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BOILER SAFETY CHECKLIST.pdf

This document provides information on boiler safety checklists, preventative maintenance, and steam boiler ancillary equipment. It discusses ASME boiler codes, firetube boiler types and ratings, boiler water volume and evaporation rates, water treatment including softeners and chemicals, boiler trim components like sample coolers and condensate tanks, and boiler feed pumps. Key topics covered include boiler inspection checklists, boiler horsepower ratings, factors affecting steam generation rates, and equipment to treat boiler feedwater and return condensate.

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Boiler Safety Checklist & Preventative Maintenance Boiler Safety Checklist & Preventative Maintenance Radiant Realities Tim Blomdahl Radiant Realities 1
ASME Section 1 Power Boilers MAWP Above 15 PSI Steam 160 PSI Hot Water 250 DEG. F. Hot Water Pressure Vessel Construction Codes Boiler MAWP (maximum allowable working pressure) equals the design pressure & maximum safety valve setting of the pressure vessel ASME Section 1 Power Boilers MAWP Above 15 PSI Steam 160 PSI Hot Water 250 DEG. F. Hot Water 2 Radiant Realities ASME Section 4 Heating Boilers MAWP Below 15 Psi Steam
To View Code: Google asme.bpvc.i.a.2011.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code 2013 Current Edition Radiant Realities 3
To View 2007 Code: Google asme.bpvc.iv.2007.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
Firetube Boilers Radiant Realities 5
Scotch Marine Firetube Boiler 6 Radiant Realities
Cleaver Brooks 200 hp Firetube Boiler Scotch Marine Type • Combustion gas travels inside of the tubes • Two, three or four construction • 5 sq. ft. of heating surface per boiler hp • 1000 sq. ft. of fireside heating surface = 200hp • Natural gas or light oil fired (Typically dual fuel) • Forced draft burner • 16,300 lb shipping weight • 60” diameter shell x 15’-0” long Scotch Marine Type • Combustion gas travels inside of the tubes • Two, three or four construction • 5 sq. ft. of heating surface per boiler hp • 1000 sq. ft. of fireside heating surface = 200hp • Natural gas or light oil fired (Typically dual fuel) • Forced draft burner • 16,300 lb shipping weight • 60” diameter shell x 15’-0” long 7 Radiant Realities
Typical 200 hp Boiler Rating Firetube Boilers Are Rated By Horsepower (hp) Boiler hp is steam output • 1 boiler hp evaporates 34.5 lbs of water per hour • 200 hp boiler output (200hp*34.5lbs/hr=6900) • 6900 lbs of steam per hour output Burner Input 42,000 btu per hp • 8,165,000 Btu fuel input at rated capacity • 81.7 Therms of gas (100,000 btus per therm) • 58.3 Gph of light oil (@ 140,000 btus per gal) Firetube Boilers Are Rated By Horsepower (hp) Boiler hp is steam output • 1 boiler hp evaporates 34.5 lbs of water per hour • 200 hp boiler output (200hp*34.5lbs/hr=6900) • 6900 lbs of steam per hour output Burner Input 42,000 btu per hp • 8,165,000 Btu fuel input at rated capacity • 81.7 Therms of gas (100,000 btus per therm) • 58.3 Gph of light oil (@ 140,000 btus per gal) 8 Radiant Realities
Factor Of Evaporation • A 200 hp boiler can evaporate 6900 lbs/hr at 0 psi operating steam pressure and when 212F. Feedwater is supplied to the boiler • The amount of steam that a boiler can generate is based upon the pressure that it operates at and the temperature of the water that it receives. • A 200 hp boiler operating at 120psi and 170F. Feedwater= evaporates 31.7lbs/hr=6340 lbs/hr • 6340/6900 = .918 @ 92% of its rated capacity • A 200 hp boiler can evaporate 6900 lbs/hr at 0 psi operating steam pressure and when 212F. Feedwater is supplied to the boiler • The amount of steam that a boiler can generate is based upon the pressure that it operates at and the temperature of the water that it receives. • A 200 hp boiler operating at 120psi and 170F. Feedwater= evaporates 31.7lbs/hr=6340 lbs/hr • 6340/6900 = .918 @ 92% of its rated capacity 9 Radiant Realities
0psig gauge pressure & 212 F. Feedwater = 34.5 lbs/hr of steam per boiler horsepower
200 hp Boiler Water Side At Normal operating water level (NOWL) • A Cleaver Brooks boiler holds 8,625 pounds of water or 1,034 gallons. • The minimum safe operating water level is typically 3” above the tubes. (Any less compromises the structural integrity of the boiler). At Normal operating water level (NOWL) • A Cleaver Brooks boiler holds 8,625 pounds of water or 1,034 gallons. • The minimum safe operating water level is typically 3” above the tubes. (Any less compromises the structural integrity of the boiler). 11 Radiant Realities
Boiler Evaporation Rate • 200 hp boiler can evaporate 831 gals per hour or 13.85 gpm. • 831gals/1034 gals in the boiler = .8036 • 80% of boilers total water volume could be evaporated in one hour at the boilers rated output capacity if no water was added to the boiler. • 200 hp boiler can evaporate 831 gals per hour or 13.85 gpm. • 831gals/1034 gals in the boiler = .8036 • 80% of boilers total water volume could be evaporated in one hour at the boilers rated output capacity if no water was added to the boiler. Radiant Realities 12
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14 Radiant Realities
Steam and Water Trim Radiant Realities 15
Steam Boiler Ancillary Equipment Steam Boiler Ancillary Equipment 16 Radiant Realities Water Filters Water Softeners Chemical Feeders Packaged Feedwater Systems Blowdown Separators
Fresh Water & Water Treatment Most steam systems need fresh water make-up • Water filters are used to remove impurities • Water softeners are used to remove hardness • Chemicals are also used to remove hardness Most steam systems need fresh water make-up • Water filters are used to remove impurities • Water softeners are used to remove hardness • Chemicals are also used to remove hardness Radiant Realities 17
Radiant Realities 18
Typically Two Water Softener Tanks Are Used. One to soften water and one to regenerate the resin in a tank that has been used up. This way the softening process can continue without interruption Radiant Realities 19 Typically Two Water Softener Tanks Are Used. One to soften water and one to regenerate the resin in a tank that has been used up. This way the softening process can continue without interruption
Salt for regeneration Radiant Realities 20
Water Softeners Water hardness or (calcium and magnesium) is an issue. • A water softer is an ion exchange system. The water leaves the softener with sodium compounds verses calcium and magnesium. • A very common water softener has a resin material in it that is changed to calcium and magnesium zeolite and is regenerated with salt or sodium chloride for the zeolite. Treat water per mfg. recommendations Typical water hardness allowed. (Firetube boilers) • 50-75ppm for 100psi steam • 20ppm for 200psi steam Definition of 75 parts per million (ppm) For every million pounds of water, 75 lbs of dry solids are dissolved in the water. Water Softeners Water hardness or (calcium and magnesium) is an issue. • A water softer is an ion exchange system. The water leaves the softener with sodium compounds verses calcium and magnesium. • A very common water softener has a resin material in it that is changed to calcium and magnesium zeolite and is regenerated with salt or sodium chloride for the zeolite. Treat water per mfg. recommendations Typical water hardness allowed. (Firetube boilers) • 50-75ppm for 100psi steam • 20ppm for 200psi steam Definition of 75 parts per million (ppm) For every million pounds of water, 75 lbs of dry solids are dissolved in the water. 21
Packaged Chemical Feed System •Storage Tank •Electric motorized agitator •Low flow high head chemical metering pump Radiant Realities 22
Chemical Feed Inlet Stop Valve Check Valve 23 Radiant Realities Check Valve
Chemicals Used To Treat Water Hardness • Caustic soda and phosphate is used to change calcium and magnesium scale forming components into non-adhering sludge that falls to the bottom of the boiler for removal by bottom blowdown. Scale • 1/16” scale = 15% fuel increase. • Scale slows down heat transfer through the tubes, the tubes overheat and shorten the operating life of the tubes. Chemicals Used To Treat Water Hardness • Caustic soda and phosphate is used to change calcium and magnesium scale forming components into non-adhering sludge that falls to the bottom of the boiler for removal by bottom blowdown. Scale • 1/16” scale = 15% fuel increase. • Scale slows down heat transfer through the tubes, the tubes overheat and shorten the operating life of the tubes. 24
Chemicals Are Used To Minimize Oxygen Corrosion Air in ambient temperature water is an issue! • Untreated water contains dissolved oxygen and other gasses that promote corrosion and pitting of metal boiler components. • Heat also helps removes dissolved oxygen in water. When water is heated air comes out of solution. • Sodium sulfite oxygen scavengers combine with oxygen to form harmless compounds. Sodium sulfite forms sodium sulfate and is removed by bottom blowdown. Chemicals Are Used To Minimize Oxygen Corrosion Air in ambient temperature water is an issue! • Untreated water contains dissolved oxygen and other gasses that promote corrosion and pitting of metal boiler components. • Heat also helps removes dissolved oxygen in water. When water is heated air comes out of solution. • Sodium sulfite oxygen scavengers combine with oxygen to form harmless compounds. Sodium sulfite forms sodium sulfate and is removed by bottom blowdown. 25
Water at 30psi and 60F. Heated To 180F. Releases 3.4% air by volume. 100 gals becomes 96.6 gals of water and 3.4 gallons of air at 180F.
Boiler pH • Maintain Boiler pH between 9-10.5 • Alkalinity should be kept below 11 to prevent priming and foaming Condensate Return pH • Maintain Condensate return pH between 7.4- 8.4 alkalinity Boiler pH • Maintain Boiler pH between 9-10.5 • Alkalinity should be kept below 11 to prevent priming and foaming Condensate Return pH • Maintain Condensate return pH between 7.4- 8.4 alkalinity 27
pH Scale Acidity Alkalinity PH 7 is Neutral Acidity PH 7 is Neutral
Sample Coolers Boiler water samples are cooled at boiler operating pressure with no loss of flash steam. Samples are used to determine water quality. Sample coolers have a 2000 or 3000 psi internal coil (heat exchanger) inside of the shell. Cool water is run through the shell to cool the boiler water inside of the coil. Radiant Realities 29 Sample Coolers Boiler water samples are cooled at boiler operating pressure with no loss of flash steam. Samples are used to determine water quality. Sample coolers have a 2000 or 3000 psi internal coil (heat exchanger) inside of the shell. Cool water is run through the shell to cool the boiler water inside of the coil.
