The document discusses carbon budgets in Acacia crassicarpa pulpwood plantations in peatlands. It examines the changes in above and below ground biomass (ABG) and emissions (E) over time. It specifically looks at variations in peatland surface levels, bulk density of peat at different depths, and subsidence over time to estimate changes in below ground or peat mass. Microrelief data from different plots shows surface level can vary between 0-110 cm. Bulk density tends to be highest in the upper 1 meter of peat and decreases with depth, but is more difficult to measure precisely at lower depths.
Peatland Development Challenges – A Case Study from Kampar Peninsula, Riau, I...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
This document summarizes a study of landscape changes on a peat dome in coastal Riau, Sumatra from 1995-2010. Key findings include:
1) Illegal logging from 2000-2009 resulted in extensive drainage through ditches that lowered water tables and caused significant peat subsidence and loss of forest biomass.
2) From 2003-2010, terrain models show mean subsidence of 0.17 meters over the study area, indicating a loss of around 20 tons of CO2 per hectare per year from oxidized peat soils.
3) Forest biomass monitoring plots from 2004-2011 show a continuing decline in biomass years after logging, with the largest trees most affected by
The document discusses sustainable management practices for group B plantations on peat lands. It identifies challenges including using a variety of species, improving water management, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and adopting a landscape approach. Key principles for sustainable plantations on peat include moving to a long-term sustainable model of over 100 years that balances economic and social needs while protecting the environment. Best management practices should be documented and shared, including practices for fire prevention, water management, certification, and developing management plans that consider environmental, social and community issues. Next steps include compiling a best practices manual through a multi-stakeholder working group and establishing government standards and regulations.
The document summarizes discussions from a group at a workshop on sustainable forestry practices on peatlands. The group discussed key elements of peatland management and rehabilitation, including water management, ecosystem protection, and stakeholder involvement. They also identified challenges like a lack of technical guidance and resources. Effective solutions proposed included better stakeholder partnerships, following guidance documents, and improving coordination between different levels of government. Next steps discussed were strengthening policies and institutions, conducting more research, sharing results, and improving livelihoods and poverty issues for sustainable peatland management.
Issues and observations of Forestry Practices on Peatlands: Case on Indonesia...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document discusses Indonesia's mandatory timber legality certification system (TLAS) and issues with forestry practices on peatlands in Riau Province, Indonesia. It notes that Riau has over 4 million hectares of peatlands, with many areas designated as timber plantations, logging concessions, and palm oil concessions. Independent forest monitoring in Riau found main issues include permits being a major problem, limited access to information and locations during assessments, and certification processes lacking clear procedures and communication standards. It also found the assessment indicators do not specifically address peatland categorization and protection.
Forest Management Certification under the MTCS with special reference to peat...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document discusses a workshop on enhancing sustainability of forestry practices on peatlands. It provides context on the development of forest certification and sustainable forest management. The Malaysian Timber Certification Council oversees the Malaysian Timber Certification Scheme, which certifies sustainable forest management and chain of custody. Several forest management units in Malaysia have received certification, including areas of peat swamp forest.
1) Indonesia has a total forest land area of 130.68 million hectares as of April 2011, with 222.452 km of boundaries demarcated and 14.24 million hectares officially gazetted.
2) As of April 2011, conservation forests make up 25% of forest land, protection forests 22%, production forests 19%, limited production forests 14%, and conversion forests 20%.
3) As of 2009, primary forests account for 29% of forest cover, secondary forests 30%, plantation forests 2%, and non-forested forest land 6%, with 33% forested non-forest land.
The document summarizes Selangor's experience rehabilitating the degraded Raja Musa Forest Reserve peat swamp forest. Key actions included evacuating illegal settlers, blocking drainage canals to restore hydrology, replanting over 60 hectares with 80,000 trees. Challenges included weed infestation and preventing new encroachment. Future plans are to increase nursery capacity, enhance partnerships, and prevent further encroachment through increased enforcement and clear boundaries. The rehabilitation is considered a success with reduced fires and no new encroachment detected.
Peatland Development Challenges – A Case Study from Kampar Peninsula, Riau, I...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
This document summarizes a study of landscape changes on a peat dome in coastal Riau, Sumatra from 1995-2010. Key findings include:
1) Illegal logging from 2000-2009 resulted in extensive drainage through ditches that lowered water tables and caused significant peat subsidence and loss of forest biomass.
2) From 2003-2010, terrain models show mean subsidence of 0.17 meters over the study area, indicating a loss of around 20 tons of CO2 per hectare per year from oxidized peat soils.
3) Forest biomass monitoring plots from 2004-2011 show a continuing decline in biomass years after logging, with the largest trees most affected by
The document discusses sustainable management practices for group B plantations on peat lands. It identifies challenges including using a variety of species, improving water management, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and adopting a landscape approach. Key principles for sustainable plantations on peat include moving to a long-term sustainable model of over 100 years that balances economic and social needs while protecting the environment. Best management practices should be documented and shared, including practices for fire prevention, water management, certification, and developing management plans that consider environmental, social and community issues. Next steps include compiling a best practices manual through a multi-stakeholder working group and establishing government standards and regulations.
The document summarizes discussions from a group at a workshop on sustainable forestry practices on peatlands. The group discussed key elements of peatland management and rehabilitation, including water management, ecosystem protection, and stakeholder involvement. They also identified challenges like a lack of technical guidance and resources. Effective solutions proposed included better stakeholder partnerships, following guidance documents, and improving coordination between different levels of government. Next steps discussed were strengthening policies and institutions, conducting more research, sharing results, and improving livelihoods and poverty issues for sustainable peatland management.
