularity of much loss and delay sensitive application such as
online-gaming, Skype, IPTV and video conferencing, network re-suffer from the same problem from different
prospective [2]. The engagement of greedy programs such as download manager leads to ideality of the network
from the user of such program, whereas other users complain from unfairness and poor Quality of Service (QoS).
Since most scheduling mechanisms utilized in today’s routers and most proposed mechanism in the literature
highly depend in two main principles namely; fair allocation and abandoning source as user definition in their
mechanisms, network will suffer more in the future.
Therefore, this article designed to steer scholars’ attention to neglected direction based on the theory of justice.
Just Queueing (JQ) is conceptually proposed in this article which based in Rawls’ theory of justice. Future papers
will illustrate the mathematical and simulation approaches.
There are three fundamental aims of this article. Firstly, it introduces theory of justice and engages such theory in
information technology science. Secondly, it injects the principles of theory of justice in scheduling mechanisms.
Finally, it proposes JQ as an enhancement mechanism for WFQ.
Nest section thoroughly studies the principles of the theory of justice. It follows by the injection of the principles
in the scheduling mechanisms. Fourth section presents a comparison between WFQ principles and theory of
justice principles. Finally, JQ is conceptually, proposed.
Breaking the Legend: Maxmin Fairness notion is no longer effective
Yaser Miaji MIEEE
InterNetWorks Research Group
UUM College of Arts and Sciences, University Utara Malaysia, 06010 – UUM Sintok,
Malaysia
S92171@student.uum.edu.my
Suhaidi Hassan PhD SMIEEE
InterNetWorks Research Group
UUM College of Arts and Sciences, University Utara Malaysia, 06010 – UUM Sintok,
Malaysia
Suhaidi@ieee.org
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The fabulous weighted fair queueing (WFQ [3] accosts the issue of implementing scheduling properties with
appropriate level of adequacy and comprehensive coverage in term of explanation and simulation. The principle is
to allocate the bandwidth among the users fairly according to the rule of maximizing the flow that utilizes the
bandwidth least. The consequence of this approach is significant in research community. In fact, it inspires most,
if not all, the significant proceeding schedulers such as WF2Q, WF2Q+, SFQ, SCFQ, SPFQ, VC, Delay-DDR,
Jitter-DDR, WRR, DRR, MDRR, SRR and so forth, particularly in the principle of fairness in bandwidth
allocation [3-25]n.
This article will propose an alternative approach which could be considered as an opposition to the WFQ’s
bandwidth fairness allocation principle. Our approach will be posed conceptually. The mathematical and
simulation approaches could be introduced in future papers. As it has been stated early, this paper introduces an
alternative approach based on justice theory and will be discussed by conceptual comparison and contrast with the
bandwidth allocation in WFQ.
There are three main goals of this article. Firstly, this article will introduce justice theory as a fundamental theory
for designing a scheduler specially to provide fairness in scheduling algorithm. The second objective is to inject
the principle of justice theory in the scheduling algorithm. The conceptually comparison between WFQ and just
queueing (JQ) will be the last objective.
Next section presents the principle of theory of justice and the motivation of its involvement in the scheduling
algorithm. This will be followed by the synthesis between the theory of justice and the scheduling algorithm. The
demonstration of the WFQ concept will be next stage as an introductory stage for the final stage which includes
the contrast and the comparison.
II. THEORY OF JUSTICE
Theory of Justice [26] is a social theory which could be used in several scientific fields. This theory has two main
principles; liberty and difference. These principles could be incorporated in the scheduling mechanism. Therefore,
this section will assist in this incorporation. Firstly, major principles of the theory will be illustrated and then the
incorporation will be evolved gradually.