Vented Condensate Tank With Duplex Pump Assembly Not An ASME Pressure Vessel. Vent tank to outdoors Never operate tank above“0” psi 30 Radiant Realities
Overflow Drain Steam Connection For Pre-Heating Condensate up to 210F. Fresh Water Make Up Valve Vent to Atmosphere Condensate Return Sparge Tube Radiant Realities 31 Duplex Pumps
Temperature Gage Water Level Sight Glass Fresh Water Radiant Realities 32
Steam Connection For Pre-Heating Condensate Up to 210F. Overflow Drain Radiant Realities 33
Radiant Realities 34
Condensate Tank Sizing • Condensate tanks are typically sized for 15 minutes of maximum boiler evaporation. (What the boiler can evaporate in 15 minutes at high fire.) • 200 hp Boiler with 212 F. feed water operating at 0 psi evaporates =6900 lbs/hr (6900/4 = 1725 lbs) • 1725 lbs every 15 min. (1725lbs/(8.33lbs per gal)= 207.08 gal. tank) • Typically a storage tank sized for 1 gallon per boiler hp is large enough to receive the condensate generated by the boiler. • Other factors may require that a larger storage tank be used. • 1 gal. per hp. 200 hp boiler = 200 gal. tank Code Requires That Tanks Maintain A Minimum Amount Of Water • A 10 minute minimum supply of water must be available for delivery to the boiler at all times. • 207.8* (2/3) = (10 minute supply) • 10 Minute supply= 138.53 gal minimum supply of water for a 200 hp boiler. • Condensate tanks are typically sized for 15 minutes of maximum boiler evaporation. (What the boiler can evaporate in 15 minutes at high fire.) • 200 hp Boiler with 212 F. feed water operating at 0 psi evaporates =6900 lbs/hr (6900/4 = 1725 lbs) • 1725 lbs every 15 min. (1725lbs/(8.33lbs per gal)= 207.08 gal. tank) • Typically a storage tank sized for 1 gallon per boiler hp is large enough to receive the condensate generated by the boiler. • Other factors may require that a larger storage tank be used. • 1 gal. per hp. 200 hp boiler = 200 gal. tank Code Requires That Tanks Maintain A Minimum Amount Of Water • A 10 minute minimum supply of water must be available for delivery to the boiler at all times. • 207.8* (2/3) = (10 minute supply) • 10 Minute supply= 138.53 gal minimum supply of water for a 200 hp boiler. 35
Boiler Feed Water Pumps • Boilers with over 500 sq ft of heating surface require two separate means of feeding water to the boiler. (Two pumps for power boilers) • 1 boiler hp = 5 sq. ft. of heating surface (For most firetube boilers) • Boilers over 100 hp or (3450 lbs/hr output) require twp pumps • Start stop pumps are typically sized to deliver double what the boiler can evaporate per hour. • 200 hp boiler can evaporate 6900 lbs/hr (34.5* 200= 6900 lbs/hr output) • Divide the known lbs/hr output by 500 to get gpm. 6900/500=13.8 gpm • Size the start/stop pump for twice the boiler evaporation rate. • 13.8 gpm * 2 = 27.6 gpm Pump discharge pressure • The quantity of water delivered must be at a pump pressure that is no less than 3% above the relief valve setting of the boiler at all times. • If the boiler RV is set at 150 psi the pump must be able to develop a minimum of 154.6 psi • Boilers with over 500 sq ft of heating surface require two separate means of feeding water to the boiler. (Two pumps for power boilers) • 1 boiler hp = 5 sq. ft. of heating surface (For most firetube boilers) • Boilers over 100 hp or (3450 lbs/hr output) require twp pumps • Start stop pumps are typically sized to deliver double what the boiler can evaporate per hour. • 200 hp boiler can evaporate 6900 lbs/hr (34.5* 200= 6900 lbs/hr output) • Divide the known lbs/hr output by 500 to get gpm. 6900/500=13.8 gpm • Size the start/stop pump for twice the boiler evaporation rate. • 13.8 gpm * 2 = 27.6 gpm Pump discharge pressure • The quantity of water delivered must be at a pump pressure that is no less than 3% above the relief valve setting of the boiler at all times. • If the boiler RV is set at 150 psi the pump must be able to develop a minimum of 154.6 psi 36
Feed Water Supply Piping 37 Radiant Realities
Boiler Feed Water Inlet Stop valve, or globe valve must be the same size as the boiler inlet connection Check Valve Modulating feed water valve 38 Radiant Realities ASME Section 1 Feed water piping PG-58.3.3 BEP
Vented Condensate Tank Deaerator 39 Radiant Realities
Deaerators are an ASME Section 8 Unfired Pressure Vessel DA Typically Operates At 5psi to 12psi Steam Pressure Small metering valve and piping used to vent soluble air driven out of solution at steam operating temp. 40 Radiant Realities
Column Type Deaerator Spray Type Deaerator Radiant Realities 41
Steam Boiler Water Level 10 Radiant Realities
Normal operating water level. Pump off….. Start Stop Pumps Normal operating water level. Pump off….. 43 Radiant Realities
There must always be water in the sight glass even when the boiler auxiliary low water cutoff shuts the burner off due to a low water condition. 44 There must always be water in the sight glass even when the boiler auxiliary low water cutoff shuts the burner off due to a low water condition.
Primary Low Water Cut-Off Pump Control Float type start stop pump control with automatic reset  Maintains the boiler normal operating water level  Turns a pump on  Turns a pump off  Turns off the burner if a low water condition exists  Sounds an alarm 45 Radiant Realities  Maintains the boiler normal operating water level  Turns a pump on  Turns a pump off  Turns off the burner if a low water condition exists  Sounds an alarm
Radiant Realities 46 Float Type LWCO With Water Column
Radiant Realities 47
Primary Low Water Cut-Off 48 Radiant Realities
Auxiliary or Secondary LWCO Locate ½” below Primary burner cut-off cast line 49 Radiant Realities
Auxiliary LWCO Float Type A manual reset switch is required on all “Auxiliary” low water cut-off controls Primary LWCO Float Type Start stop pump control with combined water column & typical automatic reset 50 Radiant Realities
Low pressure steam systems can use the motive force of city water pressure to get water into the boiler verses using pumps if city water pressure is high enough. Water feeder and low- water cut-off combination control. Low pressure steam systems can use the motive force of city water pressure to get water into the boiler verses using pumps if city water pressure is high enough. Water feeder and low- water cut-off combination control.
Normal Operating Water Level does not leave much room for steam. High water levels need to be addressed immediately. NOWL 52 Radiant Realities NOWL
1. Pump control fails to turn the pump on 2. Pump fails to supply enough water 3. Pump fails to pump water 4. Fresh water make up valve fails 5. No fresh water makeup 6. Lose city water pressure 7. Closed boiler feedwater valve Why Do Low Water Issues Occur? 53 1. Pump control fails to turn the pump on 2. Pump fails to supply enough water 3. Pump fails to pump water 4. Fresh water make up valve fails 5. No fresh water makeup 6. Lose city water pressure 7. Closed boiler feedwater valve
Boiler Blowdown Radiant Realities 54
Radiant Realities 55 Quick opening boiler bottom blowdown valves are always opened first.
Slow opening blowdown valve minimum five turns to open. Radiant Realities 56
Packaged Boiler Bottom Blowdown Separator With an automatic self operating regulator that allows cold water in as required to bring BD going to drain to acceptable drain pipe temperature. Blowdown separator tanks are not required to have automatic cooling. Tanks with drain valves that allow BD to cool in the tank or BD drained to another tank is also acceptable by code. 57 Radiant Realities Blowdown separator tanks are not required to have automatic cooling. Tanks with drain valves that allow BD to cool in the tank or BD drained to another tank is also acceptable by code.
Blowdown Tank Inlet Blowdown Tank Vent Radiant Realities 58 Blowdown Tank Drain
Auto Cooling Water Supply Radiant Realities 59
Boiler Bottom Blowdown Boilers over 100 psi working steam pressure Require two blowdown valves. Two slow opening or one quick opening & one slow opening valve. Pipe and Fittings • Piping must be steel, Sch. 80 Minimum • Fittings must be steel • Threaded fittings must be forged steel fittings • Maximum pipe size allowed 2-1/2” on any sized boiler Boilers over 100 psi working steam pressure Require two blowdown valves. Two slow opening or one quick opening & one slow opening valve. Pipe and Fittings • Piping must be steel, Sch. 80 Minimum • Fittings must be steel • Threaded fittings must be forged steel fittings • Maximum pipe size allowed 2-1/2” on any sized boiler 60 Radiant Realities
Combustion Stack temperature is 120 F. Above steam operating temperature. 125psi steam operates at 353F. So an efficient boiler stack temperature would be 475F. Radiant Realities 61 2800-3200 F. The boiler water absorbs an enormous amount of heat energy. 3000F. Down to less than 500F. In a very efficient boiler.
62 Radiant Realities Water is in the boiler to protect the steel heat exchanger Steel begins to melt at 2370F.
The By-Products of Combustion • Natural Gas is primarily methane • The primary products of combustion are CO2 and H2O. (Carbon Dioxide and Water) • Water within the products of combustion is totally vaporized and above the dew point Products of combustion below the dew point • CO2 plus Heat + Moisture = carbonic acid • SO2 plus Heat + Moisture = sulfuric acid Oil contains sulfur • Natural Gas is primarily methane • The primary products of combustion are CO2 and H2O. (Carbon Dioxide and Water) • Water within the products of combustion is totally vaporized and above the dew point Products of combustion below the dew point • CO2 plus Heat + Moisture = carbonic acid • SO2 plus Heat + Moisture = sulfuric acid Oil contains sulfur 63 Radiant Realities
64 Radiant Realities
• Combustion Efficiency is the effectiveness of the burner only and relates to its ability to completely burn the fuel. The Boiler has little bearing on combustion efficiency. A well designed burner will operate with as little as 15-20% excess air, while converting all combustibles in the fuel to thermal energy. • CO2 8.5-10.5% • Combustion Efficiency is the effectiveness of the burner only and relates to its ability to completely burn the fuel. The Boiler has little bearing on combustion efficiency. A well designed burner will operate with as little as 15-20% excess air, while converting all combustibles in the fuel to thermal energy. • CO2 8.5-10.5% Radiant Realities 65
Heat Absorption In the Boiler Heat moves by conduction convection and radiation Radiant Realities 66
Heat Absorption In the Boiler Radiant Realities 67
Heat Absorption In the Boiler Radiant Realities 68
Flue gas loss = 3 to 5 % Fuel input = 100 % Sensible heat =89.8% Latent Heat Heat Loss = 10.2 % Up chimney Up chimney Conventional Boilers Are Typically 80% Efficient Boiler stand-by and jacket loss =3 to 5 % Seasonal efficiency of conventional Boilers =80%+ Into mechanical room Useful heat 69 Radiant Realities
Radiant Realities 70
British Thermal Unit • A BTU is defined as the amount of thermal heat energy required to heat 1 lb. of WATER 1 deg. F. • A BTU is defined as the amount of thermal heat energy required to heat 1 lb. of WATER 1 deg. F. 71
Water Boiling Point • Water at 14.7 psia (absolute) or 0 psig (gauge) boils at 212 F. • Water at 1 mile high boils at 202 F. • Water on top of Mt Everest boils at 154 F. • Water at .28 psia boils at 60 F. • Water at 100 psig boils at 337.90 F. The weight of air in the atmosphere exerts 14.7 pounds per square inch on Earth at sea level • Water at 14.7 psia (absolute) or 0 psig (gauge) boils at 212 F. • Water at 1 mile high boils at 202 F. • Water on top of Mt Everest boils at 154 F. • Water at .28 psia boils at 60 F. • Water at 100 psig boils at 337.90 F. 72 Pressure Determines Boiling Point Temperature
At sea level water boils at 212F. 0 psig Or 14.7 psia absolute. Steam and saturated water have the exact same temperature. The liquid cannot hold any more heat energy and every additional BTU converts 1 pound of liquid to 1 pound of steam. The lower the steam pressure the more latent heat energy the steam contains and has to give up at the heat emitter. Latent heat quantity goes down as steam pressure goes up…. Temperature goes up as steam pressure goes up. 73 At sea level water boils at 212F. 0 psig Or 14.7 psia absolute. Steam and saturated water have the exact same temperature. The liquid cannot hold any more heat energy and every additional BTU converts 1 pound of liquid to 1 pound of steam. The lower the steam pressure the more latent heat energy the steam contains and has to give up at the heat emitter. Latent heat quantity goes down as steam pressure goes up…. Temperature goes up as steam pressure goes up.
For every pound of condensate at 125 psi sent to a 0 psi vented condensate receiver 14.9% of it’s liquid volume flashes to steam For every pound of condensate at 125 psi sent to a 0 psi vented condensate receiver 14.9% of it’s liquid volume flashes to steam
High Temperature Water At Mother Nature’s Pressure • At sea level’s atmospheric pressure of 14.7psia absolute (Or 0 psig gage) mother nature will not allow water to exist as a liquid above 212 degrees F. • A percentage of every pound of water above 212 F. has to flash to steam based upon the pressure environment that it exits in. • At sea level’s atmospheric pressure of 14.7psia absolute (Or 0 psig gage) mother nature will not allow water to exist as a liquid above 212 degrees F. • A percentage of every pound of water above 212 F. has to flash to steam based upon the pressure environment that it exits in.
Steam Quality & Purity • Steam quality has to do with the amount of moisture in the steam. • Steam purity refers to the amount of solids, liquid, or vaporous contamination in the steam. Solids content. • Carryover: Any solid, liquid or vaporous contaminant that leaves a boiler along with the steam. Entrained boiler water, which may contain dissolved or suspended solids is the most common. • Steam quality has to do with the amount of moisture in the steam. • Steam purity refers to the amount of solids, liquid, or vaporous contamination in the steam. Solids content. • Carryover: Any solid, liquid or vaporous contaminant that leaves a boiler along with the steam. Entrained boiler water, which may contain dissolved or suspended solids is the most common. 76
Radiant Realities 77
Radiant Realities 78
Water droplets in high velocity steam can be as abrasive as sand particles • They can erode pipe fittings and rapidly eat away at valve seats. • If a puddle of water is allowed to accumulate it will eventually be picked up by high velocity steam and accelerated to near steam velocity. • Causes water hammer, loosens pipe fittings and supports. Water droplets in high velocity steam can be as abrasive as sand particles • They can erode pipe fittings and rapidly eat away at valve seats. • If a puddle of water is allowed to accumulate it will eventually be picked up by high velocity steam and accelerated to near steam velocity. • Causes water hammer, loosens pipe fittings and supports. 79
5 MAWP Boilers are constructed to a maximum allowable working pressure. (This is the design pressure of the vessel and the maximum set point of a safety valve). 80 Radiant Realities Boilers are constructed to a maximum allowable working pressure. (This is the design pressure of the vessel and the maximum set point of a safety valve).
