Both methodologies differ in Software development life cycle approach. Structured methodology
uses waterfall model apprpach where each stage must be completed before going to the next
stage whereas Object oriented methodology works on iterative model. While the structured
approach provides cleat-cut steps like planning-analysis-design- implementation from the
beginning to the end of the software development life cycle, the object- oriented approach does
not – there is no clear-cut step in moving from analysis to design. In today\'s development
initiatives the structured design fails because it is highly time consuming and is not based on the
real life object i.e. One can not relate the operations with a real life entity and thats what in
object oriented methodology is.
Solution
Both methodologies differ in Software development life cycle approach. Structured methodology
uses waterfall model apprpach where each stage must be completed before going to the next
stage whereas Object oriented methodology works on iterative model. While the structured
approach provides cleat-cut steps like planning-analysis-design- implementation from the
beginning to the end of the software development life cycle, the object- oriented approach does
not – there is no clear-cut step in moving from analysis to design. In today\'s development
initiatives the structured design fails because it is highly time consuming and is not based on the
real life object i.e. One can not relate the operations with a real life entity and thats what in
object oriented methodology is..
Agile methodology is a flexible and iterative strategy that allows teams to quickly adjust to changing project needs and deliver high-quality solutions in less time. In software development, agile is frequently utilized.
For any project to be developed, the stages of the project to be developed can be distinguished as inception, elaboration, construction and transition stages. These stages are often referred to collectively as the software development lifecycle, or SDLC. Different approaches to software development may carry out these stages in different orders, or devote more or less time to different stages. These stages may also be carried out in turn or they may be repeated over various cycles or iterations depending on the time and resources availability.
Agile methodology is a flexible and iterative strategy that allows teams to quickly adjust to changing project needs and deliver high-quality solutions in less time. In software development, agile is frequently utilized.
For any project to be developed, the stages of the project to be developed can be distinguished as inception, elaboration, construction and transition stages. These stages are often referred to collectively as the software development lifecycle, or SDLC. Different approaches to software development may carry out these stages in different orders, or devote more or less time to different stages. These stages may also be carried out in turn or they may be repeated over various cycles or iterations depending on the time and resources availability.
Software Development Life Cycle: Traditional and Agile- A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In the field of software development, software development lifecycle is the most important component. There is a number of software development methodologies used in software industry today. The paper discussed below focuses on the modern SDLC which are traditional methods and the agile methods. It also explains the compensation and shortcomings of the traditional as well as agile methods. Along with this, it suggests some improvements which could help in improving current agile development
Estimation of agile functionality in software developmentBashir Nasr Azadani
Estimation of Agile Functionality in Software Development - ISBN: 978-988-98671-8-8
Publication date: Mar 21, 2008 presented at International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2008 Vol I
The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process. SDLC is a structure followed by a development team within the software organization. It consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain and replace specific software.
The Pros and Cons of Waterfall Software Development.pdfAppdeveloper10
The waterfall is a respected methodology, but lately, it is faced with
criticism for being outdated models. The methodology’s barrier turns out,
that would extra obviously relying on the sizes, type, and goals of the
projects it is guided.
Spiral Model is one of the classical SDLCs practiced around the world. Heavily advantageous for projects in catering for needs in the long run bound to change through out the time, Spiral model has been one of those theoretically taught for different course modules in IT and Computer Science.
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for yo.pdfanton291
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for you to draw a Lewis dot diagram.
As long as you make sure to put a dot in for each valence electron it should be just fine. Some
teachers like to make things more complicated by drawing Lewis dots in regards to electron pairs
or bonding electrons. I\'ve seen some even go so far as to draw in charges on each of the dots of
a Lewis structure. Either way, these are unnecessary and, in my opinion, a waste of time. Just
put dots around the symbol and you should be fine. This also happens to be the best way to draw
it when you need to put together larger, more complicated Lewis structures and figure out a
\"formal charge\" (later on.) You did it exactly as I would do it and I\'m taking upper-division
chemistry. Just put one dot on each side, if there\'s more than four, put double dots on each side
until either all the sides are filled or all valence electrons are noted. You can also put a small line
(connects the two dots with a line) to designate an electron pair, either way is valid, just pick one
you think looks nicer.
Solution
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for you to draw a Lewis dot diagram.