2.1 Rawls’ Theory
Theory of justice is a globally discussed theory of political and moral philosophy first initiated by John Rawls. In
A Theory of Justice, Rawls attempts to work out the issue of distributive justice by utilizing a variant of the
familiar device of the social contract. The resulting theory is known as "Justice as Fairness" [27], from which
Rawls develop his two famous principles of justice: the liberty principle and the difference principle. According
to Rawls, ignorance of these details about oneself will lead to principles which are fair to all. If an individual does
not know how he will end up in his own conceived society, he is likely not going to privilege any one class of
people, but rather develop a scheme of justice that consider all fairly. In particular, Rawls asserts that those in the
Original Position would all adopt a maximin strategy which would maximize the position of the least well-off.
Rawls seeks to persuade us through argument that the principles of justice that he derives are in fact what we
would agree upon if we were in the hypothetical situation of the original position and that those principles have
moral weight as a result of that. It is non-historical in the sense that it is not supposed that the agreement has ever,
or indeed could actually be entered into as a matter of fact. Rawls claims that the parties in the original position
would adopt two such principles, which would then govern the assignment of rights and duties and regulate the
distribution of social and economic advantages across society.
2.2 Principles of Justice
2.1.1 Right Principle
Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible
with a similar system of liberty for all
2.1.2 Elucidation of Right Principle
The basic liberties of citizens are, roughly speaking, political liberty (i.e., to vote and run for office); freedom of
speech and assembly, liberty of conscience and freedom of thought, freedom of the person along with the right to
hold (personal) property; and freedom from arbitrary arrest. It is a matter of some debate whether freedom of
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contract can be inferred as being included among these basic liberties. The first principle is more or less absolute,
and may not be violated, even for the sake of the second principle, above an unspecified but low level of
economic development (i.e. the first principle is, under most conditions, lexically prior to the second principle).
However, because various basic liberties may conflict, it may be necessary to trade them off against each other for
the sake of obtaining the largest possible system of rights. There is thus some uncertainty as to exactly what is
mandated by the principle, and it is possible that a plurality of sets of liberties satisfy its requirements.
2.1.3 Good Principle
Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both :
(a) To the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with the just savings principle, and
(b) Attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
2.1.4 Elucidation of Good Principle
Rawls' claim in b) is that departures from equality of a list of what he calls primary goods – 'things which a
rational man wants whatever else he wants' are justified only to the extent that they improve the lot of those who
are worst-off under that distribution in comparison with the previous, equal, distribution. His position is at least in
some sense egalitarian, with a proviso that equality is not to be achieved by worsening the position of the better-
off. An important consequence here, however, are those inequalities can actually be just on Rawls's view, as long
as they are to the benefit of the least well off. His argument for this position rests heavily on the claim that
morally arbitrary factors (for example, the family we are born into) should not determine our life chances or
opportunities. Rawls is also keying on an intuition that we do not deserve inborn talents, thus we are not entitled
to all the benefits we could possibly receive from them, meaning that at least one of the criteria which could
provide an alternative to equality in assessing the justice of distributions is eliminated. The stipulation in b) is
prior to that in a) and requires more than meritocracy. 'Fair equality of opportunity' requires not merely that
offices and positions are distributed on the basis of merit, but that all have reasonable opportunity to acquire the
skills on the basis of which merit is assessed. It is often thought that this stipulation, and even the first principle of
justice, may require greater equality than the difference principle, because large social and economic inequalities,
even when they are to the advantage of the worst-off, will tend to seriously undermine the value of the political
liberties and any measures towards fair equality of opportunity.
2.1.5 Maxmin Rule
rank alternatives by the worst possible outcome (you can belong to the lowest/poorest group in the real
society)
2.1.6 Elucidation
Rawls claims that people use the maximin rule to choose principles of justice in his original position. According
to the maximin rule we should compare alternatives by the worst possible outcome under each alternative, and we
should choose one which maximizes the utility of the worst outcome.