Issues and observations of Forestry Practices on Peatlands: Case on Indonesia...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document discusses Indonesia's mandatory timber legality certification system (TLAS) and issues with forestry practices on peatlands in Riau Province, Indonesia. It notes that Riau has over 4 million hectares of peatlands, with many areas designated as timber plantations, logging concessions, and palm oil concessions. Independent forest monitoring in Riau found main issues include permits being a major problem, limited access to information and locations during assessments, and certification processes lacking clear procedures and communication standards. It also found the assessment indicators do not specifically address peatland categorization and protection.
Forest Management Certification under the MTCS with special reference to peat...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document discusses a workshop on enhancing sustainability of forestry practices on peatlands. It provides context on the development of forest certification and sustainable forest management. The Malaysian Timber Certification Council oversees the Malaysian Timber Certification Scheme, which certifies sustainable forest management and chain of custody. Several forest management units in Malaysia have received certification, including areas of peat swamp forest.
1) Indonesia has a total forest land area of 130.68 million hectares as of April 2011, with 222.452 km of boundaries demarcated and 14.24 million hectares officially gazetted.
2) As of April 2011, conservation forests make up 25% of forest land, protection forests 22%, production forests 19%, limited production forests 14%, and conversion forests 20%.
3) As of 2009, primary forests account for 29% of forest cover, secondary forests 30%, plantation forests 2%, and non-forested forest land 6%, with 33% forested non-forest land.
The document summarizes Selangor's experience rehabilitating the degraded Raja Musa Forest Reserve peat swamp forest. Key actions included evacuating illegal settlers, blocking drainage canals to restore hydrology, replanting over 60 hectares with 80,000 trees. Challenges included weed infestation and preventing new encroachment. Future plans are to increase nursery capacity, enhance partnerships, and prevent further encroachment through increased enforcement and clear boundaries. The rehabilitation is considered a success with reduced fires and no new encroachment detected.
The document proposes three plans to restore ramin trees in peatland forests in Sarawak, Malaysia. The first plan involves government stakeholders initiating rehabilitation efforts. The second plan focuses on local communities restoring suitable peatlands. The third plan consists of trial plantings of ramin and other species in oil palm estates located in peatlands. The plans aim to conserve and replant ramin, an important timber species, after most peatland forests were logged and converted to oil palm plantations in recent decades.
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central KalimantanGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document discusses agroforestry of jelutung trees on peatlands in Central Kalimantan. It finds that growing jelutung in various agroforestry systems is a technically feasible way to rehabilitate degraded peatlands. Local communities have established seed sources that can provide over 100 million seeds per year. Different agroforestry patterns using jelutung are described, and growth measurements show the trees grow well. Microclimates in jelutung agroforestry systems are found to be better than in agricultural monocultures. The development of jelutung agroforestry is concluded to be a promising approach for peatland rehabilitation
This document summarizes experiences from peatland rehabilitation projects in Central Kalimantan and Jambi Province from 2000-2012. It discusses the results of trials planting various native tree species, including survival rates ranging from 65-100%. Lessons learned include the importance of seedling hardening, integrated hydrological restoration, understanding local species propagation, controlling fires, and involving local communities for long-term sustainability. The document recommends suitable species for different site conditions and stresses training, hydrology knowledge, and fire prevention as critical success factors.
This document discusses a study on peatland forest management and carbon stocks in a pilot site located within the Raja Musa Forest Reserve in Selangor, Malaysia. The study used satellite imagery from 1989, 2001, and 2010 to classify land use and estimate changes in the extent of peat swamp forest and aboveground carbon stocks over time. It was found that peat swamp forest area decreased from 1989 to 2001 due to forest fires, but recovered from 2001 to 2010 through natural regeneration. Aboveground carbon stocks decreased significantly from 1989 to 2001 but also started recovering from 2001 to 2010 as the forest regenerated. The study recommends enhancing forest recovery through rehabilitation or assisted regeneration.
Policy on Protection and Management of Peatland Ecosystem in IndonesiaGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document outlines Indonesia's policy on protecting and managing peatland ecosystems. It notes that Indonesia has the largest area of peatlands in the tropics, covering around 15 million hectares. Peatlands provide important functions like carbon storage, water storage, biodiversity, and livelihoods. However, past unsustainable development has degraded many peatland areas. The policy aims to promote sustainable management of peatlands based on hydrological units and the functions and carrying capacity of different peatland types. It identifies various challenges and outlines strategies to strengthen laws, institutions, alternative land uses, and community participation in peatland protection and rehabilitation efforts.
Sustainable Forestry And Reduced Impact Logging Practices of Peat Swamp Fores...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
This document discusses sustainable forestry practices and reduced impact logging in peat swamp forests in Malaysia. Peat swamp forests cover over 1.5 million hectares across Malaysia. Selective management systems and modified uniform systems are currently used but were developed for different forest types. Studies show reduced impact logging techniques minimize damage when harvesting peat swamp forests. One study found damage rates of 11-14% using reduced impact logging with a timber harvester in Pekan Forest Reserve, compared to over 80% damage with conventional methods. Reduced impact logging helps minimize costs and speeds natural forest recovery. It is an important technique that should continue to be used and promoted for sustainable harvesting of Malaysian peat swamp forests.
