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Blood composion function & plasma proteine.pptx
- 1. Blood composion &function
- 2. General introduction • Hematologyis the study of physiology of blood & blood disorders. • Blood physiology includes the study of different components of blood, their formation & their role in different body functions. • Examination of blood is central to the diagnosis & management of not only hematological diseases but also of many other body dysfunctions. • Blood is an easily accessible & readily available tissue sample for investigations. 2
- 3. 3 The Blood • Bloodis viscous fluid composed of cells and plasma. • Blood is a specialized type of connective tissue in which living blood cells, (formed elements), are suspended in a non living fluid matrix called plasma.. 1. Cellular Part (Formed Elements) 2. Non cellular part (Plasma)
- 4. 4 Blood • Blood volume •5 to 6 liters in average male • 4 to 5 liters in average female • 8 % of total body weight • 80-90 ml/kg BW • 2.8lit./m² Color range o Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red bright crimson o Oxygen-poor blood is dull red o pH must remain between 7.35–7.45 o Temp 38 c or 100.4 F
- 5. Blood Composition • BloodComposition • Cellular Part (Formed Elements)--- 45% • RBCs, Red blood cells or erythrocytes • WBCs, white blood cells or Leukocytes • Platelets (thromobocytes) • Non cellular Portion (plasma)--- 55% • Fluid part (91-92%)--- water • Solid part (8%-9%) 5
- 7. 7 Straw coloredfluid Contains over 100 solutes • Organic substances • Plasma Proteins (Approx. 7%) • Albumin • Globulin • Fibrinogen • Prothrombin • Plasma complement system, approx. 20 proteins • Nitrogenous substances • Urea • Uric acid • Ammonia • Non-nitrogenous substances • carbohydrates • Lipids • Enzymes • Amylase • Carbonic Anhydrase • Pigments (Bilirubin) Composition of plasma Inorganic substances Different ions Sodium Potassium Bi-carbonate
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- 10. Functions of plasma •Helps in transport of substances in the body. • Maintains colloid osmotic pressure of blood. • Causes blood clotting because it contains the fibrinogen and prothrombin. • Stores proteins for supply in needs. • Helps in maintaining blood pressure and blood viscosity. • Contains antibodies and antitoxins. 10
- 11. 11 Physical Properties ofBlood and plasma • Specific Gravity of plasma is 1.024 • Specific Gravity of blood is 1.055 - 1.062 • Male: 1.057 • Female: 1.053 • Blood is 5 times thicker or viscous than distilled water. • Blood----- blood cells • Plasma----Plasma Proteins • Relative viscosity of water, plasma and blood are 1, 1.8, 4.7 respectively. • Plasma-(clotting factor and fibrinogen) = serum
- 12. Functions of blood Blood performs a number of functions. 1. Distribution 2. Regulation 3. Protection Distribution Functions Nutritive Function: Nutrients from GIT to whole body Respiratory Function: O2 and Co2 Transport Excretory Function: Metabolic Wastes to kidneys Transport Function: Enzymes Hormones Vitamins 12
- 13. Functions of blood •Regulation Functions • Maintenance Functions • Body Temperature maintenance through skin • Blood Volume, salts and blood proteins prevent excessive fluid loss. • Blood Pressure • Buffering Functions • Maintaining normal pH in body with the help of blood proteins and other solutes • Acts as body’s alkaline reserve of HCO3 - ions. 13
- 14. Functions of blood •ProtectionFunctions • Preventing blood loss • Platelets and plasma proteins initiate clot formation in case of damage. • Defensive function • Prevents body from being infected from invaders eg bacteria and viruses with the help of antibodies, compliment proteins and WBCs. 14
- 15. Blood Doping • Injectingpreviously stored RBC’s before an athletic event • more cells available to deliver oxygen to tissues • Dangerous • increases blood viscosity • forces heart to work harder • Banned by Olympic committee 19-15
- 16. Plasma Proteins 16 • Mostare produced by liver, except for hormones and gamma globulins • Not used up by cells as fuels • Plasma proteins account for almost 7% by weight of plasma volume • 6 - 8 grams of protein in a volume of 100 milliliters of blood (referred to as g/dl) • The plasma proteins include: • Albumins(4-5.5 g%) • Globulins(1.5-3g%) • Fibrinogen(0.3g%) & prothrombin • Regulatory proteins • Enzymes – coagulation enzymes, complement factors • C-reactive protein – acute phase reactant
- 17. Albumins (MW66000) • Smallestand most abundant of the plasma proteins almost 58% of total plasma proteins. • Soluble in distilled water • Precipitated by saturated ammonium sulphate • Coagulated by heat • 20-Days half life • At pH 7.4 it is anionic with 20 negative charges per molecule • Highly polar • Functions: • Regulate water movement between the blood and interstitial fluid. (Maintain osmotic pressure) • Albumins act as transport proteins that carry ions, hormones, and some lipids in the blood. • Kidney diseases albuminuria causes hypo albuminuria it also occurs in liver disease due to less formation of albumin 17
- 18.
- 19. 19 Causes of decreasedplasma albumin: • Decreased synthesis A. malnutrition B. malabsorption C. advanced chronic liver disease • Abnormal distribution or dilution A. over hydration B. increased capillary permeability like in septicemia • Abnormal excretion or degradation A. nephrotic syndrome B. burns C. hemorrhage D. loss of protein from the digestive tract • Rare congenital defects A. hypoalbuminemia B. analbuminemia
- 20. Globulins (MW90000-156000) • Notsoluble in distilled water • 38 % of plasma proteins • More easily precipitated by saturated ammonium sulphate • They are coagulated by heat • Series of slightly different globulins may be separated by using different concentrations of alcohol. • Electrophoresis can also result in separation and identification of different globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) • Functions: • Alpha & beta: produced by liver; transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat – soluble vitamins • Gamma: Antibodies released primarily by plasma cells during immune response. 20
- 21. • A/G RATIO •Normal 1.5 to 2.5:1 • In many diseases it is altered. • Detection of A/G ratio helps in diagnosis & prognosis of various diseases especially immunological & inflammatory
- 22. Fibrinogen & prothrombin •Fibrinogen: (MW340000) • Produced by liver. • converted to web like substance of clot. • Prothrombin: • produced by liver. • formation requires vitamin K. • converted to thrombin which enzymatically converts fibrinogen to fibrin. 22
- 23. Blood Cells • RBCs,Red blood cells or erythrocytes • WBCs, white blood cells or Leukocytes • Platelets (thrombocytes) 23
- 24.
Editor's Notes
- #19 Septicemia(blood poisoning)