This document discusses several conditions of the urinary tract: Hydronephrosis is caused by abnormal development of the upper urinary tract or blockage in the urinary tract, which can be diagnosed using ultrasound scans or MAG3 tests. Some children may require surgery like pyeloplasty to improve drainage. Megaureter is an abnormally wide ureter, over 3/8 inch, which can be caused during fetal development and diagnosed via ultrasound. Vesicoureteral reflux is when urine flows backward from the bladder to the ureters and sometimes kidneys, most common in infants and young children. Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys

1. Topics:- hydronepgosis,
megauretsr, vesicoureteral,
hyposdias
Name:- Bokkisham Durgadevi
Group:-Gm20-116

2. Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis is most often caused
by abnormal development of the
upper urinary tract. Sometimes it can
be caused by blockage at some part of
the urinary tract or by reflux of urine
(abnormal backflow of urine from the
bladder).

3. The isotope can be traced as it passes
through the kidneys. Depending on the
ultrasound scan and MAG3 findings and their
symptoms, some children will require surgery
to improve drainage of their kidney. Usually
procedure which is preformed is a
pyeloplasty.

5. Mega ureter
megaureter is a ureter that is much
wider than normal. A ureter that is
wider than 3/8 inch is a megaureter.
It occurs when a baby is growing in
the uterus. Often it is diagnosed by
ultrasound while a woman is still
pregnant.

6. Causes:- A blockage in the male urethra.
Prune belly syndrome (the absence of
abdominal muscles at birth).
Neurogenic bladder (a poorly functioning
bladder due to damage to the nerves that
control the bladder).

8. Vesicoureteral reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in
which urine flows backward from the
bladder to one or both ureters and
sometimes to the kidneys. VUR is most
common in infants and young children.
Most children don't have long-term
problems from VUR

9. Urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infections are
uncommon in children younger than age 5. They are
unlikely in boys at any age, unless VUR is present.
Trouble with urination including: Urgency. Dribbling.
Wetting pants.
A stomach mass from a swollen kidney.
Poor weight gain.
High blood pressure.

11. Hypospadia
Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys in which
the opening of the urethra is not located at
the tip of the penis. In boys with
hypospadias, the urethra forms abnormally
during weeks 8–14 of pregnancy. The
abnormal opening can form anywhere from
just below the end of the penis to the
scrotum.

13. Treatment
Some forms of hypospadias are very minor
and do not require surgery. However,
treatment usually involves surgery to
reposition the urethral opening and, if
necessary, straighten the shaft of the penis.
Surgery is usually done between the ages of 6
and 12 months

14. Thank you