Giam Siak Kecil and Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve: A public-private sector ini...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document describes the Giam Siak Kecil - Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve, a public-private partnership between Sinar Mas Forestry and the government of Riau Province in Indonesia. The reserve was established in 2009 and includes 178,722 hectares of core protected areas surrounded by 222,426 hectares of buffer zone and 304,123 hectares of transition area where sustainable development is promoted. The reserve aims to merge biodiversity conservation with sustainable use of tropical peat swamp forests through collaborative research, management, funding, and community involvement. It serves as a model for integrated landscape management in Indonesia.
Development Of Silvicultural Techniques For Native Tree Species of Peat Swamp...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
1) The document discusses the development of silvicultural techniques for native tree species in degraded peat swamp forests in Indonesia.
2) It details research on propagating native tree species like ramin, belangeran, tumih and geronggang through stem cuttings to provide high-quality planting stock for forest rehabilitation.
3) The research found that stem cuttings of ramin, belangeran, tumih and geronggang can be successfully propagated with survival rates ranging from 43-100%, and the use of plant growth hormones like IBA and NAA can improve root growth.
Conservation and sustainable use of Melaleuca forests on peatlands and marsh ...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
This document discusses conservation and sustainable use of Melaleuca forests on peatlands in Ca Mau, Vietnam. It provides an outline of Ca Mau province, describing the location, population, economy, and natural conditions. It then discusses the Melaleuca forests, including their biodiversity value, economic uses, and threats from fires. The document outlines conservation efforts like the U Minh Ha National Park and sustainable forest management practices. It emphasizes improving livelihoods and reducing poverty to support long-term forest conservation and sustainable use.
This document discusses the management of peatlands in Riau Province, Indonesia for sustainable forestry and conservation. It notes that global demand for fiber is increasing, and that Riau's peatlands provide an opportunity to meet this demand through responsible plantation development while also funding conservation efforts. The document outlines the company's practices for balancing development with environmental protection, including designating conservation areas, managing water levels, and conducting carbon emissions assessments. It argues this approach provides better outcomes than unregulated use of the peatlands.
This document summarizes a presentation on enhancing sustainability of forestry practices on peatlands in Indonesia. It discusses that tropical peatlands cover around 11% of global peatland area, with over half located in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. The document outlines the important ecosystem services provided by peatlands, including carbon storage, and notes that degradation from activities like drainage and fires have significantly impacted peatlands and increased carbon emissions. It emphasizes the need for restoration efforts to rewet degraded peatlands and reestablish vegetation to help reduce degradation and fire risk over time.
Current policy and status for forestry and plantations on Peatlands in IndonesiaGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document summarizes Indonesia's forestry policies and plans. It discusses the country's forest areas by function and coverage, the history of forestry laws, the national forestry plan, programs to reduce emissions, and deforestation rates. The national forestry plan provides directives for forest area management and utilization over different geographic and time scales. Key goals are to protect natural forests and peatlands while allowing sustainable use. Recent policies have focused on revising maps of areas with logging moratoriums and improving governance of permits in natural forests.
- Peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia store large amounts of carbon but have been degraded through logging, drainage for agriculture and plantations, and fires. They cover around 25 million hectares across 10 countries but only 34% remain intact.
- Main drivers of change have been commercial logging, transmigration programs, and more recently oil palm and pulp plantations, which have led to drainage and increased fires when not managed properly. Fires can spread haze across borders.
- Efforts are underway through ASEAN and national projects to promote sustainable management and restoration of peatlands through BMPs, rehabilitation of degraded areas, fire prevention, and alternative livelihoods. Further protection and restoration of peatlands is needed
The document summarizes the management of peat swamp forests in Malaysia using an integrated ecosystem approach. It discusses the conservation issues and threats facing peat swamp forests, as well as the local communities that depend on them. An important project developed an Integrated Management Plan for the Southeast Pahang Peat Swamp Forest through extensive multi-stakeholder consultation. Five years after implementation, a mid-term review found that most short-term actions had been implemented, though some medium-term actions were still pending. Ongoing coordination and monitoring were recommended to fully realize the plan.
The document discusses integrated management planning for peatlands in Southeast Asia. Peatlands cover 25 million hectares in the region and provide important ecosystem services like carbon storage, water regulation, and community livelihoods. However, over the past few decades peatlands have been degraded through activities like agriculture, logging and fires. The document calls for integrated management that coordinates across sectors and stakeholders to conserve remaining forests, rehabilitate degraded lands, improve plantation management, and benefit local communities. It provides background on peatland ecology, drivers of degradation, and the need for regional cooperation on a long-term, holistic approach to peatland management.
This document discusses best agriculture practices on peatland for community livelihood. It covers two sessions from a regional project conference held from May 16-18, 2012. The first session discusses the chemical and physical properties of peat soil, including low pH, nutrients, and bulk density as well as high carbon nitrogen ratio, cation exchange capacity, porosity, and water table. Addressing these challenging properties is important for agriculture on peatland.
This document discusses planning and implementation for crop development on peatlands. It covers choosing suitable crops based on location, planning crop development by considering soil water tables and suitable land preparation and planting systems. Specific guidelines are provided for drainage systems including perimeter drains, field drains, water control structures and fire prevention. The key factors to consider for successful crop development on peatlands are choosing appropriate crops, implementing proper land preparation and drainage systems, and establishing fire prevention measures.
This document discusses planning for peatland management. It describes different types of peatlands including river basin and coastal peatlands. River basin peatlands are located near rivers with peat forming over mineral soils, while coastal peatlands border the sea with peat over soils. The document outlines factors to consider like peat type, depth, and water table level. It also notes areas that may experience flooding from rivers or tidal influence from the sea that could impact drainage.