As long as you make sure to put a dot in for each valence electron it should be just fine. Some
teachers like to make things more complicated by drawing Lewis dots in regards to electron pairs
or bonding electrons. I\'ve seen some even go so far as to draw in charges on each of the dots of
a Lewis structure. Either way, these are unnecessary and, in my opinion, a waste of time. Just
put dots around the symbol and you should be fine. This also happens to be the best way to draw
it when you need to put together larger, more complicated Lewis structures and figure out a
\"formal charge\" (later on.) You did it exactly as I would do it and I\'m taking upper-division
chemistry. Just put one dot on each side, if there\'s more than four, put double dots on each side
until either all the sides are filled or all valence electrons are noted. You can also put a small line
(connects the two dots with a line) to designate an electron pair, either way is valid, just pick one
you think looks nicer..
the compound is heptane note the molecular ion.pdfanton291
the compound is: heptane note: the molecular ion peak is at m/z = 100 --->
indicates the molecular weight of the compound = 100 only heptane has a molecular weight of
100
Solution
the compound is: heptane note: the molecular ion peak is at m/z = 100 --->
indicates the molecular weight of the compound = 100 only heptane has a molecular weight of
100.
More Related Content
Similar to Both methodologies differ in Software development life cycle approac.pdf
Software Development Life Cycle: Traditional and Agile- A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In the field of software development, software development lifecycle is the most important component. There is a number of software development methodologies used in software industry today. The paper discussed below focuses on the modern SDLC which are traditional methods and the agile methods. It also explains the compensation and shortcomings of the traditional as well as agile methods. Along with this, it suggests some improvements which could help in improving current agile development
Estimation of agile functionality in software developmentBashir Nasr Azadani
Estimation of Agile Functionality in Software Development - ISBN: 978-988-98671-8-8
Publication date: Mar 21, 2008 presented at International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2008 Vol I
The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process. SDLC is a structure followed by a development team within the software organization. It consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain and replace specific software.
The Pros and Cons of Waterfall Software Development.pdfAppdeveloper10
The waterfall is a respected methodology, but lately, it is faced with
criticism for being outdated models. The methodology’s barrier turns out,
that would extra obviously relying on the sizes, type, and goals of the
projects it is guided.
Spiral Model is one of the classical SDLCs practiced around the world. Heavily advantageous for projects in catering for needs in the long run bound to change through out the time, Spiral model has been one of those theoretically taught for different course modules in IT and Computer Science.
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for yo.pdfanton291
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for you to draw a Lewis dot diagram.
As long as you make sure to put a dot in for each valence electron it should be just fine. Some
teachers like to make things more complicated by drawing Lewis dots in regards to electron pairs
or bonding electrons. I\'ve seen some even go so far as to draw in charges on each of the dots of
a Lewis structure. Either way, these are unnecessary and, in my opinion, a waste of time. Just
put dots around the symbol and you should be fine. This also happens to be the best way to draw
it when you need to put together larger, more complicated Lewis structures and figure out a
\"formal charge\" (later on.) You did it exactly as I would do it and I\'m taking upper-division
chemistry. Just put one dot on each side, if there\'s more than four, put double dots on each side
until either all the sides are filled or all valence electrons are noted. You can also put a small line
(connects the two dots with a line) to designate an electron pair, either way is valid, just pick one
you think looks nicer.
Solution
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for you to draw a Lewis dot diagram.
As long as you make sure to put a dot in for each valence electron it should be just fine. Some
teachers like to make things more complicated by drawing Lewis dots in regards to electron pairs
or bonding electrons. I\'ve seen some even go so far as to draw in charges on each of the dots of
a Lewis structure. Either way, these are unnecessary and, in my opinion, a waste of time. Just
put dots around the symbol and you should be fine. This also happens to be the best way to draw
it when you need to put together larger, more complicated Lewis structures and figure out a
\"formal charge\" (later on.) You did it exactly as I would do it and I\'m taking upper-division
chemistry. Just put one dot on each side, if there\'s more than four, put double dots on each side
until either all the sides are filled or all valence electrons are noted. You can also put a small line
(connects the two dots with a line) to designate an electron pair, either way is valid, just pick one
you think looks nicer..
the compound is heptane note the molecular ion.pdfanton291
the compound is: heptane note: the molecular ion peak is at m/z = 100 --->
indicates the molecular weight of the compound = 100 only heptane has a molecular weight of
100
Solution
the compound is: heptane note: the molecular ion peak is at m/z = 100 --->
indicates the molecular weight of the compound = 100 only heptane has a molecular weight of
100.