Steam Systems Operate By Pressure • Pressure controls operate the burner and establish system operating pressure. • The pressure environment allows pressure to build and be maintained. • The burners job is to maintain steam pressure by delivering heat energy. It typically modulates within a range to satisfy pressure demands. • Based upon the steam load, pressure can be fairly stable or drop. The burner firing rate is increased or decreased to maintain the pressure control set point. Steam Systems Operate By Pressure • Pressure controls operate the burner and establish system operating pressure. • The pressure environment allows pressure to build and be maintained. • The burners job is to maintain steam pressure by delivering heat energy. It typically modulates within a range to satisfy pressure demands. • Based upon the steam load, pressure can be fairly stable or drop. The burner firing rate is increased or decreased to maintain the pressure control set point. 81
Balanced Pressure System Delta P or change in pressure allows steam to flow. Steam condenses, takes up less space, pressure drops accordingly. A steam system seeks a balanced pressure condition Or steady state condition • In a steady state condition fuel is burned at a steady rate. Steam is used at a steady rate. Equilibrium is obtained. • What upsets equilibrium? • Additional Steam load. What happens when a steam control valve is opened? • The pressure drops in the boiler over the saturated water surface. Heat energy is added to make steam as required to the satisfy the pressure switch set point. Delta P or change in pressure allows steam to flow. Steam condenses, takes up less space, pressure drops accordingly. A steam system seeks a balanced pressure condition Or steady state condition • In a steady state condition fuel is burned at a steady rate. Steam is used at a steady rate. Equilibrium is obtained. • What upsets equilibrium? • Additional Steam load. What happens when a steam control valve is opened? • The pressure drops in the boiler over the saturated water surface. Heat energy is added to make steam as required to the satisfy the pressure switch set point. 82
ASME CSD-1 CW-300 Pressure Controls • One operating pressure control minimum. (More can be used if desired). • One high limit pressure control with manual reset is required. On all steam boilers • Siphon or equivalent means of maintaining a water seal at the control is required. • One operating pressure control minimum. (More can be used if desired). • One high limit pressure control with manual reset is required. On all steam boilers • Siphon or equivalent means of maintaining a water seal at the control is required. 83
Operating High Limit w/ Manual Reset Modulating PRESSURE CONTROLS 84 Radiant Realities
Boilers must have at least one steam operating pressure switch 85 Radiant Realities
Boilers must have one high limit safety pressure switch to shut off the burner if the primary operating switch fails. (This control must have a manual reset switch) 86 Radiant Realities
Modulating pressure control If used, controls firing rate from a minimum fire to a maximum firing rate in response to steam pressure. 87 Radiant Realities
Modulating Burners Burners fire within a minimum range 10% or 20% to the maximum designed burner input rating. (Low fire to high fire input.) This chart details efficiency based upon the firing rate. Radiant Realities 88
Unfired Pressure Vessel Stamp Safety Valves Stamps 89 Radiant Realities Power Boiler Stamp Heating Boiler Stamp
90 Radiant Realities
Safety Valve Drip Pan Elbow 91 Radiant Realities
92 Radiant Realities
SV Set Pressure Vs. Boiler Operating Pressure ASME Section 1 Power Boilers Within 10% of safety valve setting or no closer than 7 psi. Low Pressure Steam Boiler: 5psi 15psi Boiler not operated above 10psi ASME Section 1 Power Boilers Within 10% of safety valve setting or no closer than 7 psi. Low Pressure Steam Boiler: 5psi 15psi Boiler not operated above 10psi 93 Radiant Realities
Steam demand & burner Loading 94
Burner Loading • Unloaded • No steam demand, burner is off. • Loaded • Burner is on and firing. • Over Loaded • Burner cannot add enough heat energy to maintain the steam pressure. • Too many steam users are turned on. • Under Loaded • Not enough steam load. Steam pressure rises. Burner shuts off. • Unloaded • No steam demand, burner is off. • Loaded • Burner is on and firing. • Over Loaded • Burner cannot add enough heat energy to maintain the steam pressure. • Too many steam users are turned on. • Under Loaded • Not enough steam load. Steam pressure rises. Burner shuts off. Radiant Realities 95
Steam Distribution Piping What’s happening in the steam piping? • Flow • Velocity • Pressure Drop • Temperature • Pressure • Condensing • Expansion • Contraction • Vacuum (When cools) What’s happening in the steam piping? • Flow • Velocity • Pressure Drop • Temperature • Pressure • Condensing • Expansion • Contraction • Vacuum (When cools) Radiant Realities 96
Steam Pipe Sizing • Steam piping is sized based upon pressure drop & velocity • Typical heating system steam velocity is 4000 to 6000 fpm • Typical industrial system steam velocity is 6000 to 12000 fpm • Velocity equals pressure drop, noise, and erosion • It’s best to keep velocity on the low side….. • Noise is more acceptable in industrial plants vs. heating plants so higher velocities are used. • Steam piping is sized based upon pressure drop & velocity • Typical heating system steam velocity is 4000 to 6000 fpm • Typical industrial system steam velocity is 6000 to 12000 fpm • Velocity equals pressure drop, noise, and erosion • It’s best to keep velocity on the low side….. • Noise is more acceptable in industrial plants vs. heating plants so higher velocities are used. Radiant Realities 97
Steam Velocity Heating Systems 4000-6000 FPM Process Steam 8000-12000 FPM 98
Steam Velocity Does steam move faster at low pressure or high pressure? Example: Move 6900 lbs of steam through 4” pipe to the user in one hour. Using 70 psi and 125 psi steam Velocity (fpm) = 2.4 * Q * Vs A Q=lbs/hr Vs=Sp. Volume (cubic feet) A= Internal pipe area (square in.) 70 psi = 6725 fpm 125 psi = 4188 fpm Steam piping does not determine how fast steam moves through it. The amount of steam that the steam user is asking for, and the operating pressure determines the speed of the steam in piping. If 6900 lbs per hour of steam is needed by the user. 4” pipe at 125 psi will have a steam velocity of 4188 fpm. 4” pipe at 70 psi will have a steam velocity of 6725 fpm. A 37% increase in velocity at lower pressure. Does steam move faster at low pressure or high pressure? Example: Move 6900 lbs of steam through 4” pipe to the user in one hour. Using 70 psi and 125 psi steam Velocity (fpm) = 2.4 * Q * Vs A Q=lbs/hr Vs=Sp. Volume (cubic feet) A= Internal pipe area (square in.) 70 psi = 6725 fpm 125 psi = 4188 fpm 99 Steam piping does not determine how fast steam moves through it. The amount of steam that the steam user is asking for, and the operating pressure determines the speed of the steam in piping. If 6900 lbs per hour of steam is needed by the user. 4” pipe at 125 psi will have a steam velocity of 4188 fpm. 4” pipe at 70 psi will have a steam velocity of 6725 fpm. A 37% increase in velocity at lower pressure.
Saturated steam velocity 100 4” pipe can move 8,900 lbs of steam per hour at 125 psi, and velocity of 6000 ft per minute. 4” pipe can only move 1,800 lbs of steam per hour at 10 psi and a velocity of 6000 ft per minute.
Steam Plant Checklists And Preventative Maintenance 101
ASME CSD-1 CG-400 Requires that boiler manufacturers provide comprehensive maintenance and testing procedures 102 Requires that boiler manufacturers provide comprehensive maintenance and testing procedures
2012 ASME CSD-1 Boilers up to 300 Hp •Assembly •Installation •Maintenance •Operation 2012 Current Edition 103 Radiant Realities
ASME CSD-1 Five Sections General CG Testing Maintenance CM Combustion CF Testing Maintenance CM Electrical CE Steam Waterside CW Combustion CF
Radiant Realities 105
Radiant Realities 106
Radiant Realities 107
Boilers and Burners Above 12,500,000 Btus (@ 300 Hp) www.nfpa.org/freeaccess Radiant Realities 108
Steam Plant Checklists Procedures should be established according to the manufacturer’s recommendations Use checklists and keep logs in the boiler room Two separate logs –Daily operations –Maintenance activities Steam Plant Checklists Procedures should be established according to the manufacturer’s recommendations Use checklists and keep logs in the boiler room Two separate logs –Daily operations –Maintenance activities Radiant Realities 109
Boiler Room Logs and Records The simple and basic reason for maintenance Maintain top efficiency Extend operational life of the equipment Promote safety 1. Maintain complete records. Document each individual component, model, serial number, part number, and date installed. 2. Establish a detailed startup procedure. 3. Establish a written operating procedure. The simple and basic reason for maintenance Maintain top efficiency Extend operational life of the equipment Promote safety 1. Maintain complete records. Document each individual component, model, serial number, part number, and date installed. 2. Establish a detailed startup procedure. 3. Establish a written operating procedure. Radiant Realities 110
General Safety • Sufficient lighting • Good housekeeping (Not a storage area) • Adequate fresh air supply • Heat room to acceptable ambient air temperature • Keep electrical equipment clean • Confirm no smell of gas or leaks exist • Confirm that steam or water leaks have been referred to maintenance staff for action • Note any unusual boiler conditions • Note changes in equipment status and why • Sufficient lighting • Good housekeeping (Not a storage area) • Adequate fresh air supply • Heat room to acceptable ambient air temperature • Keep electrical equipment clean • Confirm no smell of gas or leaks exist • Confirm that steam or water leaks have been referred to maintenance staff for action • Note any unusual boiler conditions • Note changes in equipment status and why Radiant Realities 111
Daily Operation Safety Checklist • Water level • Steam pressure • Burner firing rate • Main gas pressure • Burner supply gas pressure • Burner flame condition • Flue temperature • Feedwater temperature • Feedwater tank water level • Feed pump discharge pressure • Makeup water usage • Control settings • Boiler cycles • Water level • Steam pressure • Burner firing rate • Main gas pressure • Burner supply gas pressure • Burner flame condition • Flue temperature • Feedwater temperature • Feedwater tank water level • Feed pump discharge pressure • Makeup water usage • Control settings • Boiler cycles Radiant Realities 112
Power Boiler Daily Duties • Insure adequate supply of combustion air • Take a water sample • Treat water as required • Blowdown water column • Blowdown sight glass • Blowdown/Test primary low water cut-off • Blowdown/Test auxiliary low water cut-of • Blowdown the boiler • Insure adequate supply of combustion air • Take a water sample • Treat water as required • Blowdown water column • Blowdown sight glass • Blowdown/Test primary low water cut-off • Blowdown/Test auxiliary low water cut-of • Blowdown the boiler Radiant Realities 113
Testing LWCO/Pump Control Three Ways To Test LWCO’s Open LWCO drain valve (Perform test daily) • Burner should shut off • Pump should come on • (Not the best test for a float that may be sticking) Slow drain test • Partially open boiler bottom blowdown valve • Perform test twice a year Evaporation test • Shut off the valve that supplies water to the boiler • Turn off the pumps Three Ways To Test LWCO’s Open LWCO drain valve (Perform test daily) • Burner should shut off • Pump should come on • (Not the best test for a float that may be sticking) Slow drain test • Partially open boiler bottom blowdown valve • Perform test twice a year Evaporation test • Shut off the valve that supplies water to the boiler • Turn off the pumps 114
115 Radiant Realities
Sight Glass Valves Radiant Realities 116 Water Column Blowdown Valve Sight Glass Valves Sight Glass Blowdown Valve
Water Column & Sight Glass Blowdown Daily for power boilers • Operator should monitor the action of the water in the gauge glass. It should enter the glass quickly indicating that the lines are free of sludge and sediment or scale buildup. Boiler bottom blowdown Daily for power boilers • Perform bottom blowdown when the boiler is operating at a light load. Typically ½” in sight glass. (Based upon water treatment) Water Column & Sight Glass Blowdown Daily for power boilers • Operator should monitor the action of the water in the gauge glass. It should enter the glass quickly indicating that the lines are free of sludge and sediment or scale buildup. Boiler bottom blowdown Daily for power boilers • Perform bottom blowdown when the boiler is operating at a light load. Typically ½” in sight glass. (Based upon water treatment) Radiant Realities 117
Condition of the Burner Flame 1. Observe the condition of the flame to determine it is even and not off color. 2. Gas flame should be translucent blue with varying amounts of yellow on the flame ends depending upon firing rate. The flame should be even around the burner. 3. Oil burner flame should be bright yellow without dark trails off the end of the flame. 4. Record stack temperature Radiant Realities 118 Condition of the Burner Flame 1. Observe the condition of the flame to determine it is even and not off color. 2. Gas flame should be translucent blue with varying amounts of yellow on the flame ends depending upon firing rate. The flame should be even around the burner. 3. Oil burner flame should be bright yellow without dark trails off the end of the flame. 4. Record stack temperature