This document discusses the limitations of using peat for agriculture. It notes that peat has poor nutrient uptake, requires high doses of fertilizer, and leads to fixation of micronutrients. Peat also has poor root anchorage, poor accessibility to nutrients and water, and is prone to high leaching. After drainage, peat becomes irreversibly dry on top layers, prone to fire, and experiences subsidence over time as the peat shrinks and degrades. However, peatlands can provide abundant water, possible water transport, and low transportation costs. Peat also has disadvantages like low pH, low nutrients, high carbon-nitrogen ratio, and high water table.
The document proposes three plans to restore ramin trees in peatland forests in Sarawak, Malaysia. The first plan involves government stakeholders initiating rehabilitation efforts. The second plan focuses on local communities restoring suitable peatlands. The third plan consists of trial plantings of ramin and other species in oil palm estates located in peatlands. The plans aim to conserve and replant ramin, an important timber species, after most peatland forests were logged and converted to oil palm plantations in recent decades.
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central KalimantanGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document discusses agroforestry of jelutung trees on peatlands in Central Kalimantan. It finds that growing jelutung in various agroforestry systems is a technically feasible way to rehabilitate degraded peatlands. Local communities have established seed sources that can provide over 100 million seeds per year. Different agroforestry patterns using jelutung are described, and growth measurements show the trees grow well. Microclimates in jelutung agroforestry systems are found to be better than in agricultural monocultures. The development of jelutung agroforestry is concluded to be a promising approach for peatland rehabilitation
This document summarizes experiences from peatland rehabilitation projects in Central Kalimantan and Jambi Province from 2000-2012. It discusses the results of trials planting various native tree species, including survival rates ranging from 65-100%. Lessons learned include the importance of seedling hardening, integrated hydrological restoration, understanding local species propagation, controlling fires, and involving local communities for long-term sustainability. The document recommends suitable species for different site conditions and stresses training, hydrology knowledge, and fire prevention as critical success factors.
This document discusses a study on peatland forest management and carbon stocks in a pilot site located within the Raja Musa Forest Reserve in Selangor, Malaysia. The study used satellite imagery from 1989, 2001, and 2010 to classify land use and estimate changes in the extent of peat swamp forest and aboveground carbon stocks over time. It was found that peat swamp forest area decreased from 1989 to 2001 due to forest fires, but recovered from 2001 to 2010 through natural regeneration. Aboveground carbon stocks decreased significantly from 1989 to 2001 but also started recovering from 2001 to 2010 as the forest regenerated. The study recommends enhancing forest recovery through rehabilitation or assisted regeneration.
Policy on Protection and Management of Peatland Ecosystem in IndonesiaGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document outlines Indonesia's policy on protecting and managing peatland ecosystems. It notes that Indonesia has the largest area of peatlands in the tropics, covering around 15 million hectares. Peatlands provide important functions like carbon storage, water storage, biodiversity, and livelihoods. However, past unsustainable development has degraded many peatland areas. The policy aims to promote sustainable management of peatlands based on hydrological units and the functions and carrying capacity of different peatland types. It identifies various challenges and outlines strategies to strengthen laws, institutions, alternative land uses, and community participation in peatland protection and rehabilitation efforts.
Sustainable Forestry And Reduced Impact Logging Practices of Peat Swamp Fores...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
This document discusses sustainable forestry practices and reduced impact logging in peat swamp forests in Malaysia. Peat swamp forests cover over 1.5 million hectares across Malaysia. Selective management systems and modified uniform systems are currently used but were developed for different forest types. Studies show reduced impact logging techniques minimize damage when harvesting peat swamp forests. One study found damage rates of 11-14% using reduced impact logging with a timber harvester in Pekan Forest Reserve, compared to over 80% damage with conventional methods. Reduced impact logging helps minimize costs and speeds natural forest recovery. It is an important technique that should continue to be used and promoted for sustainable harvesting of Malaysian peat swamp forests.
Giam Siak Kecil and Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve: A public-private sector ini...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document describes the Giam Siak Kecil - Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve, a public-private partnership between Sinar Mas Forestry and the government of Riau Province in Indonesia. The reserve was established in 2009 and includes 178,722 hectares of core protected areas surrounded by 222,426 hectares of buffer zone and 304,123 hectares of transition area where sustainable development is promoted. The reserve aims to merge biodiversity conservation with sustainable use of tropical peat swamp forests through collaborative research, management, funding, and community involvement. It serves as a model for integrated landscape management in Indonesia.
Development Of Silvicultural Techniques For Native Tree Species of Peat Swamp...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
1) The document discusses the development of silvicultural techniques for native tree species in degraded peat swamp forests in Indonesia.
2) It details research on propagating native tree species like ramin, belangeran, tumih and geronggang through stem cuttings to provide high-quality planting stock for forest rehabilitation.
3) The research found that stem cuttings of ramin, belangeran, tumih and geronggang can be successfully propagated with survival rates ranging from 43-100%, and the use of plant growth hormones like IBA and NAA can improve root growth.
Conservation and sustainable use of Melaleuca forests on peatlands and marsh ...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
This document discusses conservation and sustainable use of Melaleuca forests on peatlands in Ca Mau, Vietnam. It provides an outline of Ca Mau province, describing the location, population, economy, and natural conditions. It then discusses the Melaleuca forests, including their biodiversity value, economic uses, and threats from fires. The document outlines conservation efforts like the U Minh Ha National Park and sustainable forest management practices. It emphasizes improving livelihoods and reducing poverty to support long-term forest conservation and sustainable use.