This rule is rational under certain conditions. First, we do not know the probability of each circumstance under
each decision. This makes it impossible to calculate expectation of gain. Second, the worst off position chosen by
maximin rule is good enough that we are not eager to get more than that. Third, the worst positions under other
alternatives are unacceptably bad. Under the second and third assumptions we are inclined to secure the minimal
acceptable result above all. Thus we use the maximin rule. Rawls thinks that original position satisfies these
conditions.
As for the first assumption, we do not know anything about the probability of each outcome by the veil of
ignorance. We do not know even exact values of outcomes. To consider second and third assumption, we should
recall the alternatives among which we are choosing. We restricted the alternatives to the theories which are
actually proposed as serious theories. Among them, most dominant ones are classical and average utilitarianism or
usefulness, and two principles of justice. Among these alternatives, the two principles of justice assure us a
minimal acceptable outcome, due to the first principle and the difference principle (And under the condition of
moderate scarcity, the worst off position under this alternative is acceptable by the definition of "moderate"). We
can also assume the law of diminishing marginal utility as a psychological fact. According to this law, when we
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have already had enough, adding more goods does not increase our utility a lot. Thus we are not eager to get more
than minimal enough outcomes. Third assumption is understandable if we think about other dominant
alternatives, namely classical and average utilitarianism. Under these alternatives, someone can be unacceptably
worse off for the sake of maximizing utility. Utilitarian’s say this cannot happen because of diminishing marginal
utility, but this is only a conjecture or a guess. We cannot risk the secure minimal outcome by such a conjecture.
Therefore, the second and third assumptions are satisfied in the original position.
III. WEIGHTED FAIR QUEUEING
The necessity of clarification of WFQ is obvious since the proposed mechanism is an enhancement of WFQ. This
section shall cover the conceptual and mathematical approach of WFQ.
Maxmin fairness concept is first adopted by WFQ [3] adopted and was defined according to the fairness
principles which are explained and justified next. Firstly, the maximum will not be exceeded. Secondly, guarantee
of the stability of the minimum allocation to a flow in all situation. Finally, Accomplishment of minimum user
request according to first and second principle will increase the total resources. There are two major drawbacks
have been deduced from the previous maxmin conditions. At first, if the flow associated with the source-
destination principle, the vulnerability of the network is high since malicious users could establish several
sessions with different destination and hence gain larger bandwidth. Secondly, network breakthrough could be
achieved by establishing multiple small packet session by the greedy host which will also subdue the maxmin
barrier. Even though, WFQ is the best mechanism, so far, which fulfills the requirements of the scheduler with
acceptable level, scholars are looking forward to enhance such mechanism which published in 1989.
Furthermore, WFQ adopted the principle of fair allocation of the bandwidth. Its approach primarily attempted
to approximate the generalized process sharing (GPS), which impossible to be exactly reached, since it proposes
the infinitesimal. Hence, the approximation accomplished with more than one packet difference in each flow. The
case could be worse, according to [4] and [5], in the presence of the congestion. Furthermore, most of the
proceeding scheduler, despite of their difference in methodology and algorithm, have the same major principle
which is the fair allocation of the bandwidth among the flows, even though, the flows have been identified
differently. Therefore, the concept remains stable with a minor deviation on some other sub-concepts.
As a result, WFQ based its mathematical equation on the previous mentioned principles and the outcome are
presented in this section. In WFQ, as the packet arrive in a specific queue according to a specific criterion defined
by the scheduling algorithm, its timestamp calculated according to its virtual arrival time and virtual finish time of
the previous packet in the same queue. As a consequence, its virtual finish time is set as presented in Eq (1-a) and
(1-b):
S୧
୬
ൌ maxሺF୧
୬ିଵ
, Vሺa୧
୬
ሻሻ … … … . . … … … … … … 1 െ a
F୧
୬
ൌ S୧
୬
L୧
୬
୧
… … … … … … . . … … … 1 െ b
Where,
S = Virtual Start time
F = Virtual finish time for the previous packet
A = Virtual arrival time
L = packet length
Eq. (1-a) and (1-b) is applied for all active flow either in congestion situation or in non-congestion case. The case
in JQ is quite different as it is presented in next section.
