This document provides an overview of visual literacy and how images convey meaning. It discusses how written text and visual images derive meaning differently, with text relying on temporal sequence and images relying on spatial relationships. The document includes examples of images from news sources and outlines techniques for analyzing visual elements, composition, perspectives and interpreting meaning from images. It also addresses issues with relying too heavily on written text when "walking" through pictures in a book.

1. Visual Literacy
Debbie Abilock, NoodleTools, Inc.
21st Century Learning Hong Kong (21CLHK)
January 25, 2013

3. Two ways of knowing
with different cognitive strategies
• Written text is governed by the logic of time
or temporal sequence whereas visual images
are governed by spatiality, composition, and
simultaneity (Kress, 2003).
• In addition, meaning is derived from position
in the temporal sequence of written text,
whereas meaning is derived from the spatial
relations or grammar of visual images (Kress
& van Leeuwen, 1996).

4. From observing to constructing meaning
What we notice What it might mean Implications

5. Read, understand, evaluate, create

6. Winter, Damon. March on Jena, La. 20 Sept. 2007.
New York Times. New York Times, 21 Sept. 2007.
Web. 15 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/09/20/us/2
0070921JENA_8.html>.
Body
Language
Candia, Robert. Chile Prison Fire. 8 Dec. 2010. AP
Images. AP, 8 Dec. 2010. Web. 5 May 2010.
101208042875

7. Maurer, Daniel. Germany Government. 6 Jan. 2011. AP
Images. AP, 6 Jan. 2011. Web. 5 May 2010. 11010614683
>.
Yu, Vincent. South Korea Koreas Nuclear. 12 Mar. 2003. AP
Images. AP, 8 Dec. 2010. Web. 12 Mar. 2003. 03031203828
>.

8. “The bridegroom leaps
and bounds like an
acrobat strutting,
swaggering, showing
off for his bride.”

9. SnooK irlone
~ Ma/1jfy/1 Nelso/l
Iljll.dMII~/I~1 TiIIlothy Basil E/I/~~ Abba Jacob splashed out.
He ran to meet the barking somersault
that leaped into his arms.
"Oh, Snook," he said. "Good dog!"
Snook whimpered against his friend's chest.
He licked his chin. his ears. Abba Jacob laughed.
"You silly. 'orriblt: littlt: beastie. you.

10. Questions for a “Picture Walk”
• What catches your eye first?
• How do the books' physical components relate to the content?
• Where is the text located on the page?
• How do the illustrations spreads, single-page images,
collages, overlapping images, or portraits convey the content?
• Where is the viewer positioned?
• Do the images in the book change from beginning to end?
• What is foregrounded, and what is included in the
background?
• What are the dominant colors?
• How is white, or negative, space used?
• Are there recurring image patterns (motifs, symbols)?
• Are there elements that seem odd?
• What is large? Why are certain elements larger than others?

11. Problems with “picture walks”
“During a picture walk, the illustrations
and design elements of a picture book
are often reduced to serving as
prompts for reading the written text,
rather than as a system of meaning in
their own right (Serafini & Ladd, 2008).”
Serafini, Frank. "When Bad Things Happen to Good Books." Reading Teacher
Dec.-Jan. 2011/ 2012: 238-41. Print.

12. The “grammar” of images
• Elements
– line, scale, shape, texture, patterns, light
• Arrangement
– balance, contrast, dominance /subordination,
emphasis, movement, repetition, rhythm, variation,
unity

13. The angle
Where are [ you ] standing?

14. Eye moves from side to side – spacious and stable
© Debbie Abilock

15. © Debbie Abilock
Eye moves from
near to far
Vertical image
exaggerates
depth and
distance

16. “The same text is interpreted differently depending on context.”
Harry Farid, Digital Forensics, Computer Science Dept. Dartmouth

18. © Debbie Abilock

19. Hoshiko, Eugene. China Rich at 60. 11 Aug. 2009. AP Images. AP, 29 Sept. 2009. Web. 5 May 2010. 090811065979

20. Light
What is illuminated?
Where is the light source?

21. © Debbie Abilock

22. Hine, Lewis. Manuel the young shrimp picker, 5 years old and a mountain of child labor oyster shells behind him. He worked
last year. Understands not a word of English. Biloxi, Miss. 20 Feb. 1911. National Archives. National Archives and Records
Administration, 2006. Web. 19 Dec. 2010. <http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/topics/labor.html>.