This document discusses the management of peatlands in Riau Province, Indonesia for sustainable forestry and conservation. It notes that global demand for fiber is increasing, and that Riau's peatlands provide an opportunity to meet this demand through responsible plantation development while also funding conservation efforts. The document outlines the company's practices for balancing development with environmental protection, including designating conservation areas, managing water levels, and conducting carbon emissions assessments. It argues this approach provides better outcomes than unregulated use of the peatlands.
This document summarizes a presentation on enhancing sustainability of forestry practices on peatlands in Indonesia. It discusses that tropical peatlands cover around 11% of global peatland area, with over half located in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. The document outlines the important ecosystem services provided by peatlands, including carbon storage, and notes that degradation from activities like drainage and fires have significantly impacted peatlands and increased carbon emissions. It emphasizes the need for restoration efforts to rewet degraded peatlands and reestablish vegetation to help reduce degradation and fire risk over time.
Current policy and status for forestry and plantations on Peatlands in IndonesiaGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document summarizes Indonesia's forestry policies and plans. It discusses the country's forest areas by function and coverage, the history of forestry laws, the national forestry plan, programs to reduce emissions, and deforestation rates. The national forestry plan provides directives for forest area management and utilization over different geographic and time scales. Key goals are to protect natural forests and peatlands while allowing sustainable use. Recent policies have focused on revising maps of areas with logging moratoriums and improving governance of permits in natural forests.
- Peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia store large amounts of carbon but have been degraded through logging, drainage for agriculture and plantations, and fires. They cover around 25 million hectares across 10 countries but only 34% remain intact.
- Main drivers of change have been commercial logging, transmigration programs, and more recently oil palm and pulp plantations, which have led to drainage and increased fires when not managed properly. Fires can spread haze across borders.
- Efforts are underway through ASEAN and national projects to promote sustainable management and restoration of peatlands through BMPs, rehabilitation of degraded areas, fire prevention, and alternative livelihoods. Further protection and restoration of peatlands is needed
The document summarizes the management of peat swamp forests in Malaysia using an integrated ecosystem approach. It discusses the conservation issues and threats facing peat swamp forests, as well as the local communities that depend on them. An important project developed an Integrated Management Plan for the Southeast Pahang Peat Swamp Forest through extensive multi-stakeholder consultation. Five years after implementation, a mid-term review found that most short-term actions had been implemented, though some medium-term actions were still pending. Ongoing coordination and monitoring were recommended to fully realize the plan.
The document discusses integrated management planning for peatlands in Southeast Asia. Peatlands cover 25 million hectares in the region and provide important ecosystem services like carbon storage, water regulation, and community livelihoods. However, over the past few decades peatlands have been degraded through activities like agriculture, logging and fires. The document calls for integrated management that coordinates across sectors and stakeholders to conserve remaining forests, rehabilitate degraded lands, improve plantation management, and benefit local communities. It provides background on peatland ecology, drivers of degradation, and the need for regional cooperation on a long-term, holistic approach to peatland management.
This document discusses best agriculture practices on peatland for community livelihood. It covers two sessions from a regional project conference held from May 16-18, 2012. The first session discusses the chemical and physical properties of peat soil, including low pH, nutrients, and bulk density as well as high carbon nitrogen ratio, cation exchange capacity, porosity, and water table. Addressing these challenging properties is important for agriculture on peatland.
This document discusses planning and implementation for crop development on peatlands. It covers choosing suitable crops based on location, planning crop development by considering soil water tables and suitable land preparation and planting systems. Specific guidelines are provided for drainage systems including perimeter drains, field drains, water control structures and fire prevention. The key factors to consider for successful crop development on peatlands are choosing appropriate crops, implementing proper land preparation and drainage systems, and establishing fire prevention measures.
This document discusses planning for peatland management. It describes different types of peatlands including river basin and coastal peatlands. River basin peatlands are located near rivers with peat forming over mineral soils, while coastal peatlands border the sea with peat over soils. The document outlines factors to consider like peat type, depth, and water table level. It also notes areas that may experience flooding from rivers or tidal influence from the sea that could impact drainage.
This document discusses the limitations of using peat for agriculture. It notes that peat has poor nutrient uptake, requires high doses of fertilizer, and leads to fixation of micronutrients. Peat also has poor root anchorage, poor accessibility to nutrients and water, and is prone to high leaching. After drainage, peat becomes irreversibly dry on top layers, prone to fire, and experiences subsidence over time as the peat shrinks and degrades. However, peatlands can provide abundant water, possible water transport, and low transportation costs. Peat also has disadvantages like low pH, low nutrients, high carbon-nitrogen ratio, and high water table.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Carbon budget in A. crassicarpa pulpwood plantations in peatland
1. Carbon Budget
in Acacia crassicarpa pulpwood plantation in Peatlands
Workshop Enhancing Sustainability of Forestry Practices on Peatlands
June 27, 2012, IICC Bogor
Basuki Sumawinata, G. Djajakirana, Suwardi, Darmawan
2. ∆ABG - ∑E = ?