Boiler Feedwater System Checklist 1. Feed water tank temperature 1. Warmer the better 2. Normal tank temperature 3. High temperature (always below 212F.) 1. Leaking steam traps 2. High volume of condensate return 3. Undersized vent piping 4. Lower than normal tank temperature 1. Leaking cold water makeup valve 2. Less condensate returned to tank 3. Cooled condensate 2. Feed water tank level 3. Feed pump discharge pressure 4. Tank vent plume 5. Tank leaks, corrosion Radiant Realities 119 Boiler Feedwater System Checklist 1. Feed water tank temperature 1. Warmer the better 2. Normal tank temperature 3. High temperature (always below 212F.) 1. Leaking steam traps 2. High volume of condensate return 3. Undersized vent piping 4. Lower than normal tank temperature 1. Leaking cold water makeup valve 2. Less condensate returned to tank 3. Cooled condensate 2. Feed water tank level 3. Feed pump discharge pressure 4. Tank vent plume 5. Tank leaks, corrosion
Performance Management Radiant Realities 120
2015 OBPVSC Oregon Boiler & Pressure Vessel Specialty Code 2015 OBPVSC Oregon Boiler & Pressure Vessel Specialty Code Radiant Realities Tim Blomdahl
Purpose of Oregon Adopted Boiler Law • Protect the public • Protect property in Oregon • Ensure safe construction • Safe installation • Safe maintenance • Safe repair of boilers & pressure vessels • Protect the public • Protect property in Oregon • Ensure safe construction • Safe installation • Safe maintenance • Safe repair of boilers & pressure vessels
Volumes 1,2,4,5,8,9,10
2013 ASME Code Sections  Section 1 Rules for Construction of Power Boilers  Section 2 Materials Parts A,B,C,D  Section 4 Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers  Section 5 Non-Destructive Examination  Section 8 Unfired Pressure Vessels Div 1, 2,3  Section 9 Welding & Brazing Qualifications  Section 10 Fiber Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels  Section 6 Recommended Rules Const of Heating Blrs  Section 7 Recommended Rules Const of Power Blrs  Section 1 Rules for Construction of Power Boilers  Section 2 Materials Parts A,B,C,D  Section 4 Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers  Section 5 Non-Destructive Examination  Section 8 Unfired Pressure Vessels Div 1, 2,3  Section 9 Welding & Brazing Qualifications  Section 10 Fiber Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels  Section 6 Recommended Rules Const of Heating Blrs  Section 7 Recommended Rules Const of Power Blrs
To View Code: Google asme.bpvc.i.a.2011.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code 2013 Current Edition Radiant Realities 126
ASME Section 1 Power Boilers OPERATE ABOVE 15 psi steam pressure 160 psi hot water 250 deg. F. hot water ASME Section 1 Boiler Construction Code Designed to a MAWP (Maximum allowable working pressure) High Pressure Boilers ASME Section 1 Power Boilers OPERATE ABOVE 15 psi steam pressure 160 psi hot water 250 deg. F. hot water 127 Radiant Realities
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Stamps
Miniature Boiler Limits 100 Psi MAWP 5 Cu. Ft. Gross Volume 16” Diameter Shell Max 20 Sq. Ft. Of Heating Surface ASME Section 1 Power Boiler Code Stamps
ASME Section 2 Materials (4 Parts A,B,C,D) 2013 Current Adopted Edition
To View 2007 Code: Google asme.bpvc.iv.2007.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code H
ASME Section IV “H” Steam Boilers Operate below 15 psi Hot Water Heating Boilers Hot Water Supply Boilers Operate below 160 psi Operate below 250 deg F. ASME Section IV Pressure Vessel Construction Code MAWP Maximum Allowable Working Pressure Design Pressure & “Safety Valve Setting” 136 Radiant Realities ASME Section IV “H” Steam Boilers Operate below 15 psi Hot Water Heating Boilers Hot Water Supply Boilers Operate below 160 psi Operate below 250 deg F. ASME Section IV “HLW” Potable Hot Water Boilers Operate below 160 psi Operate below 210 deg F. Cleaver Brooks
To View Code: Google asme.bpvc.v.2010.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code 2013 Current Adopted Edition
Unfired Pressure Vessels Three Divisions
2013 Current Adopted Edition
2013 Current Adopted Edition
To View Code: Google asme.bpvc.ix.2010.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
2013 Current Adopted Edition
To View Code: Google asme.bpvc.vi.2010.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
To View Code: Google asme.bpvc.vii.2010.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
ASME to lower it’s international operating costs has implemented a single ASME stamp for all pressure vessels verses the individual stamped letters used before 2010. Typical ASME stamp and letter designation below. 145 “S” Power Boiler
Boiler Safety Relief Valve Stamps If it has a “V” in the stamp it applies to Boiler safety relief valves Power Boilers
Unfired Pressure Vessel Relief Valve Stamps
No Pressure Limit. Rules For High Pressure Piping 2012 Current Adopted Edition 148 To View Code: Google asme.b31.1.2007.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
2012 Current Adopted Edition 149
2012 Current Adopted Edition 150
Pressure Piping Rules Up To 150 Psig 2012 Current Adopted Edition 151 To View Code: Google asme.b31.9.2008.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
2012 ASME CSD-1 Boilers up to 300 Hp •Assembly •Installation •Maintenance •Operation 2012 Current Edition 152 Radiant Realities
ASME Code History • 1911 Standards & rules for construction • 1915 Section 1 Power Boilers Adopted • 1920 Adopted by the State of Oregon • ASME Section 1 set’s the rules for construction of boilers that operate over 15 psi steam, including, internal piping, external piping, the valves, and the boiler external piping to the valves, which make up the complete boiler unit. • 1911 Standards & rules for construction • 1915 Section 1 Power Boilers Adopted • 1920 Adopted by the State of Oregon • ASME Section 1 set’s the rules for construction of boilers that operate over 15 psi steam, including, internal piping, external piping, the valves, and the boiler external piping to the valves, which make up the complete boiler unit.
Boilers and Burners Above 12,500,000 Btus (@ 300 Hp) www.nfpa.org/freeaccess Purchase for $63.00 Radiant Realities 155
2013 NBIC National Board Inspection Code • Part 1 Installation • Part 2 Inspection • Part 3 Repairs/Alterations Nationalboard.org
163
164
Human Factor • Operation, maintenance, and people issues are by far the biggest combustion safety issue • 40% of all deaths and accidents are caused by human error or poor maintenance. • Codes offer very little specific direction in regards to training, other than to say training it is required and should be done regularly. • Operation, maintenance, and people issues are by far the biggest combustion safety issue • 40% of all deaths and accidents are caused by human error or poor maintenance. • Codes offer very little specific direction in regards to training, other than to say training it is required and should be done regularly. 167 Radiant Realities
Preventative Maintenance • Combustion equipment can become less safe with every minute of operation. • Dust, dirt, debris accumulate in combustion air fans and burners, changing air/fuel ratios • Some gas control valves get a little more sloppy every time they are cycled. • Pressure switch diaphragms and contacts age • Water level controls accumulate sludge. • Combustion equipment can become less safe with every minute of operation. • Dust, dirt, debris accumulate in combustion air fans and burners, changing air/fuel ratios • Some gas control valves get a little more sloppy every time they are cycled. • Pressure switch diaphragms and contacts age • Water level controls accumulate sludge. 168 Radiant Realities
2014 Oregon Mechanical Specialty Code Based upon 2012 International Mechanical Code 2012 International Fuel Gas Code
State of Oregon Permits
ASME Code Rules • ASME code rules are not mandatory unless they are adopted into the laws of a government. • Usually referred to as a “Jurisdiction”. Government authority. • Example: Wyoming did not want to add the expense of boiler rules to their governing costs. • ASME code rules are not mandatory unless they are adopted into the laws of a government. • Usually referred to as a “Jurisdiction”. Government authority. • Example: Wyoming did not want to add the expense of boiler rules to their governing costs.
How Is The Code Funded In Oregon • Permits are required to install boilers and unfired pressure vessels. Unless exempt. • Permits are required to operate pressure vessels and be inspected. • Permits for repairs, non-welded repairs and minor repairs (replacement of safety controls) • Business licensing to install boilers • Class 1-6 Boiler & Pressure Vessel Licensing • Fees for continuing education added to license • Permits are required to install boilers and unfired pressure vessels. Unless exempt. • Permits are required to operate pressure vessels and be inspected. • Permits for repairs, non-welded repairs and minor repairs (replacement of safety controls) • Business licensing to install boilers • Class 1-6 Boiler & Pressure Vessel Licensing • Fees for continuing education added to license 172
Flat Rate Boiler Permits Effective January 1, 2010 Boiler installation permits are $175.00 with 12% surcharge Total cost $196.00 Flat Rate Boiler Permits Effective January 1, 2010 Boiler installation permits are $175.00 with 12% surcharge Total cost $196.00
Responsibility of Inspectors • For new boilers, the inspector shall verify that the controls and safety devices required by ASME CSD-1 or other construction codes are installed and function as designed in accordance with manufacturers instructions. • For new boilers, the inspector shall verify that the controls and safety devices required by ASME CSD-1 or other construction codes are installed and function as designed in accordance with manufacturers instructions. 176
Inspectors • All inspectors witnessing installation, repair or alteration of boilers, pressure vessels or pressure piping shall verify that the contractor and workers performing the work are appropriately licensed and hold valid permits as required by ORS 480.630 • All inspectors witnessing installation, repair or alteration of boilers, pressure vessels or pressure piping shall verify that the contractor and workers performing the work are appropriately licensed and hold valid permits as required by ORS 480.630 177
Class 1 Trainee helper boiler installer by non-welding methods. Class 2 Unfired pressure vessel installer non-welded. Class 3 Building service mechanic. Install or repair boilers and unfired pressure vessels by non-welding methods. State Of Oregon Boiler Licenses Class 1-6 Licenses Class 1 Trainee helper boiler installer by non-welding methods. Class 2 Unfired pressure vessel installer non-welded. Class 3 Building service mechanic. Install or repair boilers and unfired pressure vessels by non-welding methods.
Class 4 Boilermaker. Install alter or repair boilers & pressure vessels (excluding non-boiler external piping) by welding or other methods of attachment. Class 5 Pressure piping mechanic. Fabricate install alter repair pressure piping boilers and pressure vessels by welded & non-welded methods. Class 5A Process piping mechanic limited Class 5 B Refrigeration piping mechanic Class 6 Welder supervised by class 4,5,5a 5b and Non-welded under direct supervision Class 4 Boilermaker. Install alter or repair boilers & pressure vessels (excluding non-boiler external piping) by welding or other methods of attachment. Class 5 Pressure piping mechanic. Fabricate install alter repair pressure piping boilers and pressure vessels by welded & non-welded methods. Class 5A Process piping mechanic limited Class 5 B Refrigeration piping mechanic Class 6 Welder supervised by class 4,5,5a 5b and Non-welded under direct supervision
Direct Supervision • Means the person supervised is in the physical presence of a qualified licensed person at the job site and the person doing the supervision is directly assigned to monitor and direct the activities of the person supervised. Direct supervision must be on a ratio of one qualified licensed person to one trainee helper. • Applies to class 3 helper/trainees. Non-weld • Means the person supervised is in the physical presence of a qualified licensed person at the job site and the person doing the supervision is directly assigned to monitor and direct the activities of the person supervised. Direct supervision must be on a ratio of one qualified licensed person to one trainee helper. • Applies to class 3 helper/trainees. Non-weld 180
Supervision • Means the individual person assigned to perform supervision is directly and specifically assigned to monitor and direct the activities of the person being supervised. Both the person performing supervision and those being supervised shall be prepared to identify each other. Applies to class 5 supervision attachment by welding. More than 1 class 6 can be supervised. A class 6 license can install by non- welded methods, direct supervision rules apply. • Means the individual person assigned to perform supervision is directly and specifically assigned to monitor and direct the activities of the person being supervised. Both the person performing supervision and those being supervised shall be prepared to identify each other. Applies to class 5 supervision attachment by welding. More than 1 class 6 can be supervised. A class 6 license can install by non- welded methods, direct supervision rules apply. 181
Thank You! Tim Blomdahl

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BOILER SAFETY CHECKLIST.pdf

  • 1.
    Boiler Safety Checklist& Preventative Maintenance Boiler Safety Checklist & Preventative Maintenance Radiant Realities Tim Blomdahl Radiant Realities 1
  • 2.
    ASME Section 1 PowerBoilers MAWP Above 15 PSI Steam 160 PSI Hot Water 250 DEG. F. Hot Water Pressure Vessel Construction Codes Boiler MAWP (maximum allowable working pressure) equals the design pressure & maximum safety valve setting of the pressure vessel ASME Section 1 Power Boilers MAWP Above 15 PSI Steam 160 PSI Hot Water 250 DEG. F. Hot Water 2 Radiant Realities ASME Section 4 Heating Boilers MAWP Below 15 Psi Steam
  • 3.
