BMP for Farmer Session 2
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This document discusses the limitations of using peat for agriculture. It notes that peat has poor nutrient uptake, requires high doses of fertilizer, and leads to fixation of micronutrients. Peat also has poor root anchorage, poor accessibility to nutrients and water, and is prone to high leaching. After drainage, peat becomes irreversibly dry on top layers, prone to fire, and experiences subsidence over time as the peat shrinks and degrades. However, peatlands can provide abundant water, possible water transport, and low transportation costs. Peat also has disadvantages like low pH, low nutrients, high carbon-nitrogen ratio, and high water table.
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Sutherland School of Law Detail
The document shows a diagram of a proposed wildlife lake with 9 numbered areas and includes images of marginal planting species. It outlines the key areas around the lake including a reed bed marginal planting, habitat island, oval seating lawn, and deck overlooking the lake. Reference images depict grass terrace seating and gravel and aquatic planting that could be used in the marginal areas.
PLS: 2012 Bulletin
The PLS: 2012 Bulletin includes changes in house area assignments, as well as changes in section shifts.
1) Changes in House Area assignments
From the data collected by the SA from the past year, we've observed that the areas with the most traffic (front lob, back lob and caf) are the areas that are the most untidy. We then decided to assign a new area to each house weekly to ensure fairness, since each house will have to clean each of the 8 areas at least once.
2) Changes in Section Shifts
It has also come to our attention that several sections cannot clean the area assigned to them on the day assigned to them because their schedules are full on the said day. Thus, the SA has made the schedule more practical by matching sections' shifts with their half days or early dismissal days. However, we could not accommodate all sections due to conflicts in schedule (like if 2 or more sections in the house have the same half day, etc).
3) Strict monitoring of PLS implementation will be done by the CAT and CARE. Monitoring forms will also be revised to match the changes in the guidelines and will be distributed by January 16.
Lesson Learned from Forest Management Certification on Peatland
1) Indonesia has a total forest land area of 130.68 million hectares as of April 2011, with 222.452 km of boundaries demarcated and 14.24 million hectares officially gazetted.
2) As of April 2011, conservation forests make up 25% of forest land, protection forests 22%, production forests 19%, limited production forests 14%, and conversion forests 20%.
3) As of 2009, primary forests account for 29% of forest cover, secondary forests 30%, plantation forests 2%, and non-forested forest land 6%, with 33% forested non-forest land.
Responsibly Managed Plantations On Peatland – A Positive Story
This document discusses the management of peatlands in Riau Province, Indonesia for sustainable forestry and conservation. It notes that global demand for fiber is increasing, and that Riau's peatlands provide an opportunity to meet this demand through responsible plantation development while also funding conservation efforts. The document outlines the company's practices for balancing development with environmental protection, including designating conservation areas, managing water levels, and conducting carbon emissions assessments. It argues this approach provides better outcomes than unregulated use of the peatlands.
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This document summarizes the potential use of degraded tropical peatlands in Indonesia for producing biomass as a source of bioenergy and compost. Certain plant species such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris), and purun (Lepironia articulata) are well-adapted to grow in degraded peatland conditions and can produce high biomass yields. These fast-growing plants could be harvested from abandoned and degraded peatlands to generate renewable sources of bioenergy and compass, helping utilize unproductive lands and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Abundant biomass from Indonesia's extensive degraded peatlands could make a
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This document discusses planning for peatland management. It describes different types of peatlands including river basin and coastal peatlands. River basin peatlands are located near rivers with peat forming over mineral soils, while coastal peatlands border the sea with peat over soils. The document outlines factors to consider like peat type, depth, and water table level. It also notes areas that may experience flooding from rivers or tidal influence from the sea that could impact drainage.
Rehabilitation and Sustainable Managment of Peatlands in South East Asia
The document summarizes the ASEAN Peatland Forests Project (APFP), a regional collaboration between ASEAN countries to promote sustainable management of peatlands and prevent fires. It discusses the importance of peatlands in Southeast Asia for biodiversity, carbon storage, and supporting local communities. However, degradation and fires are causing emissions and transboundary haze issues. The APFP aims to support national action plans and the ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy through pilot projects, identifying best practices, and developing a regional peatland fire prediction and warning system.
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The document discusses agroforestry of jelutung trees on peatlands in Central Kalimantan. It finds that growing jelutung in various agroforestry systems is a technically feasible way to rehabilitate degraded peatlands. Local communities have established seed sources that can provide over 100 million seeds per year. Different agroforestry patterns using jelutung are described, and growth measurements show the trees grow well. Microclimates in jelutung agroforestry systems are found to be better than in agricultural monocultures. The development of jelutung agroforestry is concluded to be a promising approach for peatland rehabilitationRecommended
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The document shows a diagram of a proposed wildlife lake with 9 numbered areas and includes images of marginal planting species. It outlines the key areas around the lake including a reed bed marginal planting, habitat island, oval seating lawn, and deck overlooking the lake. Reference images depict grass terrace seating and gravel and aquatic planting that could be used in the marginal areas.