ABG : above and below ground
E : emission
3. BG ?
below ground ≈ peat mass
peat mass:
• depth ~ surface level variation
• bulk density vs depth
• depth vs subsidence
4. surface level variation
Microrelief of plots on Acacia Plantation in Bukit Batu, Riau
BBHA Plot R0742 BBHA Plot R0743 BBHA Plot R0744
Relatives Height (cm)
Relatives Height (cm)
Relatives Height (cm)
1100 1100 1100
900 900 900
10 m 10 m 10 m
BBHA Plot R3701 BBHA Plot R3702 BBHA Plot R3703
Relatives Height (cm)
Relatives Height (cm)
Relatives Height (cm)
1100 1100 1100
900 900 900
10 m 10 m
10 m
5. surface level variation
Microrelief of plots on Acacia Plantation in Bukit Batu, Riau
BBHA Plot R0742 BBHA Plot R0743 BBHA Plot R0744
Relatives Height (cm)
Relatives Height (cm)
Relatives Height (cm)
1100 1100 1100
900 900 900
10 m 10 m 10 m
BBHA Plot R3701 BBHA Plot R3702 BBHA Plot R3703
Relatives Height (cm)
Relatives Height (cm)
Relatives Height (cm)
1100 1100 1100
900 900 900
10 m 10 m
10 m
6. surface level variation
Microrelief of plots on Acacia Plantation in Sei Tapah, Jambi and Sei
Baung, South Sumatra WKS Plot J131 SBA Plot P21
Relatives Height (cm)
Relatives Height (cm)
1100 1100
900 900
10 m 10 m
SBA Plot P22 SBA Plot P23
Relatives Height (cm)
Relatives Height (cm)
1100 1100
900 900
10 m 10 m
8. bulk density vs depth
Riau, deep peat
Pristine Forest BD of upper layer of the pristine forest
100%
90%
0.20
0.18 <106 µ is comparable and even slightly higher
80% 0.16
70% 0.14 1000-106 µ
than of the plantation area
Fraction
g/cm3
60% 0.12 2000-1000 µ
50% 0.10
40% 0.08 5000-2000 µ
30% 0.06
20% 0.04
> 5000µ
BD
Within the depth of only the upper 1
10% 0.02
0% 0.00 m, variations can be easily measured. It
(a)
is much more difficult to get data at this
Depth (cm)
detail for the lower depth.
9 years A. crassicarpa Plantation on Deep Peat 9 years A. Crassicarpa Plantation on Deep Peat Plot
Plot #1 #2
100% 0.14 100% 0.12
90% 90%
0.12 80% 0.10
80% <106 µ <106 µ
70% 0.10 70% 0.08
1000-106 µ Fracion
60% 1000-106 µ
g/cm3
60%
g/cm3
0.08
Fraction
50% 2000-1000 µ 50% 0.06 2000-1000 µ
40% 0.06 40%
5000-2000 µ 30% 0.04 5000-2000 µ
30% 0.04
> 5000µ 20% 0.02 > 5000µ
20%
0.02 10%
10% BD BD
0% 0.00
0% 0.00
0-10 10-2020-3030-4040-5050-6060-80
(b)
Depth (cm) Depth (cm)
9. bulk density vs depth
South Sumatra (shallow peat) and Jambi (moderate peat)
A.Crassicarpa Plantation on Moderate Peat
(ex overlogged area)
The value of the upper layer BD
100%
90%
0.14
0.12 <106µ
in South Sumatra (shallow peat)
80%
70% 0.10 1000-106µ is higher than the locations with
Fraction
g/cm3
60% 0.08 2000-1000µ
50%
40% 0.06 5000-2000µ deeper peat but the dominance
30% 0.04
20%
10% 0.02
>5cmµ
of coarse fraction is still high.
BD
0% 0.00
This is maybe an indication of
Depth (cm) (a) the compaction of the entire
depth.
A.Crassicarpa Plantation on Shallow Peat
(ex over drained and burn area)
100% 0.25
90% <100µ
80% 0.20
70% 1000-100µ
Fraction
g/cm3
60% 0.15
2000-1000µ
50%
40% 0.10 5000-2000µ
30%
20% 0.05 >5000µ
10%
BD
0% -
(b)
Depth (cm)
10. Subsidence: compaction, depth, BD
9 years A. crassicarpa Plantation on Deep Peat
4
2
300 Riau, deep peat
0 250
Rainfall (mm/week)
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 200
-4
Subsidence (cm)
-6 Pristine Forest (MTH)
WT (cm)
SM (%)
-8 150
4 800
-10
100 2
-12 700
-14 0
Rainfall (mm/week)
-16 50 -2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 600
Subsidence (cm)
-18 -4
500
WT (cm)
SM (%)
-20 0 -6
Month -8 400
Rainfall A. Crassicarpa plot 1 A. Crassicarpa plot 2 -10
300
A. Crassicarpa plot 3 A. Crassicarpa plot 4 Water Table -12
Soil Moisture -14 200
-16
100
-18
-20 0
6 years A. crassicarpa Plantation on Deep Peat Month
4 300 Rainfall Pristine Forest
2 Water Table Soil Moisture
0 250
Rainfall (mm/week)
-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Subsidence (cm)
-4 200
WT (cm)
-6 SM (%)
-8 150
-10
-12 100
-14
-16 50
-18
-20 0
Month
Rainfall A. crassicarpa plot 1 and 2 A. crassicarpa plot 3
Water Table Soil Moisture
11. Subsidence: compaction, depth, BD
Jambi, moderate peat Subsidence over varied between plots even in the
A. crassicarpa Plantation on Moderate Peat
same peatland characteristic and management
Secondary Forest
(ex logged-over area) 650
2 650
Rainfall (mm/week)
0 550
Subsidence (cm)
-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 450
Rainfall (mm/week)
Subsidence (cm)
-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 450
WT (cm)
Sm %
-4 350
WT (cm)
SM (%)
250
-7 -6 250
50 -8 150
-10 50
-12 -150
-12 -50
Month
Rainfall Pipe A Pipe B Month
Water table Soil Moisture Rainfall Pipe A
(a) Water Table Soil Moisture (b)
South Sumatra, shallowpeat
1 year A. crassicarpa on shallow peat 4 years A. crassicarpa on shallow peat
4 (ex- over drain and burnt area) 350 4 (ex- over drain and burnt area) 350
2
Rainfall (mm/minggu)
300 2 300
Rainfall (mm/minggu)
Subsiden ce (cm)
0 250 0
Subsidence (cm) 250
WT (cm)
-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
SM( %)
-2 0 2 4 6 8
WT( cm)
200
SM ( %)
-4 200
150 -4
-6 150
100 -6
-8 100
50 -8
-10
-10 50
-12 0
-12 0
Month Month
Rainfall Plot 1 Plot 2
Rainfall Plot 1 Plot 2
Water Table Soil Moisture Soil Moisture Wate Table
13. Emission: measurement data
CO2 Fluxes in Riau site
50 0
45
50
40
100
35
150
30
g C-CO2/m2/day
Rainfall (mm/week)
25 200
Water Table (cm)
20
250
15
300
10
350
5
0 400
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47
Week
Rainfall A.crassicarpa 3yr A. crassicarpa 1 yr
Pristine Forest Water Table A. crassicarpa 3 yr Water Table A. crassicarpa 1 yr
Water Table Pristine Forest
CO2 fluxes in 3-year old are greater than in 1-year old A. crassicarpa
The highest CO2 fluxes are recorded in week 7 while the lowest water table
measurement recorded in week 30. This indicates no direct correlation between CO2
fluxes and water level.