23. Warren, Jon. "Cambodia - Garbage
Pickers." Images of Child Labor. Child
Labor and the Global Village:
Photography for Social Change, 2003.
Web. 15 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.childlaborphotoproject.org
/warren.html>.

24. Yunsheng, Geng. Young coal miner in the Wumeng Mountains. [2001-2005]. Coal + Ice. Web. 1 Oct. 2011.
<http://sites.asiasociety.org/coalandice/ photographers/>.

26. Caption: “Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, third from left, prayed during the first Friday prayers of the holy month of
Ramadan in the West Bank city of Ramallah on Friday.” New York Times Photo Gallery 2007

27. Nichols, Michael. Jou Jou, captive chimpanzee reaches out it's hand to Dr. Jane Goodall. 8 Apr. 2008. National Geographic.
National Geographic Society, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2010. <http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/
wallpaper/photography/photos/milestones-wildlife-photography/goodall-touch/>.

28. © Robert Abilock

29. Lines
Where do your eyes go?
What patterns do you see?

30. © Debbie Abilock

31. Jeffrey, Paul. A boy scavenges in the municipal garbage dump in Chennai, India. He and other boys who work in the dump spend their
nights safely in a shelter sponsored by the Madras Christian Council of Social Service. Images by Paul Jeffrey. KairosPhotos, n.d. Web. 15
Dec. 2012. <http://kairosphotos.photoshelter.com/gallery-image/India-children-garbage-pickers/G0000ytq_14jGFlk/I0000XSxQiHk_NKg/
C0000_PhPeDw7ock>.

32. Dana, Felipe. Brazil Elections. 29 Sept. 2010. AP Images. AP, 29 Sept. 2010. Web. 10 May 2010.
100929022349

33. Pet:er McCart:y

34. Stieglitz, Alfred. The Steerage.
1933. Alfred Stieglitz Collection.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York. 33.43.419. Heilbrunn Timeline
of Art History. Web. 11 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/w
orks-of-art/33.43.419>.

35. Crowley, Stephen. Joseph R. Biden Jr., Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman, questioned General David Petraeus about
the war in Iraq, as Senators Christopher J. Dodd and John Kerry listened. 2007. New York Times. New York Times, 31 Dec. 2007.
Web. 19 Dec. 2010. <http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/photo/2007_YIP_FEATURE/index.html#washington>.

36. Moussa, Hatem. Mideast Israel Palestinians. 1 Oct. 2004. AP Images. AP, 1 Oct. 2004. Web. 5 May 2010. 041001016991

37. “intertextuality”
We recognize visual references in one
source that refer to an earlier one.
Natharius, David. "The More We Know, the More We See: The Role of Visuality in Media Literacy." American
Behavioral Scientist 48.2 (2004): 238-47. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. <http://abs.sagepub.com/content/48/2/238.abstract>.

38. Bruegel, Pieter. Children's Games. 1560. Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna. Elliott Avedon Virtual Museum of Games. Web. 18 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/VirtualExhibits/Brueghel/index.html>.

39. Collodi, C. The Adventures of Pinocchio. Illus. Attilio Mussino. Trans. Carol Della Chiesa. 1925. New York: Collier-Macmillan, 1969. Print.

40. Balilty, Oded. Mideast Israel Palestinians. 27 May 2010. AP Images. AP, 27 May
2010. Web. 10 Jan. 2011. 10052719895

41. “The underlying goal of the
encyclopedia is to promote
knowledge that leads to human
happiness, well-being, world
peace.”

42. Movement
Which direction?
What effect?

43. The White Church,
Hornitos, CA (1946)
"The White Church, Hornitos, CA." CARE. Collaborative
Arts Resources for Education, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.carearts.org/lessons/ image-bank/o-1/the-
white-church-hornitos-ca.html>.

44. “No one
looked
down…”

46. Balilty, Oded. A Jewish settler struggles with an Israeli security officer as authorities evacuate a West Bank settlement near the Palestinian town of
Ramallah after Israel’s Supreme Court cleared the way for the demolition of nine homes at the site. Feb. 2006. Associated Press. AP, 16 Apr. 2007.
Web. 19 Dec. 2010. <http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pulitzer/pulitzer.html>.

47. The context
Which image is chosen?

48. Lange, Dorothea. Destitute pea pickers in California.
Mother of seven children. Age thirty-two. Nipomo,
California. Feb. 1936. Prints & Photographs Online
Catalog. Lib. of Congress, 2006. Web. 19 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa1998021539/PP/>

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50. “Screaming silences”
Which images are missing?