Succinic acid is oxidized C goes from +34 to +1 .pdfanton291
Succinic acid is oxidized C goes from +3/4 to +1 state b)FAD is reduced it goes 2
more -ve state
Solution
Succinic acid is oxidized C goes from +3/4 to +1 state b)FAD is reduced it goes 2
more -ve state.
Step1 25 ml of1M HCl w ill neutralise 25 ml 1 M N.pdfanton291
Step1 25 ml of1M HCl w ill neutralise 25 ml 1 M NaOH Step2 Moles of H+=0 ;
Moles of OH-= 50x10^-3 x1=.05 Step3 Moles of H2O= (100/18)+ .025 =5.581
Solution
Step1 25 ml of1M HCl w ill neutralise 25 ml 1 M NaOH Step2 Moles of H+=0 ;
Moles of OH-= 50x10^-3 x1=.05 Step3 Moles of H2O= (100/18)+ .025 =5.581.
Moseley used X-ray diffraction to show that each .pdfanton291
Moseley used X-ray diffraction to show that each element has an atomic number.
With this tool he was able to predict elements for the six remaining gaps in the periodic table and
to resolve identities of rare earths. neohumanism.org/h/he/henry_moseley.html
Solution
Moseley used X-ray diffraction to show that each element has an atomic number.
With this tool he was able to predict elements for the six remaining gaps in the periodic table and
to resolve identities of rare earths. neohumanism.org/h/he/henry_moseley.html.
Welding is a permanent joining of two similar metals by melting the .pdfanton291
Welding is a permanent joining of two similar metals by melting the point where they join and
(often) adding additional \"filler\" material to facilitate. If done properly, the join becomes
homogeneous and stronger than the surrounding metal. The only way of removing a weld is
destructively.
Rivet jointing of material is a semi-permanent jointing method. two components are placed
alongside - one normally with a flange - clamped in place and then a hole drilled directly through
both metals. A rivet is then fitted and hammered in place - normally forming a dome, but other
rivet forms are available and can be used....even \"hidden rivets\" where the rivet is forged
(repeatedly hit by a hammer) into a countersunk hole and then machined afterwards to create an
invisible join.
There are advantages and disadvantages to both. Welding can affect the cellular structure of the
metal creating internal stresses and weak points, adds material and can only be undertaken in
similar metals.
Riveting on the other hand can be undertaken in dissimilar metals, and can be separated
afterwards (with some effort), however the joint is not homogenous and significant attention has
to be paid to the stresses within the rivets in all likely situations. Poorly chosen rivet material
(and plate material) combinations can result in unintended galvanic corrosion and early failure,
thermal expansion of the plate material overstressing the rivets and breaking down the join (this
is where in high temperatures the plates expand, causing a tensile loading to present within the
rivet and a compressive loading on the plate around the rivet head that may exceed the Young\'s
Modulus -of either the rivet or, compressively, the plate itself - causing a loosening of the joint
and premature failure)
Solution
Welding is a permanent joining of two similar metals by melting the point where they join and
(often) adding additional \"filler\" material to facilitate. If done properly, the join becomes
homogeneous and stronger than the surrounding metal. The only way of removing a weld is
destructively.
Rivet jointing of material is a semi-permanent jointing method. two components are placed
alongside - one normally with a flange - clamped in place and then a hole drilled directly through
both metals. A rivet is then fitted and hammered in place - normally forming a dome, but other
rivet forms are available and can be used....even \"hidden rivets\" where the rivet is forged
(repeatedly hit by a hammer) into a countersunk hole and then machined afterwards to create an
invisible join.
There are advantages and disadvantages to both. Welding can affect the cellular structure of the
metal creating internal stresses and weak points, adds material and can only be undertaken in
similar metals.
Riveting on the other hand can be undertaken in dissimilar metals, and can be separated
afterwards (with some effort), however the joint is not homogenous and significant attention has
to be paid to the stresses w.
Use of oxygen for ATP synthesis is called as Aerobic respiration. Th.pdfanton291
Use of oxygen for ATP synthesis is called as Aerobic respiration. The bacteria which uses
molecules other than bacteria for the production of ATP are known as Anaerobic bacteria.
1. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-use the Iron reduction pathway where, Fe III is
the electron acceptor, eg-Desulfuromonadales(Geobacter,Geothermobacter) and Shewanella
species.
2. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-use manganese pathway-Mn IV is the electron
acceptor-eg- Desulfuromonadales and Shewanella species.
3. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes- Cobalt reduction pathway- Co III is the electron
acceptor,eg-Geobacter sulfurreducens
4. -Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobe-Uranium reduction U VI is the electron
acceptor- eg. Geobacter metallireducens
5. Nitrate reduction (denitrification)- Facultative anaerobes -NO3- is the electron acceptor- eg
Ecoli
6.Fumarate respiration- Facultative anaerobes-Fumarate is the electron acceptor- eg Ecoli
7. Sulfate respiration- Obligate anaerobes-Sulfate SO42- is the electron acceptor- Eg- Many
Gammaproteobacteria, Desulfovibrionales
8.Methanogenesis (carbonate reduction)-Methanogens-CO2 is the electron acceptor and CH4 is
the product-Eg Methanosarcina barkeri
9. Sulfur respiration- Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-S0 is the elctron acceptor-Eg-
Desulfuromonadales
10.Acetogenesis(carbonate reduction)- obligate anaerobes-CO2 is the electron acceptor-Eg
Acetobacterium woodii
11.Dehalirespiration-Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-Halogenated organic
compound is the electron acceptor- Eg-Dehalococcoides and Dehalobacter species.
Solution
Use of oxygen for ATP synthesis is called as Aerobic respiration. The bacteria which uses
molecules other than bacteria for the production of ATP are known as Anaerobic bacteria.
1. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-use the Iron reduction pathway where, Fe III is
the electron acceptor, eg-Desulfuromonadales(Geobacter,Geothermobacter) and Shewanella
species.
2. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-use manganese pathway-Mn IV is the electron
acceptor-eg- Desulfuromonadales and Shewanella species.
3. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes- Cobalt reduction pathway- Co III is the electron
acceptor,eg-Geobacter sulfurreducens
4. -Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobe-Uranium reduction U VI is the electron
acceptor- eg. Geobacter metallireducens
5. Nitrate reduction (denitrification)- Facultative anaerobes -NO3- is the electron acceptor- eg
Ecoli
6.Fumarate respiration- Facultative anaerobes-Fumarate is the electron acceptor- eg Ecoli
7. Sulfate respiration- Obligate anaerobes-Sulfate SO42- is the electron acceptor- Eg- Many
Gammaproteobacteria, Desulfovibrionales
8.Methanogenesis (carbonate reduction)-Methanogens-CO2 is the electron acceptor and CH4 is
the product-Eg Methanosarcina barkeri
9. Sulfur respiration- Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-S0 is the elctron acceptor-Eg-
Desulfuromonadales
10.A.
the solute potential of the plant cell is Greater than the pure wate.pdfanton291
the solute potential of the plant cell is Greater than the pure water. there for greater water
potential is in the solution.
if we palce the plant cell in Pure water the plant cell have more solute concentration than pure
water. water generally moves towards higher solute concetration (or) water moves from higer
water potential to lower potential. then the plant cell become Turgid.
Solution
the solute potential of the plant cell is Greater than the pure water. there for greater water
potential is in the solution.
if we palce the plant cell in Pure water the plant cell have more solute concentration than pure
water. water generally moves towards higher solute concetration (or) water moves from higer
water potential to lower potential. then the plant cell become Turgid..
The Human Genome Project (HGP) determines the sequence of nucleotide.pdfanton291
The Human Genome Project (HGP) determines the sequence of nucleotide base pairs of human
DNA, It is used to identifies and mapping all of the genes of the human genome.HGP was
proposed by Robert Sinshelmer in May1884. This project formally launched in 1990, and it was
completed in 2003. The goal of HGP is to identify the DNA sequence of entire human genome. 3
billion DNA base pairs are found in DNA that make up the human genome. Because of HGP, the
name and bases of nitrogenous bases are known.
US government through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide the fund for the project.
In 1990 DOE and NIH, shows interest to developed a memorandum of understanding and give
support and coordinate plans and set the clock to initiate the Project in 1990. David Galas was
Director of the renamed “Office of Biological and Environmental Research” in the U.S.