In a non stagnated condition, CO2 fluxes from pristine forest is quite high
14. Emission: measurement data
50
CO2 Fluxes in Jambi site -50
45 0
40
50
35
100
30
C-CO2g/m2/day
150
Rainfall (mm/week)
25
200
WT (cm)
20
250
15
300
10
5 350
0 400
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
Week
Rainfall A. crassicarpa 3 years Secondary Forest
A. mangium 2 years (Mineral Soil) Water Table A.crass 3 y Water Table Secondary Forest
CO2 fluxes in mineral soil are less than in peat soil
CO2 fluxes from forest plantation almost similar compared to secondary forest
In week 35 – 51, the water level increased, however CO2 fluxes remained high
15. Emission: measurement data
50
CO2 Fluxes, South Sumatra site 0
45
50
40
100
35
Rainfall (mm/week)
C-CO2g/m2/day
Water table (cm)
150
30
25 200
20
250
15
300
10
350
5
0 400
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
week
Rainfall A. crassicarpa 4 yr A. crassicarpa 4 yr (-R-L)
A. crassicarpa 1 yr Abandoned Paddy Field (Mineral Soil) Water Table A. crassicarpa 4 yr
Water Table A. crassicarpa 1 yr Water Table Abandoned Paddy Field
CO2 fluxes in 4-yr old Acacia (with litter & fine roots) are > 4-yr old Acacia
(without litter and fine roots) > 1-yr old Acacia > abandoned paddy field
In 1-yr old Acacia, the highest water level recorded in week 39 – 41, however the
CO2 fluxes are at the lowest level
16. Emission: measurement data
Comparison of CO2 Fluxes in 3-yr old A. crassicarpa
60
With and Without Litter and Fine Roots 0
50 100
40 200
Water Table (cm)
Soil Mostuire (%)
g C-CO2/m2/day
30 300
20 400
10 500
0 600
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47
Week
Water Table A. crassicarpa 3 years A.crassicarpa 3yr A.crassicarpa 3 yr -R-L Soil Moisture
Highest CO2 fluxes were observed when Soil Moisture is between Field Capacity and
Wilting Point.
And CO2 fluxes were observed at the lowest level when Soil Moisture is lower than Wilting Point
, during week 19-30 when the water level is at minimum level.
The difference between CO2 fluxes from Accacia plants with and without litter and roots reflected
the difference of respiration speed and root ‘s exudate.
17. Emission: measurement data
Comparison between A. Crassicarpa 3 year and without
60
root & litter in Jambi site 0
55 50
50 100
45 150
Water Table (cm)
Soil Mostuire (%)
g C-CO2/m2/day
40 200
35 250
30 300
25 350
20 400
15 450
10 500
5 550
0 600
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
Week
Water table A.crassicarpa 3 yr
A.crassicarpa 3 yr (-R-L) Soil Mostuire A.crassicarpa 3 yr
Soil Mostuire A.crassicarpa 3 yr (-R-L)
18. Emission: measurement data
CH4 Fluxes in Riau site
60 0
50 50
40
100
30
150
20
Rainfall (mm/week)
Water Table (cm)
200
mgC /m2/day
10
0 250
-10 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47
300
-20 Week
350
-30
400
-40
-50 450
-60 500
Rainfall A. crassicarpa 3 years A. crassicarpa 3 years -R-L
A. crassicarpa 1 year Pristine Forest Water Table Pristine Forest
Water Table A. crassicarpa
There is no correlation between CH4 fluxes with water table level
19. Emission: measurement data
CH4 Fluxes in Jambi site
70 -50
60 0
50 50
mg C-CH4/m2/day
40 100
CH(mm/week)
WT (cm)
30 150
20 200
10 250
0 300
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
-10 350
-20 Week 400
Rainfall A. crassicarpa 3 years
Secondary Forest A. mangium 2 years (mineral soil)
Water Table A. crassicarpa 3 yr Water Table Secondary Forest
20. Emission: measurement data
CH4 Fluxes South Sumatra site
50 0
45
50
40
35 100
30
Rainfall (mm/week)
C-CH4 mg/m2/day
Water Table (cm)
150
25
20 200
15
250
10
5 300
0
350
-5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
Week
-10 400
Rainfall A.crassicarpa 4 yr
A.crassicarpa 4 yr (-R-L) A. crassicarpa 1 yr
Abandoned Paddy Field Water Table A. crassicarpa 4 yr
Water Table A. crassicarpa 1 yr Water Table Abandone Paddy Field
21. Year-round Fluxes of CO2 & CH4 in A. crassicarpa and MHW forest in Peatland
CH4 Fluxes
CO2 Fluxes
Land Characteristics Landuse (age) (kg C-
(ton C-CO2 ha-1y-1)
CH4ha-1y-1)
Mineral soil Acacia mangium, 2y 20.23 -2.12