51. The context
Where is it embedded?
Why is it there?

52. Page 2
lelegraph CO uk 0;;,)
620 x 387 - Mohammed Morsi grants himself
sweeping new powers in wake of Gaza
SIlTlllar More sIZes

53. Monroe, Mary Alice. Turtle Summer: A Journal for My Daughter. Illus. Barbara
J. Bergwerf. Mt. Pleasant, SC: Sylvan Dell, 2007. N. pag. Print.
Tha~ks to:
Bilrbar. Sthroeder of NOM's
Natio~al Mari~e Fisheries ~rvl(e­
Offic~ of Protected Resour(u
for ve"fvi~g the accuracy
of the information j~ this book
Educators and husbandry staff at the
South Caroli~a Aquarium
for identifvi~g shells. birds. and plants
Ni(hol.sJohannes for his "day nester" photos
Kelly Thorvalson. and
Susan and Lauren Geddings for their help modeling
Publ,,"er Cataloglng-In-Publication D,'~
"'OO",,", "'aryAlic~
Tu,tle ,ummer: ajou,nal lor my daugh,er / r..t~ry Alice Mon",,":
Iphotog,.ph, by111.lrn.raj. k'gwe,l, .ket,h... ;llumal'on.,
and la)'OlJ' ~I>g" by liu Downey.
I32J p.' col. ill., em
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Tu, Copyright " 2007 by Mary Alice Mon,oe
Photograph Copyrighl " 2007 by II.l,N,aj. k.gwerl
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Tltt ·Fo. Creati'"' Mind,' ~u<atlo""l ,echon m.y be copied by
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CO'le r SIOry:
Tudou, Youku to
face tou,g.h, times
a.head
I Management I photo I
~ LEAVE COMMENTS
~ TAKE AWAV PRIZES
~.r::lr-',$.a.c·1ytl![. "~ii~'l'iihlttll'
Latest News
• From the editor
• Subsidy for sea burials 10 Increase fivefold
• 2 nour additives may be banned
• Consumers concerned aboul 100 many
antibiotIcs In meal Survey
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use
""""
Follow China Dally US Edilion on

59. Outing, Steve, and Laura Ruel. "The Best of Eyetrack III: What We Saw When We Looked through Their Eyes." Eyetrack III.
Poynter Online, 2003. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. <http://www.poynterextra.org/eyetrack2004/main.htm>.
Reading visually

60. What site designs
do college students
prefer?
• Clear menus
• Clean, simple – not
flashy and busy
• Appreciate
multimedia but not
“blasted”
• Easy to scan
Nielsen, Jacob. "College Students
on the Web: User Experience
Guidelines." Alertbox 15 Dec. 2010:
n. pag. Web. 29 Dec. 2010.

61. AUOUACU .
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Community Photos'

62. o H ARK ER®LIBRARIES
Ubfllry ,. UbGuides ,. Inlernalionalls!UleS and Public Policy Admin Silln In
International Issues and Public Policy
This upper school guide provides a methodolgy and resources for researching contemporary topics in the IntemaUonallssues and Public PoliCY elective
last Updated: Nov 26, 2(112 f URL: hltp:l1h8rker.llbgukles.comiinlemalionaliuues i .s Print Guide I &i1 RSS Updlltes S Email Alerts ID SHARE 11 _ t'9J _
Nood leBlbHome GeHfng Background Info News Feeds
.......,~-':--'---,-..,Deep Web Subscription Oatabases
News Portals Ii Al erts Books IGOs 80. NGOs
Home ~ CommentslOl 8 Print P8Qe Search:
Welcome
Welcome to the home page for
your International Issues and
Public Policy research projeci.
This guide will help you plan
your research and link you to
resources, There will be
several milestones for the
project but our goal is to
prepare you to conduct
independent research in
college and monitor your own
progress along the way.
ropic prnell.tion d~ 9112 110 pts)
Revlnd Questions Due 9121 lli pt.)
Book s clled in Noodl.Bib, d... 1GJ1 2 115
..)
Journ.ols cited In Noodl.Blb. d... 11116
1 1~ plsi
Web,illO$. media. and IWi>W'$ cited in
NoodlHlib. d... 1 211 1'~ pts}
Devise d Research Plan
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REMEMBER: Represent the Dest Eossible ..sources!
Sources
~
o
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~
Articles Authority
1 This Guide .... S.lIrch
My Profile
Susan Smith
Contact Info
LilfBry Director
The HBlter School
Send Emal
links:
Profie & Guides