Department of Energy’s Office of Science and James Watson headed the NIH Genome Program.
In 1993, U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Center for Human Genome
Research ( now known as National Human Genome Research Institute) worked on the project.
The United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan and China are participated to
complete this project.
The genomic sequencing was conducted at numerous universities and research center given
below:-
The time period of this project is 13-years. It is initiated in 1990 and completed in 2003. Robert
Sinsheimer proposed this project in May 1985, President Regan\'s in 1988 submitted budget for
this project. In 1990,DOE and NIH, provided the fund for the project. In 2000 working draft of
the genome was announced and in the February 2001, papers were published . And more
sequence were identified and lateron, complete draft was published in 2003, and genome
\"finishing\" work continued for more than a decade. It was published on May 27, 2004 with
99.99% accurate sequence.
The research techniques that play major role in this project are Mapping the human genome,
sequencing the genome. Mapping the human genome includes two types of map:-A gene linkage
map and physical map.
Solution
The Human Genome Project (HGP) determines the sequence of nucleotide base pairs of human
DNA, It is used to identifies and mapping all of the genes of the human genome.HGP was
proposed by Robert Sinshelmer in May1884. This project formally launched in 1990, and it was
completed in 2003. The goal of HGP is to identify the DNA sequence of entire human genome. 3
billion DNA base pairs are found in DNA that make up the human genome. Because of HGP, the
name and bases of nitrogenous bases are known.
US government through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide the fund for the project.
In 1990 DOE and NIH, shows interest to developed a memorandum of understanding and give
support and coordinate plans and set the clock to initiate the Project in 1990. David Galas was
Director of the renamed “Office of Biological and Environmental Research” in the U.S.
.
SO2 = 18IF4+ = 34I3- = 22The easiest way to think about this i.pdfanton291
SO2 = 18
IF4+ = 34
I3- = 22
The easiest way to think about this is to use the periodic table. The elements all the way to the
right have 8 valence electrons, (noble gases) then each column you go to the left, has once less
valence electron
F, Cl,Br,I,Ar = 7
O,S,Se,Te,Po = 6
and so on.
Then when the molecule has a charge on it, you take that into account, if it says \"+\", subtract a
valence electron, if it says \"-\", add a valence electron. (Remember, electrons are negatively
charged, so if it has a positive charge, you are short an electron, thats why you subtract for \"+\")
So: SO2: [S=6 valence, 2x O = 6 x 2 = 12 total valence, 6+ 12 = 18 valence electrons]
IF4+ [I= 7 valence, 4x F = 7x4=28 valence, 7 + 28 = 35, but it has a + charge, so subtract one, 34
valenece electrons]
I3- [I=7 valenece, 3x7 = 21 valence, minus charge so add another = 22 valence electrons]
Solution
SO2 = 18
IF4+ = 34
I3- = 22
The easiest way to think about this is to use the periodic table. The elements all the way to the
right have 8 valence electrons, (noble gases) then each column you go to the left, has once less
valence electron
F, Cl,Br,I,Ar = 7
O,S,Se,Te,Po = 6
and so on.
Then when the molecule has a charge on it, you take that into account, if it says \"+\", subtract a
valence electron, if it says \"-\", add a valence electron. (Remember, electrons are negatively
charged, so if it has a positive charge, you are short an electron, thats why you subtract for \"+\")
So: SO2: [S=6 valence, 2x O = 6 x 2 = 12 total valence, 6+ 12 = 18 valence electrons]
IF4+ [I= 7 valence, 4x F = 7x4=28 valence, 7 + 28 = 35, but it has a + charge, so subtract one, 34
valenece electrons]
I3- [I=7 valenece, 3x7 = 21 valence, minus charge so add another = 22 valence electrons].