IV. JUST QUEUEING MECHANISM
This section will analytically discuss the proposed modification of the scheduling in packet switch network.
Firstly, the incorporation of theory of justice in the networking and specifically, in scheduling mechanism will be
explained. The next section will define the proprieties of the new mechanisms and define some new terminology.
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The principle of maxmin has been explained in Rawl’s theory as “rank alternatives by the worst possible
outcome (you can belong to the lowest/poorest group in the real society)” [1]. Consequently, from the above
definition, reader could infer that this principle is applicable either in the distribution of the available resources or
the distribution of the lack of resources. Before the discussion exemplified, there will be an engagement of other
principles; the principle of rights and the principle of good. Rawls elaborate the rights as a concept applied to
action and circumstances in accordance with principles which means that a rational person concerned to advance
his interests would accept in a position of equality to settle the basic term of his association. The next principle is
the definition of good; if an object has the properties that it is rational for someone with rational plan of life to
wont, and then it is good for him [27].
For example, if the fund considered as a resource. Hence, whenever there is a fund available in the institution’s
resources, the administration has the right to distribute this fund according to a principle such as the person
position or technical demand or whatever. Contrary, if this fund is considered to be extra then the distribution
could be based on the demand according to the rational plan of the department which could improve the ability.
Therefore, the fairness and justices have determined according to the purpose of the distribution or the use and the
equality principle.
Another example which illustrates the opponent, if the case is to distribute the charge then the actions and the
results will be different. So, if the institute involved in several projects which could result in heavy tasks, then the
charge of late job could be distributed among the departments according to the same principles of rights and good.
Consequently, depend on the adopted principle such as the punctuality principle, the department, which
insufficiently accomplish the task in a specific timeframe, will be charged according to the accumulative time
wastage. Another approach which depends on the good principle, it is good to charge this department which got
sufficient fund from previous tasks and so forth. The above discussion on the distribution of the resources and the
charge is also applicable for the Internet analogy which will be elaborated later.
Referring to the analogy of resource allocation and charge allocation, all of the previous scheduler attempt to
fairly allocate the bandwidth among the users or the flows or whatever algorithm they adopted which is similar to
the example of fund allocation. By comparison, JQ proposes different approach which adopts the principle of fair
allocation of the charges on other words fair allocation of the congestion.
Fair charge could improve the scheduling algorithm in different ways. The vulnerability of the scheduler to the
malicious user could be reduced or may be eliminated by imposing and allocating part of the congestion effect on
this specific user. Also, there could be an involvement of rights and good principle. The flow which consumes
much bandwidth could allocate much congestion or in other words could suffer more in occurrence of the
congestion; however, this will not affect the network performance since its queue could be less than the others.
Every flow has its good and right. For instance, it is the rights of audio and video packets to have a priority in
the transmission since they are delay sensitive. Furthermore, it is good for FTP to be transmitted earlier (if there
are no rights for others). So, hereby, we declare two novel definitions: the right flow and the good flow. These
two definitions will be integrated into the equation of JQ.
The concept is basically, the network will behave normally in the absence of the congestion. As the congestion
occurs or expected, the algorithm is to impose some charges upon those how are highly expected to be the cause
of the congestion. Also, at this time the network starts to rearrange its mechanism in order to identify the
prioritization of the congestion distribution. Consequently, the misbehaved user will be charged more and the
network will be stable again. Hence, from the above discussion, there are three novel elements introduced in JQ
namely; fair charge allocation which replaces fair resource allocation, right flow and good flow. Next section
explains who these principles integrated into the equation of JQ.
Therefore, in the absent of congestion problem the network will behave according to Eq. (1-a) and (1-b).