    To View Code:Google asme.bpvc.i.a.2011.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code 2013 Current Edition Radiant Realities 3
  • 4.
    To View 2007Code: Google asme.bpvc.iv.2007.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
  • 5.
  • 6.
    Scotch Marine FiretubeBoiler 6 Radiant Realities
  • 7.
    Cleaver Brooks 200hp Firetube Boiler Scotch Marine Type • Combustion gas travels inside of the tubes • Two, three or four construction • 5 sq. ft. of heating surface per boiler hp • 1000 sq. ft. of fireside heating surface = 200hp • Natural gas or light oil fired (Typically dual fuel) • Forced draft burner • 16,300 lb shipping weight • 60” diameter shell x 15’-0” long Scotch Marine Type • Combustion gas travels inside of the tubes • Two, three or four construction • 5 sq. ft. of heating surface per boiler hp • 1000 sq. ft. of fireside heating surface = 200hp • Natural gas or light oil fired (Typically dual fuel) • Forced draft burner • 16,300 lb shipping weight • 60” diameter shell x 15’-0” long 7 Radiant Realities
  • 8.
    Typical 200 hpBoiler Rating Firetube Boilers Are Rated By Horsepower (hp) Boiler hp is steam output • 1 boiler hp evaporates 34.5 lbs of water per hour • 200 hp boiler output (200hp*34.5lbs/hr=6900) • 6900 lbs of steam per hour output Burner Input 42,000 btu per hp • 8,165,000 Btu fuel input at rated capacity • 81.7 Therms of gas (100,000 btus per therm) • 58.3 Gph of light oil (@ 140,000 btus per gal) Firetube Boilers Are Rated By Horsepower (hp) Boiler hp is steam output • 1 boiler hp evaporates 34.5 lbs of water per hour • 200 hp boiler output (200hp*34.5lbs/hr=6900) • 6900 lbs of steam per hour output Burner Input 42,000 btu per hp • 8,165,000 Btu fuel input at rated capacity • 81.7 Therms of gas (100,000 btus per therm) • 58.3 Gph of light oil (@ 140,000 btus per gal) 8 Radiant Realities
  • 9.
    Factor Of Evaporation •A 200 hp boiler can evaporate 6900 lbs/hr at 0 psi operating steam pressure and when 212F. Feedwater is supplied to the boiler • The amount of steam that a boiler can generate is based upon the pressure that it operates at and the temperature of the water that it receives. • A 200 hp boiler operating at 120psi and 170F. Feedwater= evaporates 31.7lbs/hr=6340 lbs/hr • 6340/6900 = .918 @ 92% of its rated capacity • A 200 hp boiler can evaporate 6900 lbs/hr at 0 psi operating steam pressure and when 212F. Feedwater is supplied to the boiler • The amount of steam that a boiler can generate is based upon the pressure that it operates at and the temperature of the water that it receives. • A 200 hp boiler operating at 120psi and 170F. Feedwater= evaporates 31.7lbs/hr=6340 lbs/hr • 6340/6900 = .918 @ 92% of its rated capacity 9 Radiant Realities
  • 10.
    0psig gauge pressure& 212 F. Feedwater = 34.5 lbs/hr of steam per boiler horsepower
  • 11.
    200 hp BoilerWater Side At Normal operating water level (NOWL) • A Cleaver Brooks boiler holds 8,625 pounds of water or 1,034 gallons. • The minimum safe operating water level is typically 3” above the tubes. (Any less compromises the structural integrity of the boiler). At Normal operating water level (NOWL) • A Cleaver Brooks boiler holds 8,625 pounds of water or 1,034 gallons. • The minimum safe operating water level is typically 3” above the tubes. (Any less compromises the structural integrity of the boiler). 11 Radiant Realities
  • 12.
    Boiler Evaporation Rate •200 hp boiler can evaporate 831 gals per hour or 13.85 gpm. • 831gals/1034 gals in the boiler = .8036 • 80% of boilers total water volume could be evaporated in one hour at the boilers rated output capacity if no water was added to the boiler. • 200 hp boiler can evaporate 831 gals per hour or 13.85 gpm. • 831gals/1034 gals in the boiler = .8036 • 80% of boilers total water volume could be evaporated in one hour at the boilers rated output capacity if no water was added to the boiler. Radiant Realities 12
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
    Steam and WaterTrim Radiant Realities 15
  • 16.
    Steam Boiler Ancillary Equipment SteamBoiler Ancillary Equipment 16 Radiant Realities Water Filters Water Softeners Chemical Feeders Packaged Feedwater Systems Blowdown Separators
  • 17.
    Fresh Water &Water Treatment Most steam systems need fresh water make-up • Water filters are used to remove impurities • Water softeners are used to remove hardness • Chemicals are also used to remove hardness Most steam systems need fresh water make-up • Water filters are used to remove impurities • Water softeners are used to remove hardness • Chemicals are also used to remove hardness Radiant Realities 17
  • 18.
  • 19.
    Typically Two Water SoftenerTanks Are Used. One to soften water and one to regenerate the resin in a tank that has been used up. This way the softening process can continue without interruption Radiant Realities 19 Typically Two Water Softener Tanks Are Used. One to soften water and one to regenerate the resin in a tank that has been used up. This way the softening process can continue without interruption
  • 20.
  • 21.
    Water Softeners Water hardnessor (calcium and magnesium) is an issue. • A water softer is an ion exchange system. The water leaves the softener with sodium compounds verses calcium and magnesium. • A very common water softener has a resin material in it that is changed to calcium and magnesium zeolite and is regenerated with salt or sodium chloride for the zeolite. Treat water per mfg. recommendations Typical water hardness allowed. (Firetube boilers) • 50-75ppm for 100psi steam • 20ppm for 200psi steam Definition of 75 parts per million (ppm) For every million pounds of water, 75 lbs of dry solids are dissolved in the water. Water Softeners Water hardness or (calcium and magnesium) is an issue. • A water softer is an ion exchange system. The water leaves the softener with sodium compounds verses calcium and magnesium. • A very common water softener has a resin material in it that is changed to calcium and magnesium zeolite and is regenerated with salt or sodium chloride for the zeolite. Treat water per mfg. recommendations Typical water hardness allowed. (Firetube boilers) • 50-75ppm for 100psi steam • 20ppm for 200psi steam Definition of 75 parts per million (ppm) For every million pounds of water, 75 lbs of dry solids are dissolved in the water. 21
  • 22.
    Packaged Chemical Feed System •StorageTank •Electric motorized agitator •Low flow high head chemical metering pump Radiant Realities 22
  • 23.
  • 24.
    Chemicals Used ToTreat Water Hardness • Caustic soda and phosphate is used to change calcium and magnesium scale forming components into non-adhering sludge that falls to the bottom of the boiler for removal by bottom blowdown. Scale • 1/16” scale = 15% fuel increase. • Scale slows down heat transfer through the tubes, the tubes overheat and shorten the operating life of the tubes. Chemicals Used To Treat Water Hardness • Caustic soda and phosphate is used to change calcium and magnesium scale forming components into non-adhering sludge that falls to the bottom of the boiler for removal by bottom blowdown. Scale • 1/16” scale = 15% fuel increase. • Scale slows down heat transfer through the tubes, the tubes overheat and shorten the operating life of the tubes. 24
  • 25.
    Chemicals Are UsedTo Minimize Oxygen Corrosion Air in ambient temperature water is an issue! • Untreated water contains dissolved oxygen and other gasses that promote corrosion and pitting of metal boiler components. • Heat also helps removes dissolved oxygen in water. When water is heated air comes out of solution. • Sodium sulfite oxygen scavengers combine with oxygen to form harmless compounds. Sodium sulfite forms sodium sulfate and is removed by bottom blowdown. Chemicals Are Used To Minimize Oxygen Corrosion Air in ambient temperature water is an issue! • Untreated water contains dissolved oxygen and other gasses that promote corrosion and pitting of metal boiler components. • Heat also helps removes dissolved oxygen in water. When water is heated air comes out of solution. • Sodium sulfite oxygen scavengers combine with oxygen to form harmless compounds. Sodium sulfite forms sodium sulfate and is removed by bottom blowdown. 25
  • 26.
    Water at 30psiand 60F. Heated To 180F. Releases 3.4% air by volume. 100 gals becomes 96.6 gals of water and 3.4 gallons of air at 180F.
  • 27.
    Boiler pH • MaintainBoiler pH between 9-10.5 • Alkalinity should be kept below 11 to prevent priming and foaming Condensate Return pH • Maintain Condensate return pH between 7.4- 8.4 alkalinity Boiler pH • Maintain Boiler pH between 9-10.5 • Alkalinity should be kept below 11 to prevent priming and foaming Condensate Return pH • Maintain Condensate return pH between 7.4- 8.4 alkalinity 27
  • 28.
    pH Scale Acidity Alkalinity PH 7is Neutral Acidity PH 7 is Neutral
  • 29.
    Sample Coolers Boiler watersamples are cooled at boiler operating pressure with no loss of flash steam. Samples are used to determine water quality. Sample coolers have a 2000 or 3000 psi internal coil (heat exchanger) inside of the shell. Cool water is run through the shell to cool the boiler water inside of the coil. Radiant Realities 29 Sample Coolers Boiler water samples are cooled at boiler operating pressure with no loss of flash steam. Samples are used to determine water quality. Sample coolers have a 2000 or 3000 psi internal coil (heat exchanger) inside of the shell. Cool water is run through the shell to cool the boiler water inside of the coil.
  • 30.
    Vented Condensate Tank With Duplex Pump Assembly NotAn ASME Pressure Vessel. Vent tank to outdoors Never operate tank above“0” psi 30 Radiant Realities
  • 31.
    Overflow Drain Steam Connection For Pre-Heating Condensateup to 210F. Fresh Water Make Up Valve Vent to Atmosphere Condensate Return Sparge Tube Radiant Realities 31 Duplex Pumps
  • 32.
  • 33.
    Steam Connection For Pre-Heating Condensate Upto 210F. Overflow Drain Radiant Realities 33
  • 34.
  • 35.
    Condensate Tank Sizing •Condensate tanks are typically sized for 15 minutes of maximum boiler evaporation. (What the boiler can evaporate in 15 minutes at high fire.) • 200 hp Boiler with 212 F. feed water operating at 0 psi evaporates =6900 lbs/hr (6900/4 = 1725 lbs) • 1725 lbs every 15 min. (1725lbs/(8.33lbs per gal)= 207.08 gal. tank) • Typically a storage tank sized for 1 gallon per boiler hp is large enough to receive the condensate generated by the boiler. • Other factors may require that a larger storage tank be used. • 1 gal. per hp. 200 hp boiler = 200 gal. tank Code Requires That Tanks Maintain A Minimum Amount Of Water • A 10 minute minimum supply of water must be available for delivery to the boiler at all times. • 207.8* (2/3) = (10 minute supply) • 10 Minute supply= 138.53 gal minimum supply of water for a 200 hp boiler. • Condensate tanks are typically sized for 15 minutes of maximum boiler evaporation. (What the boiler can evaporate in 15 minutes at high fire.) • 200 hp Boiler with 212 F. feed water operating at 0 psi evaporates =6900 lbs/hr (6900/4 = 1725 lbs) • 1725 lbs every 15 min. (1725lbs/(8.33lbs per gal)= 207.08 gal. tank) • Typically a storage tank sized for 1 gallon per boiler hp is large enough to receive the condensate generated by the boiler. • Other factors may require that a larger storage tank be used. • 1 gal. per hp. 200 hp boiler = 200 gal. tank Code Requires That Tanks Maintain A Minimum Amount Of Water • A 10 minute minimum supply of water must be available for delivery to the boiler at all times. • 207.8* (2/3) = (10 minute supply) • 10 Minute supply= 138.53 gal minimum supply of water for a 200 hp boiler. 35
  • 36.