PLS: 2012 Bulletin
The PLS: 2012 Bulletin includes changes in house area assignments, as well as changes in section shifts.
1) Changes in House Area assignments
From the data collected by the SA from the past year, we've observed that the areas with the most traffic (front lob, back lob and caf) are the areas that are the most untidy. We then decided to assign a new area to each house weekly to ensure fairness, since each house will have to clean each of the 8 areas at least once.
2) Changes in Section Shifts
It has also come to our attention that several sections cannot clean the area assigned to them on the day assigned to them because their schedules are full on the said day. Thus, the SA has made the schedule more practical by matching sections' shifts with their half days or early dismissal days. However, we could not accommodate all sections due to conflicts in schedule (like if 2 or more sections in the house have the same half day, etc).
3) Strict monitoring of PLS implementation will be done by the CAT and CARE. Monitoring forms will also be revised to match the changes in the guidelines and will be distributed by January 16.
Lesson Learned from Forest Management Certification on Peatland
1) Indonesia has a total forest land area of 130.68 million hectares as of April 2011, with 222.452 km of boundaries demarcated and 14.24 million hectares officially gazetted.
2) As of April 2011, conservation forests make up 25% of forest land, protection forests 22%, production forests 19%, limited production forests 14%, and conversion forests 20%.
3) As of 2009, primary forests account for 29% of forest cover, secondary forests 30%, plantation forests 2%, and non-forested forest land 6%, with 33% forested non-forest land.
Responsibly Managed Plantations On Peatland – A Positive Story
This document discusses the management of peatlands in Riau Province, Indonesia for sustainable forestry and conservation. It notes that global demand for fiber is increasing, and that Riau's peatlands provide an opportunity to meet this demand through responsible plantation development while also funding conservation efforts. The document outlines the company's practices for balancing development with environmental protection, including designating conservation areas, managing water levels, and conducting carbon emissions assessments. It argues this approach provides better outcomes than unregulated use of the peatlands.
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This document summarizes the potential use of degraded tropical peatlands in Indonesia for producing biomass as a source of bioenergy and compost. Certain plant species such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris), and purun (Lepironia articulata) are well-adapted to grow in degraded peatland conditions and can produce high biomass yields. These fast-growing plants could be harvested from abandoned and degraded peatlands to generate renewable sources of bioenergy and compass, helping utilize unproductive lands and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Abundant biomass from Indonesia's extensive degraded peatlands could make a
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This document discusses planning for peatland management. It describes different types of peatlands including river basin and coastal peatlands. River basin peatlands are located near rivers with peat forming over mineral soils, while coastal peatlands border the sea with peat over soils. The document outlines factors to consider like peat type, depth, and water table level. It also notes areas that may experience flooding from rivers or tidal influence from the sea that could impact drainage.
Rehabilitation and Sustainable Managment of Peatlands in South East Asia
The document summarizes the ASEAN Peatland Forests Project (APFP), a regional collaboration between ASEAN countries to promote sustainable management of peatlands and prevent fires. It discusses the importance of peatlands in Southeast Asia for biodiversity, carbon storage, and supporting local communities. However, degradation and fires are causing emissions and transboundary haze issues. The APFP aims to support national action plans and the ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy through pilot projects, identifying best practices, and developing a regional peatland fire prediction and warning system.
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The document summarizes discussions from a group at a workshop on sustainable forestry practices on peatlands. The group discussed key elements of peatland management and rehabilitation, including water management, ecosystem protection, and stakeholder involvement. They also identified challenges like a lack of technical guidance and resources. Effective solutions proposed included better stakeholder partnerships, following guidance documents, and improving coordination between different levels of government. Next steps discussed were strengthening policies and institutions, conducting more research, sharing results, and improving livelihoods and poverty issues for sustainable peatland management.
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The document discusses a workshop on enhancing sustainability of forestry practices on peatlands. It provides context on the development of forest certification and sustainable forest management. The Malaysian Timber Certification Council oversees the Malaysian Timber Certification Scheme, which certifies sustainable forest management and chain of custody. Several forest management units in Malaysia have received certification, including areas of peat swamp forest.Rehabilitation of Peat Swamp Forest: Selangor Experience
The document summarizes Selangor's experience rehabilitating the degraded Raja Musa Forest Reserve peat swamp forest. Key actions included evacuating illegal settlers, blocking drainage canals to restore hydrology, replanting over 60 hectares with 80,000 trees. Challenges included weed infestation and preventing new encroachment. Future plans are to increase nursery capacity, enhance partnerships, and prevent further encroachment through increased enforcement and clear boundaries. The rehabilitation is considered a success with reduced fires and no new encroachment detected.