63. Welcome to our MHMS learning Wikl - Table of Contents:
.. pia<. lor Ion"" plao. . .._ oct_.,on<! ,oeM clK"""", • • • "" _ SchooIoo,'
:;;r.;i::::':::::. i"'""....,..,ntu"," -I
You wl1lf Ihe book ","'-WI & we pUbIlth Iheml - You n"d IltCh help.I home & YOiI got ItI

64. EncyclopedIa of r/l~ Middle Easl
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65. - 1
a Log in I create account
lrticle Discussion Read Edit View history [iearch
WIKIPEDIA
lhe Fr~ Encyclopedi:t
Main page
Contents
Featured conlent
Current events
Random artide
Donate to Wikipedia
.... Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
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I
IOttoman Empire
I FromWikipedia, the free encyd opedia
I
The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: -:,...; q.:..;Jjl Dev/et-i 'A/iyye-yi ·O~maniyye.15) Modern
Turkish: VOce Osmanlt Devleti or Osmanll imparatorlugu) was an empire that lasted from 27 July
I1299t' 1to 29 October 1923.
I
At the height of its power, in the 16th and 17th centuries, the empire spanned three continents,[7J
controlling much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa.ISI The Ottoman Empire
I contained 29 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the
empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries. The empire
Ialso temporarily gained authority over distant overseas lands through declarations of allegiance to the
Ottoman Sultan and Caliph, such as the declaration by the Sultan of Aceh in 1565; or through the
I temporary acquisitions of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, such as Lanzarote in 1585.191
IWith Istanbul as its capital city,ll0.l l l and vast control of lands around the eastern Mediterranean
during the reign of $uleiman the Magnificent (ruled 1520 to 1566), the empire was at the center of
l interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries.
The Ottoman Empire came to an end, as a regime under an imperial monarchy, on November 1,
1 1922.112111 formally ended, as a de Jure state. on July 24 , 1923, under the Treaty of Lausanne.(13) It was
I succeeded by the Republic of Turkey 141which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923.
The empire was also known in English as the Osmanic Empire, the Osmanian Empire or the
I Ottoman State and Osmanh imparatorlugu in Turkish . Some referred 10 il colloquially as the
ITurkish Empire or simply Turkey (see the other names of the Ottoman State).
I 1 History
Contents (hide)
I 1.1 Rise (1299-1453)
I
I
I
I
I
I
1.2 Growth (1453-1683)
1.2.1 Expansion and aporJee (1453-1566)
1.2.2 Revolts and revivat (1566-1683)
1.3 StarJnation and reform (1683-1827)
1.4 Dedine and modernization (1828-1908)
1.5 Dissolution (1908-1922)
1.5.1 FirstWorldWar(1914-1918)
1.5.2 Turkish War of Independence (1919-1922)
1.5.3 ottoman descendants during and after the exile
2 Fall of the Empire
3 Economy
.... 4State
t l,
---------I
I
I
~
I
~~.,:.i.jj
Devlet·i 'Aliyye.i 'Osmaniyye
Yiice Osmanll Devleti
Sublime Ottoman State
1299-1923
(0 .
FO, Coat of arm5
Motto
~
.:....~~
Devlet-i Ebed-niiddet
(The Eternal State)
Anthem
Ottoman imperial anthem
~
I Otlonwl lemloriH ~ecI ber"'ftI 1300 ~ 1&83 (See. fist of
- - - -I~) - - - -

