The document discusses the cardiovascular system and measuring blood pressure. It defines systolic blood pressure as the peak pressure when the heart contracts and diastolic as the low pressure when the heart relaxes. Cardiac output is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring blood pressure, as constant blood flow is needed to supply tissues with oxygen and a pressure outside a normal range can be unhealthy or life-threatening.

1. The Cardio-Respiratory System

2. Learning Objectives
1a/1b
outcome 2 and 3

Understand components of fitness and apply
simple tests to measure these (Blood Pressure)

The heart, arteries, capillaries and veins

Respiratory rate (HR), cardiac output, gas
exchange

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Taking blood pressure (manual and auto)

3. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
B lo o d V e s s e ls
• D e liv e r y s y s t e m o f d y n a m ic s t r u c t u r e s t h a t
b e g in s a n d e n d s a t t h e h e a r t
– A r t e r ie s : c a r r y b lo o d a w a y f r o m t h e h e a r t ;
o x y g e n a t e d e x c e p t f o r p u lm o n a r y c ir c u la t io n a n d
u m b ilic a l v e s s e ls o f a f e t u s
– C a p illa r ie s : c o n t a c t t is s u e c e lls a n d d ir e c t ly s e r v e
c e llu la r n e e d s
– V e in s : c a r r y b lo o d t o w a r d t h e h e a r t
3L 1 8 B lo o d v e s s e ls b y D N

4. F ig u r e 1 9 .2
L a r g e v e i n s
L a r g e
l y m p h a t i c
v e s s e l s
A r t e r i o v e n o u s
a n a s t o m o s is
L y m p h a t i c c a p i l l a r y
V e n u l e
A r t e r i o l e s
M u s c u l a r a r t e r i e s
E l a s t i c a r t e r i e s
S m a l l v e i n s
L y m p h
n o d e
C a p i l l a r i e s
( e x c h a n g e v e s s e l s )
L y m p h a t ic
s y s t e m
V e n o u s s y s t e m A r t e r ia l s y s t e m
H e a r t
4
L 1 8 B lo o d v e s s e ls b y D N

5. F i g u r e 1 8 . 5
O x y g e n - r i c h ,
C O 2 - p o o r b l o o d
O x y g e n - p o o r ,
C O 2 - r i c h b l o o d
C a p i l l a r y b e d s
o f l u n g s w h e r e
g a s e x c h a n g e
o c c u r s
C a p i l l a r y b e d s o f a l l
b o d y t i s s u e s w h e r e
g a s e x c h a n g e o c c u r s
P u l m o n a r y v e i n s
P u l m o n a r y a r t e r i e s
P u l m o n a r y
C i r c u i t
S y s t e m i c
C i r c u i t
A o r t a a n d b r a n c h e s
L e f t a t r i u m
H e a r t
L e f t v e n t r i c l eR i g h t a t r i u m
R i g h t v e n t r i c l e
V e n a e c a v a e
1 6L 1 6 H e a r t P a r t 1 b y D N

6. F ig u r e 1 9 .1 b
T u n i c a m e d i a
( s m o o t h m u s c l e a n d
e l a s t i c f i b e r s )
T u n i c a e x t e r n a
L u m e n
A r t e r y
L u m e n
V e i n
I n t e r n a l e l a s t i c l a m i n a
V a l v e
( b )
E n d o t h e l i a l c e l l s
B a s e m e n t m e m b r a n e
C a p i l l a r y
n e t w o r k
C a p i l l a r y
T u n i c a i n t i m a
• E n d o t h e l i u m
• S u b e n d o t h e l i a l l a y e r
6L 1 8 B lo o d v e s s e ls b y D N

7. F ig u r e 1 9 . 3 a
R e d b lo o d
c e ll in lu m e n
In t e r c e llu la r
c le f t
E n d o t h e lia l
c e ll
E n d o t h e lia l
n u c le u s
T ig h t j u n c t io n
B a s e m e n t
m e m b r a n e
( a ) C o n t in u o u s c a p illa r y . L e a s t p e r m e a b le , a n d
m o s t c o m m o n ( e .g ., s k in , m u s c le ) .
1 3L 1 8 B lo o d v e s s e ls b y D N