selection_sort..c
#include //header file input output function
#define N 10//default value N=10
void selection_sort(int a[], int n);//function declaration
int *find_largest(int a[], int n);//function declaration
void swap(int *p, int *q);//function declaration
int main(void)
{//main function
int i;
int a[N];//variable declaration
int x,y;
printf(\"Enter %d numbers to be sorted: \", N);
for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
scanf(\"%d\", &a[i]);//keyboard inputting
selection_sort(a, N);//calling method
printf(\"In sorted order:\");
for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
printf(\" %d\", a[i]);
printf(\"\ \");
printf(\"largest element in the array :\");
*find_largest(a,N);//calling method
printf(\"\ Enter two variables for swapping :\");
scanf(\"%d\",&x);
scanf(\"%d\",&y);
swap(&x,&y);
return 0;
}
void selection_sort(int a[], int n)
{//function definition
int i, largest = 0, temp;
if (n == 1)
return;
for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
if (a[i] > a[largest])
largest = i;//selection sort logic
if (largest < n - 1) {
temp = a[n-1];
a[n-1] = a[largest];
a[largest] = temp;
}
selection_sort(a, n - 1);
}
int *find_largest(int *a, int n)
{//function definition
for(int i=1;i if you want to find smallest element*/
*a=*(a+i);
}
printf(\"%d\",*a);
}
void swap(int *p, int *q)
{//function definition
*p = *p + *q; // x now becomes 15
*q = *p - *q; // y becomes 10
*p = *p - *q; // x becomes 5
printf(\"After swapping of values :\");
printf(\"%d %d\ \",*p,*q);
}
output
Enter 10 numbers to be sorted: 562 1 344 6 4 3 2 4 67 8
In sorted order: 1 2 3 4 4 6 8 67 344 562
largest element in the array :562
Enter two variables for swapping :10 20
After swapping of
values :20 10
Solution
selection_sort..c
#include //header file input output function
#define N 10//default value N=10
void selection_sort(int a[], int n);//function declaration
int *find_largest(int a[], int n);//function declaration
void swap(int *p, int *q);//function declaration
int main(void)
{//main function
int i;
int a[N];//variable declaration
int x,y;
printf(\"Enter %d numbers to be sorted: \", N);
for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
scanf(\"%d\", &a[i]);//keyboard inputting
selection_sort(a, N);//calling method
printf(\"In sorted order:\");
for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
printf(\" %d\", a[i]);
printf(\"\ \");
printf(\"largest element in the array :\");
*find_largest(a,N);//calling method
printf(\"\ Enter two variables for swapping :\");
scanf(\"%d\",&x);
scanf(\"%d\",&y);
swap(&x,&y);
return 0;
}
void selection_sort(int a[], int n)
{//function definition
int i, largest = 0, temp;
if (n == 1)
return;
for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
if (a[i] > a[largest])
largest = i;//selection sort logic
if (largest < n - 1) {
temp = a[n-1];
a[n-1] = a[largest];
a[largest] = temp;
}
selection_sort(a, n - 1);
}
int *find_largest(int *a, int n)
{//function definition
for(int i=1;i if you want to find smallest element*/
*a=*(a+i);
}
printf(\"%d\",*a);
}
void swap(int *p, int *q)
{//function definition
*p = *p + *q; // x now becomes 15
*q = *p - *q; // y becomes 10
*p = *p - *q; // x bec.
Q2.AnswerThe Toll -like receptor encodes a protein which plays .pdfanton291
Q2.
Answer:
The Toll -like receptor encodes a protein which plays an important and fundamental role in the
pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. These TLRs are highly conserved
regions ranging from the well model organism of genetics Drosophila to humans and share
structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns that
are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the
development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression
and these receptor has been implicated in signal transduction events induced by
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in most gram-negative bacteria. Mutations in this gene have
been associated with differences in LPS responsiveness.
The lysosome protects the cell by acting upon the infectious pathogen as soon as its entry in to
the cell and before reaching the cytoplasm it will be degraded. The pathogens often hijack
endocytotic pathways such as pinocytosis and gain entry into the cell. The acid phospatases
present in the lysosome hydrolyze the biomolecules of pathogens necessary for their replication
strategies. The reduced Lysosomal activity results in an increase in viral infectivity, including
HIV infection. The toxins such as AB5 toxins such as cholera hijack the endosomal pathway
while evading lysosomal degradation.
Solution
Q2.
Answer:
The Toll -like receptor encodes a protein which plays an important and fundamental role in the
pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. These TLRs are highly conserved
regions ranging from the well model organism of genetics Drosophila to humans and share
structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns that
are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the
development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression
and these receptor has been implicated in signal transduction events induced by
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in most gram-negative bacteria. Mutations in this gene have
been associated with differences in LPS responsiveness.