66. Eras
OVERVIEW
ACnVtTY'-'-_ _ __
DlSCUSSIOII
ARTICLES
MEDIA, VISUALS, & MAPS
Eras IThe Ottoman Empire I
The Rise of the Ottomans (Overview)
-~e Ottomans started as one Turkish tribe among many in ASia Minor (the
teninsula thai forms most of modem Turkey) during the 13th century AD. From
' hose humble beginnings, they rose to establish a powerful empire that lasted for
t enturies. A dramatic interweaving of cultures fostered by war. trade. and ethnic
migration, the Ottoman Emptre eventually stretched across the Near East and
lnuCh of Europe.
~rigins
~sia Minor has always been a crossroads of cultures. During the 11th to 15th
PRIIlT Tlfl S DOCUMEIH
EMAIL 1l-IlS DOCUMENT
CITE TlfIS OOCUMEIIT
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -t::enturies. tribes in Asia Minor found themselves in the middle of an ongoing
power struflgle between the waning Byzantine Empire to the northwest, the
Seljuk Turks to the east. the II-Khamd dynasty of Mongols farther to the east.
and the MamJuks of Egypt and Syria to the south.
Clic k to Enla rge I±I
Trade was :also a major factodn shaping the society. politics. and economy of the region. As the bridge between Asia
and Europe,. Asia Minor was crossed by caravan routes and peppered with merchant towns. Riches from much of the
world collected there. spices, precious metals. fine textiles, coffee, and more. The wealth brought in by trade would fuel
the rising Ottoman Empire for centuries. Trade also brought a great mixture of peoples. Turkish peoples mixed with
Greeks . Ar.abs, Mongols. and even Chinese, who all brought their own religions. cultures. and languages to the peninsula.
,------;;,--------, The SelJuks ruled over Asia Minor until the 13th century, when their collapse left the tribal
groups of the peninsula to compete for power. Osman I. ruler of a principality near
Byzantine territory. immediately started to extend his influence over the surrounding lands
Click to Enla rge IE
and tribes. Military might and politically advantageous marriages quickly cemented his
control. Osman's location in north-central Asia Minor also gave his tribe a tremendous
advantage. They were very near the Dardanelles and within striking distance of the
Bosporus-two straits that were gateways to Europe
Osman and his followers. who laler became known as the Ottomans. claimed territory
under the ghazf tradition, the struggle to advance the power of Islam. As Osman's strength and notoriety rose, he drew
more soldie!rs willing to fight for their raith-as well as for booty-under the Ottoman banner
Early Exp,msion

67. All Referen~ mages Prmary Sources AcacJelTllC Journals "'ore.
@ World ~ US t) Both Wort! & US
Ottoman Empire - -----.,
IThe Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) was a Turkish·Musllm state that eXisted for more than SIX hundred years. It
was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in history, and it represented one of the greatest civHlzatiOnsl:>f
the mOdern period. Its territories, at fts height. included AnatoHa (part of present-day Turkey), the Middle East.
parts of East and North Africa, and southeastern Europe. comprising a total area of more !tIan 22 million squcle
Kilometers (aoout 8.5 million square miles) The Ottoman state was estaOlished oy a tribe of ognuz TurKS as one
of many small Turkish principalities that emerged in Anatolia during the Mongolian breakdown of the Anatolia~
SeljuK State. The state was ruled by the Ottoman dynasty of the Kayi tribe. The dynasty was founded oy Osm n I
(ca. 1258-1324; in EngliSh, Olloman) in SOgJ.Ot, in the Marmara region of modern Turkey. Situated on the
borders of the tottering Byzantine.,.View More
------ ..
Iii Images V~wAII50
Ol? Audio V!ewA1I16
Military Marching Bands:
Your Tax Dollars At Work
an All Things Considered,
September 29,2010
- Among The Greatest
Cuisines Turkish Is A Qftlight
lim Weekend EdrtJon Sunday,
August 1. 2010
<;jl Expert Picks
IJ!I
IJ!I
Part 5: Treaties: Limitation of Egyptian Arms
11841-1879)
Encyclopedia of AffllS Control and Dlsaffllament, 1879
The Ottoman Turks sought to employ arms control techniques
during the nineteenth century to maintain their rule over the
empire's most prized province, Egypt. at a time that local
governors, or Pashas, sought not only...
Ottoman Empire: Oid the Collapse of the Ottoman
Empire.. .
History In Dispute, 2002
.. The Ottoman Empire, like other multiethnic polities,
underwent an identity crisis during the nineteenth century as two
competing forms of nationalism influenced It. ' State nationalism."
like its counterpart in the...
@ Tools
~ Bookm4rt
-4l. Share
~ E""l
o€ Related Topics
- BYZantine Empire
- World War I
- Obama Marks Anniversary Of
Armenian Slaughter I ,I, Ottoman Military: Ottoman Navy
L _____ .I