8. F a c t o rs A id in g V e n o u s R e t u r n
R e s p ira to r y “ p u m p ” : p r e s s u re c h a n g e s c re a te d d u r in g
b re a t h in g m o v e b lo o d to w a rd t h e h e a r t b y s q u e e z in g
a b d o m in a l v e in s a s t h o ra c ic v e in s e x p a n d
M u s c u la r “ p u m p ” : c o n t ra c t io n o f s k e le ta l m u s c le s “ m ilk ”
b lo o d to w a rd t h e h e a r t a n d v a lv e s p r e v e n t b a c k flo w
2 1L 1 8 B lo o d v e s s e ls b y D N

9. F i g u r e 1 9 . 7
V a l v e ( o p e n )
C o n t r a c t e d
s k e l e t a l
m u s c l e
V a l v e ( c l o s e d )
V e i n
D i r e c t i o n o f
b l o o d f l o w
2 2L 1 8 B lo o d v e s s e ls b y D N

10. M o n it o r in g C ir c u la t o r y E ffic ie n c y
• V ita l s ig n s : p u ls e a n d b lo o d p re s s u re , a lo n g w it h
re s p ira to r y ra te a n d b o d y te m p e ra t u re
• P u ls e : p re s s u re w a v e c a u s e d b y t h e e x p a n s io n a n d
re c o il o f a r te r ie s :
• n e e d to b e a b le to id e n t ify t h e fo llo w in g p u ls e s :
– R a d ia l p u ls e
– U ln a r p u ls e
– C a ro t id p u ls e
– B ra c h ia l p u ls e
– F e m o ra l p u ls e
– D o rs a l p e d a l p u ls e
– P o s te r io r t ib ia l p u ls e
2 5L 1 8 B lo o d v e s s e ls b y D N

11. CARDIAC OUTPUT

Co = stroke volume X Heart rate (min)
SV= 70ml approx
during exercise--> ??????

12. Calculate your Cardiac Output

Find your radial pulse
count your pulse over 15 seconds and multiply
by 4 to find Heart Rate per/minute
multiply heart rate by 70ml
COMPARE:
FIT VS UNFIT (50BPM VS 90BPM)

13. BLOOD PRESSURE

Survivor monday night???
Erik taken from the game for medical reasons...
blood pressure was: 100/70 mmHG
remember this...

14. WHAT IS BLOOD PRESSURE????
Is the force exerted by the blood against the
artery walls as it is pumped around the body.
Why is it important? Constant flow of blood
to all tissues.
No oxygen? DEAD

15. HOW DO WE MEASURE BP?

SPHYGMOMANOMETER


16. SYSTOLIC & DIASTOLIC
- BLOOD PUMPING CREATES WAVES. The
peaks are the systolic pressure and the low
points are the diastolic pressure (s/d)
- REMEMBER BY BEING A 'GANGSTA'
hand is a heart: open vs closed
- dis (you dissin me? Slap!!!) open hand
- Sys (YO sister “knock knuckles”) closed hand

17. Healthy and unhealthy blood
pressure

Normal--- 120/80 mmHG

High >140/100 mmHG

Low < 90/60 mmHG

ERIK from survivor was in starvation mode
with low blood pressure of 100/70 mmHG...

18. HIGH VS LOW BLOOD
PRESSURE
HYPERtension-
systole >140 and diastole > 100:
increased pumping of heart or narrowing or
arteries. Can be life threatening lead to heart
attacks- DEAD (number one killer in Aus)
HYPOtension-
systole < 90 diastolic:<60
SYMPTONS
-low BP can cause dizziness blackouts and
fainting from lack of blood to the brain,

19. Lets test our blood pressure...

One automatic spectrophotometer per group

I have batteries

Write your result on the board next to your
Heart beat.

20. Add your results...
NAME systole diastole Heart rate
p/min
Cardiac Output
CO= HR X SV
Mr Britton
Mr Davies

21. SUMMARY

DEFINE SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
DEFINE DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
CALCULATE CARDIO OUTPUT
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARTERIES, VEINS
WHY IS KNOWING BLOOD PRESSURE
IMPORTANT????