Mineral soil Acacia mangium, 2y –R-L 11.58 -9.25
Mineral soil Eucalyptus, sp 2y 18.10 -4.94
Mineral soil Abandoned paddy field 15.97 1.31
Peat soil, deep Acacia crassicarpa 1y 35.77 -7.33
Peat soil, deep Acacia crassicarpa 3y 52.43 3.86
Peat soil, deep Acacia crassicarpa 3y –R-L 26.04 7.62
Peat soil, deep Pristine forest 33.04 5.42
Peat soil, deep Pristine forest –R-L 20.31 5.15
Peat soil, deep Open area (no vegetation) 11.06 -6.67
Peat soil, moderate Acacia crassicarpa 3y 34.31 12.94
Peat soil, moderate Acacia crassicarpa 3y –R-L 27.16 8.30
Peat soil, moderate Secondary (logged-over) forest 36.52 8.30
Peat soil, shallow Acacia crassicarpa 4y 37.59 -9.25
Peat soil, shallow Acacia crassicarpa 4y–R-L 26.38 14.83
Note: -R-L: without fine root and litter
22. Biomass Study
• Litter Fall
• Biomass Data
• Development DBH-Biomass Model
• Characteristic of Plant Biomass
23. Biomass study
Litter Fall of Acacia crassicarpa
Sei Baung, South
Month Bukit Batu, Riau Sei Tapah, Jambi
Sumatra
Februari 2011 93.59 46.42 19.83
Maret 71.43 37.85 55.33
April 52.17 31.79 45.83
Mei 48.49 121.98 34.33
Juni 45.48 55.40 45.67
Juli 40.91 30.39 49.50
Agustus 43.36 54.41 31.00
September 51.26 38.96 40.83
Oktober 48.52 31.71 29.33
Nopember 48.66 27.36 29.83
Desember 40.57 76.42 40.33
Januari 2012 31.04 86.33
Total (g/m2/y) 637.54 583.73 508.17
Total (ton/ha/y) 6.38 5.83 5.08
24. Biomass study
Litter Decomposition Rate of A. crassicarpa
on the Top Layer at Riau, Jambi, and South
Sumatra sites
100
90
80
70
Biomass (%)
60
50
40
30
20
35% remains
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Month
Riau
BBHA Jambi
WKS South Sumatra
SBA
25. Biomass study
Relationship Between DBH with Height and Age
A. Crassicarpa in Riau site
31. Description (kg C/ha) Year I Year II Year III Year IV Year V
Deadwood stock from last year - 11,006 22,319
litter stock from last year 140 749 1,312 1,711
litter fall this year 400 1,999 3,000 3,577 3,706
deadwood this year 13,758 16,892 22,822
E0 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000
Decomposition of litter 260 1,391 2,437 3,178 3,521
Decomposition of deadwood 2,752 5,580 9,028
260 1,391 5,188 8,757 12,549
Total C decomposition 11260 12,391 16,188 19,757 23,549
litter stock 140 749 1,312 1,711 1,896
Deadwood stock - 11,006 22,319 36,113
Total stock 140 749 12,318 24,030 38,009
Harvest
Plant remain 44,571
Root remain 2,500
Reject wood/plant 11,143
shrub 1,000
budget 96,222 55,000
Sequestra-
Total C lost (kg/ha/5 y= 83,085 tion 41,222
32. Tahun I Tahun II Tahun III Tahun IV Tahun V
deadwood stock from last year - 3,365 22,453
litter stock from last year 268 847 1,346 1,429
litter fall this year 766 2,150 3,000 2,736 2,620
deadwood this year - 4,206 24,702 13,788
E0 11000 11,000 11000 11000 11000
Decomposition of litter 498 1,572 2,500 2,654 2,025
Decomposition of deadwood - - 841 5,613 7,248
498 1,572 3,341 8,267 9,273
Total C decomposition 11,498 12,572 14,341 19,267 20,273
litter stock 268 847 1,346 1,429 2,025
deadwood stock - - 3,365 22,453 28,993
Total C stock 268 847 4,711 23,882 31,018
Harvest
Plant remain Kg C/ha 24,979
Root remain 2,500
Reject wood/plant 6,245
Shrub 1,000
budget 65,742 55000
Total C loss: 77,952 kg C/ha/5y sequestration 10,742
33. Conclusion
• Calculation of carbon budget in peatland using the model of
∆ABG - ∑E = ? is facing uncertainty with respect to
below ground carbon stock measurement/estimation due to
great variation in land surface and BD.
• An alternative concept of carbon budget calculation is by
considering all possibility of C sequestration from produced
biomass and the emission of just from the peat material
decomposition.
34. Conclusion
• Calculation of Carbon budget of Acacia Crassicarpa
plantation on peatland using the alternative concept shows
that the carbon budget tends to be positive depending on the
plantation management, in that the highest the production
the highest the sequestration.
• With a constant emission from peat decomposition, then
high production as the reflection of best fit management is
the measure for reducing emission.