    Boiler Feed WaterPumps • Boilers with over 500 sq ft of heating surface require two separate means of feeding water to the boiler. (Two pumps for power boilers) • 1 boiler hp = 5 sq. ft. of heating surface (For most firetube boilers) • Boilers over 100 hp or (3450 lbs/hr output) require twp pumps • Start stop pumps are typically sized to deliver double what the boiler can evaporate per hour. • 200 hp boiler can evaporate 6900 lbs/hr (34.5* 200= 6900 lbs/hr output) • Divide the known lbs/hr output by 500 to get gpm. 6900/500=13.8 gpm • Size the start/stop pump for twice the boiler evaporation rate. • 13.8 gpm * 2 = 27.6 gpm Pump discharge pressure • The quantity of water delivered must be at a pump pressure that is no less than 3% above the relief valve setting of the boiler at all times. • If the boiler RV is set at 150 psi the pump must be able to develop a minimum of 154.6 psi • Boilers with over 500 sq ft of heating surface require two separate means of feeding water to the boiler. (Two pumps for power boilers) • 1 boiler hp = 5 sq. ft. of heating surface (For most firetube boilers) • Boilers over 100 hp or (3450 lbs/hr output) require twp pumps • Start stop pumps are typically sized to deliver double what the boiler can evaporate per hour. • 200 hp boiler can evaporate 6900 lbs/hr (34.5* 200= 6900 lbs/hr output) • Divide the known lbs/hr output by 500 to get gpm. 6900/500=13.8 gpm • Size the start/stop pump for twice the boiler evaporation rate. • 13.8 gpm * 2 = 27.6 gpm Pump discharge pressure • The quantity of water delivered must be at a pump pressure that is no less than 3% above the relief valve setting of the boiler at all times. • If the boiler RV is set at 150 psi the pump must be able to develop a minimum of 154.6 psi 36
  • 37.
  • 38.
    Boiler Feed Water Inlet Stopvalve, or globe valve must be the same size as the boiler inlet connection Check Valve Modulating feed water valve 38 Radiant Realities ASME Section 1 Feed water piping PG-58.3.3 BEP
  • 39.
  • 40.
    Deaerators are anASME Section 8 Unfired Pressure Vessel DA Typically Operates At 5psi to 12psi Steam Pressure Small metering valve and piping used to vent soluble air driven out of solution at steam operating temp. 40 Radiant Realities
  • 41.
  • 42.
    Steam Boiler WaterLevel 10 Radiant Realities
  • 43.
    Normal operating water level. Pumpoff….. Start Stop Pumps Normal operating water level. Pump off….. 43 Radiant Realities
  • 44.
    There must alwaysbe water in the sight glass even when the boiler auxiliary low water cutoff shuts the burner off due to a low water condition. 44 There must always be water in the sight glass even when the boiler auxiliary low water cutoff shuts the burner off due to a low water condition.
  • 45.
    Primary Low Water Cut-OffPump Control Float type start stop pump control with automatic reset  Maintains the boiler normal operating water level  Turns a pump on  Turns a pump off  Turns off the burner if a low water condition exists  Sounds an alarm 45 Radiant Realities  Maintains the boiler normal operating water level  Turns a pump on  Turns a pump off  Turns off the burner if a low water condition exists  Sounds an alarm
  • 46.
    Radiant Realities 46 FloatType LWCO With Water Column
  • 47.
  • 48.
    Primary Low WaterCut-Off 48 Radiant Realities
  • 49.
    Auxiliary or SecondaryLWCO Locate ½” below Primary burner cut-off cast line 49 Radiant Realities
  • 50.
    Auxiliary LWCO FloatType A manual reset switch is required on all “Auxiliary” low water cut-off controls Primary LWCO Float Type Start stop pump control with combined water column & typical automatic reset 50 Radiant Realities
  • 51.
    Low pressure steam systemscan use the motive force of city water pressure to get water into the boiler verses using pumps if city water pressure is high enough. Water feeder and low- water cut-off combination control. Low pressure steam systems can use the motive force of city water pressure to get water into the boiler verses using pumps if city water pressure is high enough. Water feeder and low- water cut-off combination control.
  • 52.
    Normal Operating WaterLevel does not leave much room for steam. High water levels need to be addressed immediately. NOWL 52 Radiant Realities NOWL
  • 53.
    1. Pump controlfails to turn the pump on 2. Pump fails to supply enough water 3. Pump fails to pump water 4. Fresh water make up valve fails 5. No fresh water makeup 6. Lose city water pressure 7. Closed boiler feedwater valve Why Do Low Water Issues Occur? 53 1. Pump control fails to turn the pump on 2. Pump fails to supply enough water 3. Pump fails to pump water 4. Fresh water make up valve fails 5. No fresh water makeup 6. Lose city water pressure 7. Closed boiler feedwater valve
  • 54.
  • 55.
    Radiant Realities 55 Quickopening boiler bottom blowdown valves are always opened first.
  • 56.
    Slow opening blowdown valveminimum five turns to open. Radiant Realities 56
  • 57.
    Packaged Boiler BottomBlowdown Separator With an automatic self operating regulator that allows cold water in as required to bring BD going to drain to acceptable drain pipe temperature. Blowdown separator tanks are not required to have automatic cooling. Tanks with drain valves that allow BD to cool in the tank or BD drained to another tank is also acceptable by code. 57 Radiant Realities Blowdown separator tanks are not required to have automatic cooling. Tanks with drain valves that allow BD to cool in the tank or BD drained to another tank is also acceptable by code.
  • 58.
    Blowdown Tank Inlet Blowdown Tank Vent RadiantRealities 58 Blowdown Tank Drain
  • 59.
  • 60.
    Boiler Bottom Blowdown Boilersover 100 psi working steam pressure Require two blowdown valves. Two slow opening or one quick opening & one slow opening valve. Pipe and Fittings • Piping must be steel, Sch. 80 Minimum • Fittings must be steel • Threaded fittings must be forged steel fittings • Maximum pipe size allowed 2-1/2” on any sized boiler Boilers over 100 psi working steam pressure Require two blowdown valves. Two slow opening or one quick opening & one slow opening valve. Pipe and Fittings • Piping must be steel, Sch. 80 Minimum • Fittings must be steel • Threaded fittings must be forged steel fittings • Maximum pipe size allowed 2-1/2” on any sized boiler 60 Radiant Realities
  • 61.
    Combustion Stack temperatureis 120 F. Above steam operating temperature. 125psi steam operates at 353F. So an efficient boiler stack temperature would be 475F. Radiant Realities 61 2800-3200 F. The boiler water absorbs an enormous amount of heat energy. 3000F. Down to less than 500F. In a very efficient boiler.
  • 62.
    62 Radiant Realities Water isin the boiler to protect the steel heat exchanger Steel begins to melt at 2370F.
  • 63.
    The By-Products ofCombustion • Natural Gas is primarily methane • The primary products of combustion are CO2 and H2O. (Carbon Dioxide and Water) • Water within the products of combustion is totally vaporized and above the dew point Products of combustion below the dew point • CO2 plus Heat + Moisture = carbonic acid • SO2 plus Heat + Moisture = sulfuric acid Oil contains sulfur • Natural Gas is primarily methane • The primary products of combustion are CO2 and H2O. (Carbon Dioxide and Water) • Water within the products of combustion is totally vaporized and above the dew point Products of combustion below the dew point • CO2 plus Heat + Moisture = carbonic acid • SO2 plus Heat + Moisture = sulfuric acid Oil contains sulfur 63 Radiant Realities
  • 64.
  • 65.
    • Combustion Efficiencyis the effectiveness of the burner only and relates to its ability to completely burn the fuel. The Boiler has little bearing on combustion efficiency. A well designed burner will operate with as little as 15-20% excess air, while converting all combustibles in the fuel to thermal energy. • CO2 8.5-10.5% • Combustion Efficiency is the effectiveness of the burner only and relates to its ability to completely burn the fuel. The Boiler has little bearing on combustion efficiency. A well designed burner will operate with as little as 15-20% excess air, while converting all combustibles in the fuel to thermal energy. • CO2 8.5-10.5% Radiant Realities 65
  • 66.
    Heat Absorption Inthe Boiler Heat moves by conduction convection and radiation Radiant Realities 66
  • 67.
    Heat Absorption Inthe Boiler Radiant Realities 67
  • 68.
    Heat Absorption Inthe Boiler Radiant Realities 68
  • 69.
    Flue gas loss= 3 to 5 % Fuel input = 100 % Sensible heat =89.8% Latent Heat Heat Loss = 10.2 % Up chimney Up chimney Conventional Boilers Are Typically 80% Efficient Boiler stand-by and jacket loss =3 to 5 % Seasonal efficiency of conventional Boilers =80%+ Into mechanical room Useful heat 69 Radiant Realities
  • 70.
  • 71.
    British Thermal Unit •A BTU is defined as the amount of thermal heat energy required to heat 1 lb. of WATER 1 deg. F. • A BTU is defined as the amount of thermal heat energy required to heat 1 lb. of WATER 1 deg. F. 71
  • 72.
    Water Boiling Point •Water at 14.7 psia (absolute) or 0 psig (gauge) boils at 212 F. • Water at 1 mile high boils at 202 F. • Water on top of Mt Everest boils at 154 F. • Water at .28 psia boils at 60 F. • Water at 100 psig boils at 337.90 F. The weight of air in the atmosphere exerts 14.7 pounds per square inch on Earth at sea level • Water at 14.7 psia (absolute) or 0 psig (gauge) boils at 212 F. • Water at 1 mile high boils at 202 F. • Water on top of Mt Everest boils at 154 F. • Water at .28 psia boils at 60 F. • Water at 100 psig boils at 337.90 F. 72 Pressure Determines Boiling Point Temperature
  • 73.
    At sea levelwater boils at 212F. 0 psig Or 14.7 psia absolute. Steam and saturated water have the exact same temperature. The liquid cannot hold any more heat energy and every additional BTU converts 1 pound of liquid to 1 pound of steam. The lower the steam pressure the more latent heat energy the steam contains and has to give up at the heat emitter. Latent heat quantity goes down as steam pressure goes up…. Temperature goes up as steam pressure goes up. 73 At sea level water boils at 212F. 0 psig Or 14.7 psia absolute. Steam and saturated water have the exact same temperature. The liquid cannot hold any more heat energy and every additional BTU converts 1 pound of liquid to 1 pound of steam. The lower the steam pressure the more latent heat energy the steam contains and has to give up at the heat emitter. Latent heat quantity goes down as steam pressure goes up…. Temperature goes up as steam pressure goes up.
  • 74.
    For every poundof condensate at 125 psi sent to a 0 psi vented condensate receiver 14.9% of it’s liquid volume flashes to steam For every pound of condensate at 125 psi sent to a 0 psi vented condensate receiver 14.9% of it’s liquid volume flashes to steam
  • 75.
    High Temperature WaterAt Mother Nature’s Pressure • At sea level’s atmospheric pressure of 14.7psia absolute (Or 0 psig gage) mother nature will not allow water to exist as a liquid above 212 degrees F. • A percentage of every pound of water above 212 F. has to flash to steam based upon the pressure environment that it exits in. • At sea level’s atmospheric pressure of 14.7psia absolute (Or 0 psig gage) mother nature will not allow water to exist as a liquid above 212 degrees F. • A percentage of every pound of water above 212 F. has to flash to steam based upon the pressure environment that it exits in.
  • 76.
    Steam Quality &Purity • Steam quality has to do with the amount of moisture in the steam. • Steam purity refers to the amount of solids, liquid, or vaporous contamination in the steam. Solids content. • Carryover: Any solid, liquid or vaporous contaminant that leaves a boiler along with the steam. Entrained boiler water, which may contain dissolved or suspended solids is the most common. • Steam quality has to do with the amount of moisture in the steam. • Steam purity refers to the amount of solids, liquid, or vaporous contamination in the steam. Solids content. • Carryover: Any solid, liquid or vaporous contaminant that leaves a boiler along with the steam. Entrained boiler water, which may contain dissolved or suspended solids is the most common. 76
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79.
    Water droplets inhigh velocity steam can be as abrasive as sand particles • They can erode pipe fittings and rapidly eat away at valve seats. • If a puddle of water is allowed to accumulate it will eventually be picked up by high velocity steam and accelerated to near steam velocity. • Causes water hammer, loosens pipe fittings and supports. Water droplets in high velocity steam can be as abrasive as sand particles • They can erode pipe fittings and rapidly eat away at valve seats. • If a puddle of water is allowed to accumulate it will eventually be picked up by high velocity steam and accelerated to near steam velocity. • Causes water hammer, loosens pipe fittings and supports. 79
  • 80.
    5 MAWP Boilers are constructedto a maximum allowable working pressure. (This is the design pressure of the vessel and the maximum set point of a safety valve). 80 Radiant Realities Boilers are constructed to a maximum allowable working pressure. (This is the design pressure of the vessel and the maximum set point of a safety valve).
  • 81.
    Steam Systems OperateBy Pressure • Pressure controls operate the burner and establish system operating pressure. • The pressure environment allows pressure to build and be maintained. • The burners job is to maintain steam pressure by delivering heat energy. It typically modulates within a range to satisfy pressure demands. • Based upon the steam load, pressure can be fairly stable or drop. The burner firing rate is increased or decreased to maintain the pressure control set point. Steam Systems Operate By Pressure • Pressure controls operate the burner and establish system operating pressure. • The pressure environment allows pressure to build and be maintained. • The burners job is to maintain steam pressure by delivering heat energy. It typically modulates within a range to satisfy pressure demands. • Based upon the steam load, pressure can be fairly stable or drop. The burner firing rate is increased or decreased to maintain the pressure control set point. 81
  • 82.