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The document proposes three plans to restore ramin trees in peatland forests in Sarawak, Malaysia. The first plan involves government stakeholders initiating rehabilitation efforts. The second plan focuses on local communities restoring suitable peatlands. The third plan consists of trial plantings of ramin and other species in oil palm estates located in peatlands. The plans aim to conserve and replant ramin, an important timber species, after most peatland forests were logged and converted to oil palm plantations in recent decades.
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This document summarizes experiences from peatland rehabilitation projects in Central Kalimantan and Jambi Province from 2000-2012. It discusses the results of trials planting various native tree species, including survival rates ranging from 65-100%. Lessons learned include the importance of seedling hardening, integrated hydrological restoration, understanding local species propagation, controlling fires, and involving local communities for long-term sustainability. The document recommends suitable species for different site conditions and stresses training, hydrology knowledge, and fire prevention as critical success factors.
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The document outlines Indonesia's policy on protecting and managing peatland ecosystems. It notes that Indonesia has the largest area of peatlands in the tropics, covering around 15 million hectares. Peatlands provide important functions like carbon storage, water storage, biodiversity, and livelihoods. However, past unsustainable development has degraded many peatland areas. The policy aims to promote sustainable management of peatlands based on hydrological units and the functions and carrying capacity of different peatland types. It identifies various challenges and outlines strategies to strengthen laws, institutions, alternative land uses, and community participation in peatland protection and rehabilitation efforts.
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1) The document discusses the development of silvicultural techniques for native tree species in degraded peat swamp forests in Indonesia.
2) It details research on propagating native tree species like ramin, belangeran, tumih and geronggang through stem cuttings to provide high-quality planting stock for forest rehabilitation.
3) The research found that stem cuttings of ramin, belangeran, tumih and geronggang can be successfully propagated with survival rates ranging from 43-100%, and the use of plant growth hormones like IBA and NAA can improve root growth.Conservation and sustainable use of Melaleuca forests on peatlands and marsh ...
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This document discusses conservation and sustainable use of Melaleuca forests on peatlands in Ca Mau, Vietnam. It provides an outline of Ca Mau province, describing the location, population, economy, and natural conditions. It then discusses the Melaleuca forests, including their biodiversity value, economic uses, and threats from fires. The document outlines conservation efforts like the U Minh Ha National Park and sustainable forest management practices. It emphasizes improving livelihoods and reducing poverty to support long-term forest conservation and sustainable use.Peatland Development Challenges – A Case Study from Kampar Peninsula, Riau, I...
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This document summarizes a study of landscape changes on a peat dome in coastal Riau, Sumatra from 1995-2010. Key findings include:
1) Illegal logging from 2000-2009 resulted in extensive drainage through ditches that lowered water tables and caused significant peat subsidence and loss of forest biomass.
2) From 2003-2010, terrain models show mean subsidence of 0.17 meters over the study area, indicating a loss of around 20 tons of CO2 per hectare per year from oxidized peat soils.
3) Forest biomass monitoring plots from 2004-2011 show a continuing decline in biomass years after logging, with the largest trees most affected byCarbon budget in A. crassicarpa pulpwood plantations in peatland
The document discusses carbon budgets in Acacia crassicarpa pulpwood plantations in peatlands. It examines the changes in above and below ground biomass (ABG) and emissions (E) over time. It specifically looks at variations in peatland surface levels, bulk density of peat at different depths, and subsidence over time to estimate changes in below ground or peat mass. Microrelief data from different plots shows surface level can vary between 0-110 cm. Bulk density tends to be highest in the upper 1 meter of peat and decreases with depth, but is more difficult to measure precisely at lower depths.
Assessing the Success of Tropical Peatlands Restoration: A Review
This document summarizes a presentation on enhancing sustainability of forestry practices on peatlands in Indonesia. It discusses that tropical peatlands cover around 11% of global peatland area, with over half located in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. The document outlines the important ecosystem services provided by peatlands, including carbon storage, and notes that degradation from activities like drainage and fires have significantly impacted peatlands and increased carbon emissions. It emphasizes the need for restoration efforts to rewet degraded peatlands and reestablish vegetation to help reduce degradation and fire risk over time.
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The document summarizes Indonesia's forestry policies and plans. It discusses the country's forest areas by function and coverage, the history of forestry laws, the national forestry plan, programs to reduce emissions, and deforestation rates. The national forestry plan provides directives for forest area management and utilization over different geographic and time scales. Key goals are to protect natural forests and peatlands while allowing sustainable use. Recent policies have focused on revising maps of areas with logging moratoriums and improving governance of permits in natural forests.Status and Trends of Peat Swamp Forests in SE Asia
- Peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia store large amounts of carbon but have been degraded through logging, drainage for agriculture and plantations, and fires. They cover around 25 million hectares across 10 countries but only 34% remain intact.