The lysosome protects the cell by acting upon the infectious pathogen as soon as its entry in to
the cell and before reaching the cytoplasm it will be degraded. The pathogens often hijack
endocytotic pathways such as pinocytosis and gain entry into the cell. The acid phospatases
present in the lysosome hydrolyze the biomolecules of pathogens necessary for their replication
strategies. The reduced Lysosomal activity results in an increase in viral infectivity, including
HIV infection. The toxins such as AB5 toxins such as cholera hijack the endosomal pathway
while evading lysosomal degradation..
Ionic Bonds (between ionic molecules) - Medium strong bond - In an.pdfanton291
Ionic Bonds (between ionic molecules) - Medium strong bond
- In an ionic solid, adjacent ions have electrostatic attractions and are arranged in a lattice
structure.
- Ionic solids have strong bonds resulting in high melting and boiling point temperatures.
Metallic Bonds (bonds between metal atoms) - Weakest strong bond
- Metallic solids are often described as \"a group of nuclei surrounded by a sea of mobile
electrons.\" In other words, the electrons in metallic solids are delocalized and are free to move
about, making metals good conductors of electricity.
- Metallic bonds are still relatively strong forces of attraction and most metals have high melting
and boiling point temperatures.
Mercury is the only metal that is not solid at room temperature.
Hydrogen Bonding - Strongest weak bond
- In hydrogen bonds, the positively charged hydrogen end of one molecule is attracted to the
negatively charged end of another molecule which must be an extremely electronegative element
(fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen - FON)
Dipole-Dipole Forces - Medium weak bond
- Dipole-dipole forces exist between neutral, polar molecules where the positive end of one
molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule.
London Dispersion Forces - Weakest weak bond
- London dispersion forces (LDF) occur between neutral, nonpolar molecules. LDF occur due to
the \"random motion of electrons.\" At any moment, one atom may be surrounded by an extra
electron from a neighboring atom, resulting in an instantaneous polarity on the atom. During that
instant, the \"polarized\" atom will act as a very weak dipole.
Solution
Ionic Bonds (between ionic molecules) - Medium strong bond
- In an ionic solid, adjacent ions have electrostatic attractions and are arranged in a lattice
structure.
- Ionic solids have strong bonds resulting in high melting and boiling point temperatures.
Metallic Bonds (bonds between metal atoms) - Weakest strong bond
- Metallic solids are often described as \"a group of nuclei surrounded by a sea of mobile
electrons.\" In other words, the electrons in metallic solids are delocalized and are free to move
about, making metals good conductors of electricity.
- Metallic bonds are still relatively strong forces of attraction and most metals have high melting
and boiling point temperatures.
Mercury is the only metal that is not solid at room temperature.
Hydrogen Bonding - Strongest weak bond
- In hydrogen bonds, the positively charged hydrogen end of one molecule is attracted to the
negatively charged end of another molecule which must be an extremely electronegative element
(fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen - FON)
Dipole-Dipole Forces - Medium weak bond
- Dipole-dipole forces exist between neutral, polar molecules where the positive end of one
molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule.
London Dispersion Forces - Weakest weak bond
- London dispersion forces (LDF) occur between neutral, nonpolar molecules. LDF occur due to
the \"random moti.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Both methodologies differ in Software development life cycle approac.pdf
1. Both methodologies differ in Software development life cycle approach. Structured methodology
uses waterfall model apprpach where each stage must be completed before going to the next
stage whereas Object oriented methodology works on iterative model. While the structured
approach provides cleat-cut steps like planning-analysis-design- implementation from the
beginning to the end of the software development life cycle, the object- oriented approach does
not – there is no clear-cut step in moving from analysis to design. In today's development
initiatives the structured design fails because it is highly time consuming and is not based on the
real life object i.e. One can not relate the operations with a real life entity and thats what in
object oriented methodology is.
Solution
Both methodologies differ in Software development life cycle approach. Structured methodology
uses waterfall model apprpach where each stage must be completed before going to the next
stage whereas Object oriented methodology works on iterative model. While the structured
approach provides cleat-cut steps like planning-analysis-design- implementation from the
beginning to the end of the software development life cycle, the object- oriented approach does
not – there is no clear-cut step in moving from analysis to design. In today's development
initiatives the structured design fails because it is highly time consuming and is not based on the
real life object i.e. One can not relate the operations with a real life entity and thats what in
object oriented methodology is.