However, as the congestion appears or expected the equation will slightly change to incorporate fair charge, right
flow and good flow as it is presented in Eq. (2-a) and (2-b):
ܵ
ൌ ݉ܽݔ ሺܨ
ିଵ
, ܸሺܽ
ሻሻ ݂݈ … … … … … … … 2 െ ܽ
ܨ
ൌ ܵ
ܮ
ܷݎݏ
… … … … … … … … … 2 െ ܾ
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Where:
݂݈ = is the level of the flow, For example voice packet is assigned level 1 since it is delay sensitive whereas
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) could be assigned level 4 since it has no sensitivity for the delay. The
flow level is calculated according to ToS field in IPv4 or pri in IPv6.
ܷݎݏ = is the user level. For instance user who is suspected to be a greedy will be assigned higher level,
therefore, its virtual finish time could be higher and hence its transmission is delayed.
V. ANALYSIS
The analysis procedure is by comparing and contrasting Just Queueing (JQ) and WFQ as it is the most adopted
scheduler which carries similar discipline to other scheduling mechanisms. As it has been avowed earlier in the
justice theory section, the definition of fairness in theory of justice is closely related to the definition of fairness
which has been adopted by WFQ with some difference. WFQ tries to approximate the GPS which fairly allocate
the resource with infinite storage capability. The maxmin principle is quite similar to the justice theory maxmin.
However, the subtle difference is the lack of the incorporation of the good and right principle.
In justice theory, even with the presence of the minimum, there should be a consideration of the right and good.
So, referring to the three principle of maxmin which identified in WFQ, justice theory differ in two more which
are; the rights and good. Consequently, the distribution of the resource according to the justice theory should
involve the consideration of right of using this resource according to a principle and the consideration of the good
according to the plan of the packet or stream of packets.
The proposed JQ is an enhancement for WFQ in the congestion case. It integrates the principle of ܷݎݏand ݂݈
for defining the user malicious attack and the sensitivity of the packet respectively. Therefore, at the normal
implementation with no sign of congestion, the mechanism will behave typically like WFQ. The behavior changes
as the congestion occurs or is expected.
To conclude, JQ and WFQ share some similarities as well as differences. The similarities are in the fairness
definition. However, there should be an incorporation of the rights and good principles as well.
VI. SUMMARY
The enhancement for Weighted Fair Queueing (WFQ) mechanism has been proposed in this paper
mathematically and conceptually based on the theory of justice by Rawls. The WFQ fairness principle has been
demonstrated. This followed by some remarkable similarities and differences between justice theory on a hand
and WFQ, as the representative of scheduler, on another. Finally, there has been a proposition of enhanced
algorithm which conceptually different from WFQ. Also, this proposition is conceptually and mathematically
elaborated and named as Just Queueing (JQ), therefore, simulation approach will be presented in future papers. It
also, introduce three novel concepts namely: fair charge, good flow and right flow. Therefore, the calculation of
the start and finish time for WFQ at the presence of congestion is slightly different. The main aim of such
mechanism is to prevent the network from the misbehaved users. This could provide sustainability to the network.
It also, supports the Quality of Service (QoS) by allowing the delay sensitive packet to be transmitted first.
Therefore, JQ provide more protection and better QoS.
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Authors
Eng. Yaser Miaji
Doctoral researcher in Information Technology College of
Arts and Sciences, University Utara Malaysia
Master in Telecommunication Engineering University of
New South Wales, Australia, 2007
Bachelor in Electrical Engineering, Technical College in
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1996
Lecturer in College Of Telecommunication and Electronics
in Jeddah,
Member of IEEE and ACM
Dr. Suhaidi Hassan
Associate Professor & Assistant Vice Chancellor at
University Utara Malaysia
PhD degree in Computing (specializing in Networks
Performance Engineering) from the University of
Leeds in the United Kingdom.
MS degree in Information Science (with concentration in
Telecommunications and Networks) from the
university of Pittshugh, USA.
BSc degree in Computer Science from Binghamton
University, USA.
Senior Member of IEEE