    Balanced Pressure System DeltaP or change in pressure allows steam to flow. Steam condenses, takes up less space, pressure drops accordingly. A steam system seeks a balanced pressure condition Or steady state condition • In a steady state condition fuel is burned at a steady rate. Steam is used at a steady rate. Equilibrium is obtained. • What upsets equilibrium? • Additional Steam load. What happens when a steam control valve is opened? • The pressure drops in the boiler over the saturated water surface. Heat energy is added to make steam as required to the satisfy the pressure switch set point. Delta P or change in pressure allows steam to flow. Steam condenses, takes up less space, pressure drops accordingly. A steam system seeks a balanced pressure condition Or steady state condition • In a steady state condition fuel is burned at a steady rate. Steam is used at a steady rate. Equilibrium is obtained. • What upsets equilibrium? • Additional Steam load. What happens when a steam control valve is opened? • The pressure drops in the boiler over the saturated water surface. Heat energy is added to make steam as required to the satisfy the pressure switch set point. 82
  • 83.
    ASME CSD-1 CW-300 PressureControls • One operating pressure control minimum. (More can be used if desired). • One high limit pressure control with manual reset is required. On all steam boilers • Siphon or equivalent means of maintaining a water seal at the control is required. • One operating pressure control minimum. (More can be used if desired). • One high limit pressure control with manual reset is required. On all steam boilers • Siphon or equivalent means of maintaining a water seal at the control is required. 83
  • 84.
    Operating High Limit w/Manual Reset Modulating PRESSURE CONTROLS 84 Radiant Realities
  • 85.
    Boilers must haveat least one steam operating pressure switch 85 Radiant Realities
  • 86.
    Boilers must haveone high limit safety pressure switch to shut off the burner if the primary operating switch fails. (This control must have a manual reset switch) 86 Radiant Realities
  • 87.
    Modulating pressure control Ifused, controls firing rate from a minimum fire to a maximum firing rate in response to steam pressure. 87 Radiant Realities
  • 88.
    Modulating Burners Burners firewithin a minimum range 10% or 20% to the maximum designed burner input rating. (Low fire to high fire input.) This chart details efficiency based upon the firing rate. Radiant Realities 88
  • 89.
    Unfired Pressure Vessel Stamp SafetyValves Stamps 89 Radiant Realities Power Boiler Stamp Heating Boiler Stamp
  • 90.
  • 91.
    Safety Valve DripPan Elbow 91 Radiant Realities
  • 92.
  • 93.
    SV Set PressureVs. Boiler Operating Pressure ASME Section 1 Power Boilers Within 10% of safety valve setting or no closer than 7 psi. Low Pressure Steam Boiler: 5psi 15psi Boiler not operated above 10psi ASME Section 1 Power Boilers Within 10% of safety valve setting or no closer than 7 psi. Low Pressure Steam Boiler: 5psi 15psi Boiler not operated above 10psi 93 Radiant Realities
  • 94.
    Steam demand &burner Loading 94
  • 95.
    Burner Loading • Unloaded •No steam demand, burner is off. • Loaded • Burner is on and firing. • Over Loaded • Burner cannot add enough heat energy to maintain the steam pressure. • Too many steam users are turned on. • Under Loaded • Not enough steam load. Steam pressure rises. Burner shuts off. • Unloaded • No steam demand, burner is off. • Loaded • Burner is on and firing. • Over Loaded • Burner cannot add enough heat energy to maintain the steam pressure. • Too many steam users are turned on. • Under Loaded • Not enough steam load. Steam pressure rises. Burner shuts off. Radiant Realities 95
  • 96.
    Steam Distribution Piping What’shappening in the steam piping? • Flow • Velocity • Pressure Drop • Temperature • Pressure • Condensing • Expansion • Contraction • Vacuum (When cools) What’s happening in the steam piping? • Flow • Velocity • Pressure Drop • Temperature • Pressure • Condensing • Expansion • Contraction • Vacuum (When cools) Radiant Realities 96
  • 97.
    Steam Pipe Sizing •Steam piping is sized based upon pressure drop & velocity • Typical heating system steam velocity is 4000 to 6000 fpm • Typical industrial system steam velocity is 6000 to 12000 fpm • Velocity equals pressure drop, noise, and erosion • It’s best to keep velocity on the low side….. • Noise is more acceptable in industrial plants vs. heating plants so higher velocities are used. • Steam piping is sized based upon pressure drop & velocity • Typical heating system steam velocity is 4000 to 6000 fpm • Typical industrial system steam velocity is 6000 to 12000 fpm • Velocity equals pressure drop, noise, and erosion • It’s best to keep velocity on the low side….. • Noise is more acceptable in industrial plants vs. heating plants so higher velocities are used. Radiant Realities 97
  • 98.
    Steam Velocity Heating Systems 4000-6000FPM Process Steam 8000-12000 FPM 98
  • 99.
    Steam Velocity Does steammove faster at low pressure or high pressure? Example: Move 6900 lbs of steam through 4” pipe to the user in one hour. Using 70 psi and 125 psi steam Velocity (fpm) = 2.4 * Q * Vs A Q=lbs/hr Vs=Sp. Volume (cubic feet) A= Internal pipe area (square in.) 70 psi = 6725 fpm 125 psi = 4188 fpm Steam piping does not determine how fast steam moves through it. The amount of steam that the steam user is asking for, and the operating pressure determines the speed of the steam in piping. If 6900 lbs per hour of steam is needed by the user. 4” pipe at 125 psi will have a steam velocity of 4188 fpm. 4” pipe at 70 psi will have a steam velocity of 6725 fpm. A 37% increase in velocity at lower pressure. Does steam move faster at low pressure or high pressure? Example: Move 6900 lbs of steam through 4” pipe to the user in one hour. Using 70 psi and 125 psi steam Velocity (fpm) = 2.4 * Q * Vs A Q=lbs/hr Vs=Sp. Volume (cubic feet) A= Internal pipe area (square in.) 70 psi = 6725 fpm 125 psi = 4188 fpm 99 Steam piping does not determine how fast steam moves through it. The amount of steam that the steam user is asking for, and the operating pressure determines the speed of the steam in piping. If 6900 lbs per hour of steam is needed by the user. 4” pipe at 125 psi will have a steam velocity of 4188 fpm. 4” pipe at 70 psi will have a steam velocity of 6725 fpm. A 37% increase in velocity at lower pressure.
  • 100.
    Saturated steam velocity 100 4”pipe can move 8,900 lbs of steam per hour at 125 psi, and velocity of 6000 ft per minute. 4” pipe can only move 1,800 lbs of steam per hour at 10 psi and a velocity of 6000 ft per minute.
  • 101.
    Steam Plant Checklists AndPreventative Maintenance 101
  • 102.
    ASME CSD-1 CG-400 Requires thatboiler manufacturers provide comprehensive maintenance and testing procedures 102 Requires that boiler manufacturers provide comprehensive maintenance and testing procedures
  • 103.
    2012 ASME CSD-1 Boilersup to 300 Hp •Assembly •Installation •Maintenance •Operation 2012 Current Edition 103 Radiant Realities
  • 104.
    ASME CSD-1 Five Sections GeneralCG Testing Maintenance CM Combustion CF Testing Maintenance CM Electrical CE Steam Waterside CW Combustion CF
  • 105.
  • 106.
  • 107.
  • 108.
    Boilers and Burners Above12,500,000 Btus (@ 300 Hp) www.nfpa.org/freeaccess Radiant Realities 108
  • 109.
    Steam Plant Checklists Proceduresshould be established according to the manufacturer’s recommendations Use checklists and keep logs in the boiler room Two separate logs –Daily operations –Maintenance activities Steam Plant Checklists Procedures should be established according to the manufacturer’s recommendations Use checklists and keep logs in the boiler room Two separate logs –Daily operations –Maintenance activities Radiant Realities 109
  • 110.
    Boiler Room Logsand Records The simple and basic reason for maintenance Maintain top efficiency Extend operational life of the equipment Promote safety 1. Maintain complete records. Document each individual component, model, serial number, part number, and date installed. 2. Establish a detailed startup procedure. 3. Establish a written operating procedure. The simple and basic reason for maintenance Maintain top efficiency Extend operational life of the equipment Promote safety 1. Maintain complete records. Document each individual component, model, serial number, part number, and date installed. 2. Establish a detailed startup procedure. 3. Establish a written operating procedure. Radiant Realities 110
  • 111.
    General Safety • Sufficientlighting • Good housekeeping (Not a storage area) • Adequate fresh air supply • Heat room to acceptable ambient air temperature • Keep electrical equipment clean • Confirm no smell of gas or leaks exist • Confirm that steam or water leaks have been referred to maintenance staff for action • Note any unusual boiler conditions • Note changes in equipment status and why • Sufficient lighting • Good housekeeping (Not a storage area) • Adequate fresh air supply • Heat room to acceptable ambient air temperature • Keep electrical equipment clean • Confirm no smell of gas or leaks exist • Confirm that steam or water leaks have been referred to maintenance staff for action • Note any unusual boiler conditions • Note changes in equipment status and why Radiant Realities 111
  • 112.
    Daily Operation SafetyChecklist • Water level • Steam pressure • Burner firing rate • Main gas pressure • Burner supply gas pressure • Burner flame condition • Flue temperature • Feedwater temperature • Feedwater tank water level • Feed pump discharge pressure • Makeup water usage • Control settings • Boiler cycles • Water level • Steam pressure • Burner firing rate • Main gas pressure • Burner supply gas pressure • Burner flame condition • Flue temperature • Feedwater temperature • Feedwater tank water level • Feed pump discharge pressure • Makeup water usage • Control settings • Boiler cycles Radiant Realities 112
  • 113.
    Power Boiler DailyDuties • Insure adequate supply of combustion air • Take a water sample • Treat water as required • Blowdown water column • Blowdown sight glass • Blowdown/Test primary low water cut-off • Blowdown/Test auxiliary low water cut-of • Blowdown the boiler • Insure adequate supply of combustion air • Take a water sample • Treat water as required • Blowdown water column • Blowdown sight glass • Blowdown/Test primary low water cut-off • Blowdown/Test auxiliary low water cut-of • Blowdown the boiler Radiant Realities 113
  • 114.
    Testing LWCO/Pump Control ThreeWays To Test LWCO’s Open LWCO drain valve (Perform test daily) • Burner should shut off • Pump should come on • (Not the best test for a float that may be sticking) Slow drain test • Partially open boiler bottom blowdown valve • Perform test twice a year Evaporation test • Shut off the valve that supplies water to the boiler • Turn off the pumps Three Ways To Test LWCO’s Open LWCO drain valve (Perform test daily) • Burner should shut off • Pump should come on • (Not the best test for a float that may be sticking) Slow drain test • Partially open boiler bottom blowdown valve • Perform test twice a year Evaporation test • Shut off the valve that supplies water to the boiler • Turn off the pumps 114
  • 115.
  • 116.
    Sight Glass Valves Radiant Realities116 Water Column Blowdown Valve Sight Glass Valves Sight Glass Blowdown Valve
  • 117.
    Water Column &Sight Glass Blowdown Daily for power boilers • Operator should monitor the action of the water in the gauge glass. It should enter the glass quickly indicating that the lines are free of sludge and sediment or scale buildup. Boiler bottom blowdown Daily for power boilers • Perform bottom blowdown when the boiler is operating at a light load. Typically ½” in sight glass. (Based upon water treatment) Water Column & Sight Glass Blowdown Daily for power boilers • Operator should monitor the action of the water in the gauge glass. It should enter the glass quickly indicating that the lines are free of sludge and sediment or scale buildup. Boiler bottom blowdown Daily for power boilers • Perform bottom blowdown when the boiler is operating at a light load. Typically ½” in sight glass. (Based upon water treatment) Radiant Realities 117
  • 118.
    Condition of theBurner Flame 1. Observe the condition of the flame to determine it is even and not off color. 2. Gas flame should be translucent blue with varying amounts of yellow on the flame ends depending upon firing rate. The flame should be even around the burner. 3. Oil burner flame should be bright yellow without dark trails off the end of the flame. 4. Record stack temperature Radiant Realities 118 Condition of the Burner Flame 1. Observe the condition of the flame to determine it is even and not off color. 2. Gas flame should be translucent blue with varying amounts of yellow on the flame ends depending upon firing rate. The flame should be even around the burner. 3. Oil burner flame should be bright yellow without dark trails off the end of the flame. 4. Record stack temperature
  • 119.