- Main drivers of change have been commercial logging, transmigration programs, and more recently oil palm and pulp plantations, which have led to drainage and increased fires when not managed properly. Fires can spread haze across borders.
- Efforts are underway through ASEAN and national projects to promote sustainable management and restoration of peatlands through BMPs, rehabilitation of degraded areas, fire prevention, and alternative livelihoods. Further protection and restoration of peatlands is needed
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This document summarizes experiences from peatland rehabilitation projects in Central Kalimantan and Jambi Province from 2000-2012. It discusses the results of trials planting various native tree species, including survival rates ranging from 65-100%. Lessons learned include the importance of seedling hardening, integrated hydrological restoration, understanding local species propagation, controlling fires, and involving local communities for long-term sustainability. The document recommends suitable species for different site conditions and stresses training, hydrology knowledge, and fire prevention as critical success factors.
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1) Illegal logging from 2000-2009 resulted in extensive drainage through ditches that lowered water tables and caused significant peat subsidence and loss of forest biomass.
2) From 2003-2010, terrain models show mean subsidence of 0.17 meters over the study area, indicating a loss of around 20 tons of CO2 per hectare per year from oxidized peat soils.
3) Forest biomass monitoring plots from 2004-2011 show a continuing decline in biomass years after logging, with the largest trees most affected byCarbon budget in A. crassicarpa pulpwood plantations in peatland
The document discusses carbon budgets in Acacia crassicarpa pulpwood plantations in peatlands. It examines the changes in above and below ground biomass (ABG) and emissions (E) over time. It specifically looks at variations in peatland surface levels, bulk density of peat at different depths, and subsidence over time to estimate changes in below ground or peat mass. Microrelief data from different plots shows surface level can vary between 0-110 cm. Bulk density tends to be highest in the upper 1 meter of peat and decreases with depth, but is more difficult to measure precisely at lower depths.
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This document summarizes a presentation on enhancing sustainability of forestry practices on peatlands in Indonesia. It discusses that tropical peatlands cover around 11% of global peatland area, with over half located in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. The document outlines the important ecosystem services provided by peatlands, including carbon storage, and notes that degradation from activities like drainage and fires have significantly impacted peatlands and increased carbon emissions. It emphasizes the need for restoration efforts to rewet degraded peatlands and reestablish vegetation to help reduce degradation and fire risk over time.
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- Peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia store large amounts of carbon but have been degraded through logging, drainage for agriculture and plantations, and fires. They cover around 25 million hectares across 10 countries but only 34% remain intact.
- Main drivers of change have been commercial logging, transmigration programs, and more recently oil palm and pulp plantations, which have led to drainage and increased fires when not managed properly. Fires can spread haze across borders.
- Efforts are underway through ASEAN and national projects to promote sustainable management and restoration of peatlands through BMPs, rehabilitation of degraded areas, fire prevention, and alternative livelihoods. Further protection and restoration of peatlands is needed
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skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
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BMP for Farmer Session 2
- 1. SESSION TWO
- 2. A. LIMITATION OF PEAT
- 3. 1. POOR NUTRIENT UPTAKE
- 4. 2. HIGH DOSAGE OF FERTILIZER
- 5. 3. FIXATION OF MICRO NUTRIENT
- 6. 1. POOR ROOT ACHORAGE
- 8. 3. HIGH LEACHING original ground level fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer PEAT peat water peat water PEAT water water water PEAT peat 2012/7/6 9
- 10. LIMITATION OF PEAT AFTER DRAINAGE
- 11. 1. IRREVERSIBLE DRYNESS Irreversible dryness on top layer soil water table peat under water 2012/7/6 12
- 12. 2. FIRE PRONE
- 13. 3. SUBSIDENCE OF PEAT
- 14. 3.PROCESS OF PEAT SUBSIDENCE
- 15. 3a. Process of subsidence original ground level air air air PEAT peat Water peat water water PEAT water Water PEAT peat 2012/7/6 16
- 16. 3b. Process of subsidence Original ground level ground level after subsidence air air air air air 2012/7/6 air air 17
- 17. 3c. Process of subsidence ORIGINAL GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL AFTER SUBSIDENCE PEAT UNDER SOIL WATER TABLE 2012/7/6 18
- 22. 1. ABUNDANT WATER SOURCE
- 23. 2. POSSIBLE WATER TRANSPORT SYSTEM
- 24. 3. Cheap transport cost
- 25. .
- 26. 1. LOW pH
- 27. 2. LOW NUTRIENTS
- 28. 3. HIGH CARBON NITROGEN RATIO
- 29. 4. HIGH CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY
- 30. 5. LOW BULK DENSITY
- 31. 6. LOW BEARING
- 32. 7. HIGH POROSITY
- 33. 9. HIGH WATER TABLE