Anthony Smith thank goodness you

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Chapter 2 1
Liquid Solid
• Plasma, which is a straw-
colored fluid comprised
mostly of water
• Cellular
components,
including:
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets
Blood, when allowed to stand, will
separate into two components:

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Blood Functions
1.Respiratory
 Transport O2 from lungs to tissues
 Transport CO2 from tissues to lungs
2. Nutrition
 Transport “food” from gut to tissues
3. Excretory
 Transport waste from tissues to kidney
(urea, uric acid)
Chapter 2 2

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4. Protective
 White blood cells , antibodies, antitoxins.
5. Regulatory
 regulate body temperature
 regulate body pH 7.35 to 7.45
Chapter 2 3

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Blood plasma
• Straw colored clear liquid contains: 91% water,
8% plasma proteins
created in liver and secreted to
bloodstream
Albumin: maintain blood osmotic pressure
Globulins: antibodies bind to foreign
substances called antigens form
antigen-antibody complexes
Fibrinogen: for clotting
• 1% other substances :Nutrients, electrolytes,
gases, hormones, waste products
Chapter 2 4

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Chapter 2 5
Serum is blood plasma minus the clotting proteins

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Chapter 2 6
• Originate in the bone marrow
• Resemble the shape of a
doughnut without a hole
(biconcave)
• Average lifespan is 120 days
• Normal value = approximately
4.5 to 5 million per cubic
millimeter of blood (mm²)
• Contains an iron-rich
protein molecule called
hemoglobin
• Responsible for carrying
oxygen and removing
carbon dioxide from
every body cell

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Chapter 2 7
Normal Hemoglobin Levels
Male = 14–18 grams/100 mL
of blood
Female = 12–16 grams/100
mL of blood
An abnormally low hemoglobin
level and/or decrease in the
number of red blood cells is called
anemia.
Symptoms of Anemia
• Weakness
• Headache
• Pale skin color
• Difficulty breathing
I’m just
so tired!

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Chapter 2 8
• Also known as white blood cells
• Primarily responsible for
destroying foreign substances
such as pathogens
• Appear round and white because
they lack hemoglobin
• Normal adult has 5,000 to
10,000 white blood cells per
cubic millimeter of blood(mm²)
Types of White Blood Cells
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes

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Chapter 2 9
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
• Most numerous of all the WBCs
• Main warriors against infection
(phagocytosis)
Eosinophils
• Present in a very small quantity
• Ingest and destroy foreign proteins
• Secrete chemicals to destroy parasites
• Increase during allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Basophils
• Least common granulocyte
• Assist with the inflammatory
process
• Release histamine and heparin

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Chapter 2 10
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
• Largest in size of all the
white blood cells
• Primary function is
phagocytosis
• Survive for several months
• Effective against chronic
infections
Lymphocytes
• Assist with the immune
system
• Produce antibodies that
destroy pathogens
• Aid in controlling allergic
reactions
Quantities of each type of WBC can be determined
with a blood test known as a differential.

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Chapter 2 11

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Chapter 2 12
• Also known as platelets
• Smallest of all the cellular
components
• Normal adult has 150,000 to
450,000 per cubic millimeter of
blood (mm²)
• Average lifespan is 9 to 12 days
• Prevent blood loss following an
injury

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Hemopoiesis:
The process by which the formed elements of
blood develop in the bone marrow.
Acute leukemia: is a malignant disease of
blood-forming tissues characterized by
uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes
Blood coagulation (clotting): The process
of blood coagulation is the prevention of blood
loss (hemostasis) and bleeding resistance.
Chapter 2 13

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Chapter 2 14
Following an injury, four events are available to stop the
bleeding:
• Vessels decrease
in size to stop
bleeding in small
vessels
• Inner torn layer of the vessels
releases chemical signals that call
platelets to the site of injury
• Requires the presence of certain
clotting factors to form fibrin
Blood Vessel Spasm
1
Platelet Plug Formation
2
Blood Clotting
3
Fibrinolysis
4
• Begins the repair
process

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Chapter 2 15
I. Blood vessel spasm II. Platelet plug Formation
III. Blood clotting IV. Fibrinolysis

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Components of the blood clot are:
1 – Fibrin is in the blood is dissolved.
2- Red blood cells.
3- A small number of white blood cells.
Blood coagulation factors "procoagulants"
•Fibrinogen.
•Prothorombin .
•Thromboplastin .
•Calcium .
•Vitamin " k ".
Chapter 2 16

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Chapter 2 17

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Chapter 2 18
The blood group system recognizes four blood types:
• Type A, B, AB, and O
• They are distinguished from each
other in part by their antigens and
antibodies.
• Specific antibodies are found in the
serum based on the type of
antigen on the surface of the RBC.

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Chapter 2 19
Compatibility Chart
Blood Type Can Accept From Can Donate To
A
B
AB
O
A, O
B, O
A, B, AB, O
O
A, AB
B, AB
AB
O, A, AB, B

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Chapter 2 20
The Rh Factor
Rh-Positive Rh-Negative
Contains the Rh antigen No Rh antigen
Will make antibodies
if given Rh-positive
blood
Agglutination can
occur if given Rh-
positive blood
Clinically, it is very
important for a female
to know her Rh type if
she becomes pregnant.

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Chapter 2 21
Mary is type O and she requires a blood transfusion.
Which of the following people can she receive blood
from?
John (type AB)
Harry (type B)
Kala (type O)
Answer: Kala type O
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