    Boiler Feedwater SystemChecklist 1. Feed water tank temperature 1. Warmer the better 2. Normal tank temperature 3. High temperature (always below 212F.) 1. Leaking steam traps 2. High volume of condensate return 3. Undersized vent piping 4. Lower than normal tank temperature 1. Leaking cold water makeup valve 2. Less condensate returned to tank 3. Cooled condensate 2. Feed water tank level 3. Feed pump discharge pressure 4. Tank vent plume 5. Tank leaks, corrosion Radiant Realities 119 Boiler Feedwater System Checklist 1. Feed water tank temperature 1. Warmer the better 2. Normal tank temperature 3. High temperature (always below 212F.) 1. Leaking steam traps 2. High volume of condensate return 3. Undersized vent piping 4. Lower than normal tank temperature 1. Leaking cold water makeup valve 2. Less condensate returned to tank 3. Cooled condensate 2. Feed water tank level 3. Feed pump discharge pressure 4. Tank vent plume 5. Tank leaks, corrosion
  • 120.
  • 121.
    2015 OBPVSC Oregon Boiler& Pressure Vessel Specialty Code 2015 OBPVSC Oregon Boiler & Pressure Vessel Specialty Code Radiant Realities Tim Blomdahl
  • 123.
    Purpose of OregonAdopted Boiler Law • Protect the public • Protect property in Oregon • Ensure safe construction • Safe installation • Safe maintenance • Safe repair of boilers & pressure vessels • Protect the public • Protect property in Oregon • Ensure safe construction • Safe installation • Safe maintenance • Safe repair of boilers & pressure vessels
  • 124.
  • 125.
    2013 ASME CodeSections  Section 1 Rules for Construction of Power Boilers  Section 2 Materials Parts A,B,C,D  Section 4 Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers  Section 5 Non-Destructive Examination  Section 8 Unfired Pressure Vessels Div 1, 2,3  Section 9 Welding & Brazing Qualifications  Section 10 Fiber Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels  Section 6 Recommended Rules Const of Heating Blrs  Section 7 Recommended Rules Const of Power Blrs  Section 1 Rules for Construction of Power Boilers  Section 2 Materials Parts A,B,C,D  Section 4 Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers  Section 5 Non-Destructive Examination  Section 8 Unfired Pressure Vessels Div 1, 2,3  Section 9 Welding & Brazing Qualifications  Section 10 Fiber Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels  Section 6 Recommended Rules Const of Heating Blrs  Section 7 Recommended Rules Const of Power Blrs
  • 126.
    To View Code:Google asme.bpvc.i.a.2011.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code 2013 Current Edition Radiant Realities 126
  • 127.
    ASME Section 1 PowerBoilers OPERATE ABOVE 15 psi steam pressure 160 psi hot water 250 deg. F. hot water ASME Section 1 Boiler Construction Code Designed to a MAWP (Maximum allowable working pressure) High Pressure Boilers ASME Section 1 Power Boilers OPERATE ABOVE 15 psi steam pressure 160 psi hot water 250 deg. F. hot water 127 Radiant Realities
  • 128.
    ASME Boiler &Pressure Vessel Code Stamps
  • 131.
    Miniature Boiler Limits 100Psi MAWP 5 Cu. Ft. Gross Volume 16” Diameter Shell Max 20 Sq. Ft. Of Heating Surface ASME Section 1 Power Boiler Code Stamps
  • 132.
    ASME Section 2 Materials(4 Parts A,B,C,D) 2013 Current Adopted Edition
  • 135.
    To View 2007Code: Google asme.bpvc.iv.2007.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code H
  • 136.
    ASME Section IV“H” Steam Boilers Operate below 15 psi Hot Water Heating Boilers Hot Water Supply Boilers Operate below 160 psi Operate below 250 deg F. ASME Section IV Pressure Vessel Construction Code MAWP Maximum Allowable Working Pressure Design Pressure & “Safety Valve Setting” 136 Radiant Realities ASME Section IV “H” Steam Boilers Operate below 15 psi Hot Water Heating Boilers Hot Water Supply Boilers Operate below 160 psi Operate below 250 deg F. ASME Section IV “HLW” Potable Hot Water Boilers Operate below 160 psi Operate below 210 deg F. Cleaver Brooks
  • 137.
    To View Code:Google asme.bpvc.v.2010.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code 2013 Current Adopted Edition
  • 138.
  • 139.
  • 140.
  • 141.
    To View Code:Google asme.bpvc.ix.2010.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
  • 142.
  • 143.
    To View Code:Google asme.bpvc.vi.2010.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
  • 144.
    To View Code:Google asme.bpvc.vii.2010.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
  • 145.
    ASME to lowerit’s international operating costs has implemented a single ASME stamp for all pressure vessels verses the individual stamped letters used before 2010. Typical ASME stamp and letter designation below. 145 “S” Power Boiler
  • 146.
    Boiler Safety ReliefValve Stamps If it has a “V” in the stamp it applies to Boiler safety relief valves Power Boilers
  • 147.
    Unfired Pressure VesselRelief Valve Stamps
  • 148.
    No Pressure Limit.Rules For High Pressure Piping 2012 Current Adopted Edition 148 To View Code: Google asme.b31.1.2007.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
  • 149.
  • 150.
  • 151.
    Pressure Piping Rules UpTo 150 Psig 2012 Current Adopted Edition 151 To View Code: Google asme.b31.9.2008.pdf Choose Site law.resource.org/pub/us/code
  • 152.
    2012 ASME CSD-1 Boilersup to 300 Hp •Assembly •Installation •Maintenance •Operation 2012 Current Edition 152 Radiant Realities
  • 153.
    ASME Code History •1911 Standards & rules for construction • 1915 Section 1 Power Boilers Adopted • 1920 Adopted by the State of Oregon • ASME Section 1 set’s the rules for construction of boilers that operate over 15 psi steam, including, internal piping, external piping, the valves, and the boiler external piping to the valves, which make up the complete boiler unit. • 1911 Standards & rules for construction • 1915 Section 1 Power Boilers Adopted • 1920 Adopted by the State of Oregon • ASME Section 1 set’s the rules for construction of boilers that operate over 15 psi steam, including, internal piping, external piping, the valves, and the boiler external piping to the valves, which make up the complete boiler unit.
  • 155.
    Boilers and Burners Above12,500,000 Btus (@ 300 Hp) www.nfpa.org/freeaccess Purchase for $63.00 Radiant Realities 155
  • 156.
    2013 NBIC National BoardInspection Code • Part 1 Installation • Part 2 Inspection • Part 3 Repairs/Alterations Nationalboard.org
  • 163.
  • 164.
  • 167.
    Human Factor • Operation,maintenance, and people issues are by far the biggest combustion safety issue • 40% of all deaths and accidents are caused by human error or poor maintenance. • Codes offer very little specific direction in regards to training, other than to say training it is required and should be done regularly. • Operation, maintenance, and people issues are by far the biggest combustion safety issue • 40% of all deaths and accidents are caused by human error or poor maintenance. • Codes offer very little specific direction in regards to training, other than to say training it is required and should be done regularly. 167 Radiant Realities
  • 168.
    Preventative Maintenance • Combustionequipment can become less safe with every minute of operation. • Dust, dirt, debris accumulate in combustion air fans and burners, changing air/fuel ratios • Some gas control valves get a little more sloppy every time they are cycled. • Pressure switch diaphragms and contacts age • Water level controls accumulate sludge. • Combustion equipment can become less safe with every minute of operation. • Dust, dirt, debris accumulate in combustion air fans and burners, changing air/fuel ratios • Some gas control valves get a little more sloppy every time they are cycled. • Pressure switch diaphragms and contacts age • Water level controls accumulate sludge. 168 Radiant Realities
  • 169.
    2014 Oregon Mechanical Specialty Code Basedupon 2012 International Mechanical Code 2012 International Fuel Gas Code
  • 170.
  • 171.
    ASME Code Rules •ASME code rules are not mandatory unless they are adopted into the laws of a government. • Usually referred to as a “Jurisdiction”. Government authority. • Example: Wyoming did not want to add the expense of boiler rules to their governing costs. • ASME code rules are not mandatory unless they are adopted into the laws of a government. • Usually referred to as a “Jurisdiction”. Government authority. • Example: Wyoming did not want to add the expense of boiler rules to their governing costs.
  • 172.
    How Is TheCode Funded In Oregon • Permits are required to install boilers and unfired pressure vessels. Unless exempt. • Permits are required to operate pressure vessels and be inspected. • Permits for repairs, non-welded repairs and minor repairs (replacement of safety controls) • Business licensing to install boilers • Class 1-6 Boiler & Pressure Vessel Licensing • Fees for continuing education added to license • Permits are required to install boilers and unfired pressure vessels. Unless exempt. • Permits are required to operate pressure vessels and be inspected. • Permits for repairs, non-welded repairs and minor repairs (replacement of safety controls) • Business licensing to install boilers • Class 1-6 Boiler & Pressure Vessel Licensing • Fees for continuing education added to license 172
  • 175.
    Flat Rate BoilerPermits Effective January 1, 2010 Boiler installation permits are $175.00 with 12% surcharge Total cost $196.00 Flat Rate Boiler Permits Effective January 1, 2010 Boiler installation permits are $175.00 with 12% surcharge Total cost $196.00
  • 176.
    Responsibility of Inspectors •For new boilers, the inspector shall verify that the controls and safety devices required by ASME CSD-1 or other construction codes are installed and function as designed in accordance with manufacturers instructions. • For new boilers, the inspector shall verify that the controls and safety devices required by ASME CSD-1 or other construction codes are installed and function as designed in accordance with manufacturers instructions. 176
  • 177.
    Inspectors • All inspectorswitnessing installation, repair or alteration of boilers, pressure vessels or pressure piping shall verify that the contractor and workers performing the work are appropriately licensed and hold valid permits as required by ORS 480.630 • All inspectors witnessing installation, repair or alteration of boilers, pressure vessels or pressure piping shall verify that the contractor and workers performing the work are appropriately licensed and hold valid permits as required by ORS 480.630 177
  • 178.
    Class 1 Trainee helperboiler installer by non-welding methods. Class 2 Unfired pressure vessel installer non-welded. Class 3 Building service mechanic. Install or repair boilers and unfired pressure vessels by non-welding methods. State Of Oregon Boiler Licenses Class 1-6 Licenses Class 1 Trainee helper boiler installer by non-welding methods. Class 2 Unfired pressure vessel installer non-welded. Class 3 Building service mechanic. Install or repair boilers and unfired pressure vessels by non-welding methods.
  • 179.
    Class 4 Boilermaker. Installalter or repair boilers & pressure vessels (excluding non-boiler external piping) by welding or other methods of attachment. Class 5 Pressure piping mechanic. Fabricate install alter repair pressure piping boilers and pressure vessels by welded & non-welded methods. Class 5A Process piping mechanic limited Class 5 B Refrigeration piping mechanic Class 6 Welder supervised by class 4,5,5a 5b and Non-welded under direct supervision Class 4 Boilermaker. Install alter or repair boilers & pressure vessels (excluding non-boiler external piping) by welding or other methods of attachment. Class 5 Pressure piping mechanic. Fabricate install alter repair pressure piping boilers and pressure vessels by welded & non-welded methods. Class 5A Process piping mechanic limited Class 5 B Refrigeration piping mechanic Class 6 Welder supervised by class 4,5,5a 5b and Non-welded under direct supervision
  • 180.
    Direct Supervision • Meansthe person supervised is in the physical presence of a qualified licensed person at the job site and the person doing the supervision is directly assigned to monitor and direct the activities of the person supervised. Direct supervision must be on a ratio of one qualified licensed person to one trainee helper. • Applies to class 3 helper/trainees. Non-weld • Means the person supervised is in the physical presence of a qualified licensed person at the job site and the person doing the supervision is directly assigned to monitor and direct the activities of the person supervised. Direct supervision must be on a ratio of one qualified licensed person to one trainee helper. • Applies to class 3 helper/trainees. Non-weld 180
  • 181.
    Supervision • Means theindividual person assigned to perform supervision is directly and specifically assigned to monitor and direct the activities of the person being supervised. Both the person performing supervision and those being supervised shall be prepared to identify each other. Applies to class 5 supervision attachment by welding. More than 1 class 6 can be supervised. A class 6 license can install by non- welded methods, direct supervision rules apply. • Means the individual person assigned to perform supervision is directly and specifically assigned to monitor and direct the activities of the person being supervised. Both the person performing supervision and those being supervised shall be prepared to identify each other. Applies to class 5 supervision attachment by welding. More than 1 class 6 can be supervised. A class 6 license can install by non- welded methods, direct supervision rules apply. 181
  • 185.