68. FrontPage
I,:j--,
Digitill Rf!Sl'ilrch Tools (OiRn
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69. Consider the impact of smaller screens
Ii I..ilm.ry P'ublic
Public LibraryII••"'OVOICD w".
Books (AdulUl) Hard Magic. My Accoum
>by 'laura Anne Gilman ••, > Holds. fees and renewals
Books (Teena,
Luna 201O,
Search the Catalog
> >Harlem VS. Columbia University : Find and request Items
Books (Children)
Black siudeni power In the late 19605
Ask. Librarian
> by 'Stefan M. Bradley ••• > >
Urbana : UnlV1l(stty 0111110015 Press,
1M, texl or call
I Audio Books
> """,. Calendar of Event.
>Programs and classes
Hard rain : 8 thriller
DVDo
> by 'David Rollins ~.
"
Library Locations
>Now Yorl! : Bantam Books, 2010. Addresses, Ilours, maps
Co.
> Harwstlng young-ol-the-year from 8ookIDVOlCD Llil.
>large mammal populations an New and recommended
application 01 systemic management Library 81og.
oy 'Charles W. Fowler: .. E. Jewell: 'M.
For adults and leens >
V. Lee • , Facabook
>

70. ROT: Design
Fogg, B. J., et al. How Do People
Evaluate a Web Site’s Credibility?
Results from a Large Study.
Consumer Reports WebWatch.
Consumer Union, 11 Nov. 2002. Web.
5 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.consumerwebwatch.org/pd
fs/stanfordPTL.pdf>.

71. Donat
OCEAN ACIDIFICAnON
DATABASE
DoPI.ANTS UIC£
MORECOl?
SEARcH BY lbPIc
8'QEf~I:IJ JK L
oe RSIUY XY Z
The Many Benefits of
Atmospheric C02 Enrichment
•
Vollume 15 Number 52: 26 December 2012
New issue posted every Wednesday
To receive weekly summaries of C02 Science by XML/RSS _._ .........._~ feed, click here.
Major Report
The State of Earth's Terrestrial Biosphere: How is it Responding to Rising Atmospheric C02 and
Warmer Temperatures? : Climate alarmists have long suggested it is in dire straits. Real-world
observations, on the other hand, reveal that vegetative productivity and growth have been
significantly increasing over the past century or more.
Contribute to the Center
Click Here to Donate: We need your financial support! As a SOl(c)(3) public charity, the Center for
the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change accepts corporate, foundation and individual
donations to fund its educational activities. All donations are kept confidential. If you have browsed our website or
utilized our material in the past year, please consider making a financial contribution during this holiday season. Your
contribution is greatly appreciated.
Editorial
Eight Decades of Glacier Movements in Southeast Greenland: Have the ice masses been uniformly wastingavJay and
retreating?
Journal Reviews
Drifting Along with the CMIP3 Models: ... as they carry their creators on a frustratingly wild ride that is often far
removed from reality.
The Ability to Identify Category 4 and 5 Atlantic Hurricanes v ith Mid-20th-Century Tools: Were the tools of that earlier
age good enough to do a good enough job?

72. sCI nee Public Poll
MOST RECENT
~e~.L~y~~ .~~......~~..~~sl~g ................~......_M_M_____M_._........._...._......
~ios.eher~ ~~~q~~ivl.ty ~~...~fnca ...._. .._...__._..._.._..
~~~ph~~i~ ~rod~~ i~ity_~n .A~~~.....~~~.I~.~~.~.Q..~.~~_~a......__... __....
The Unbalance Sheet
AnalysIs of US and State-b. -State Carbon Dioxide
Emissions & Potential '~Saving "in Future Global
Tem~~~~ur~ &...§~.~~~~_~~~._~~.~...~.~~.~..._._______.__.._..._..................
Sea Leyel is Not Rising
Written by Professor Nils-Axel orner
Friday, 07 December 201 2 10:31
Main points
POPULAR
35 Inconvenrent Truths' The errors In AI Gore's movie
Proved The e is 0 Climate CrisIs_.........- ...._...... ...... ----_.. -_..- ...._...__._.........._ .._.._.._.._.
~allacies..~~.?~9.~b~~ar ..in~_ ....._ _...... _ ...__
~.~~~.~.~~~~..~~.._~!~~?..~~.~.~...~E.~.~.~.?~.~.~ ~~~~.~~.~?........_.
uConsensus? hat Consensus ? An ong Climate
SCientists The ebate Is at Over
- At most global average sea level is rising at a rate equivalent to 2-3 inches per century. It is probably no ising at all.
- Sea level is measured both by tide gauges and. since 1992 by satellite altil l etry. One of the Keepers of the satellite
retord told Professor orner that the record had been interfered with to sho sea level rising because the raw data
from the sateIHtes sho red no increase in glObal sea level at all.
- The ra. data from the TOPEXIPOSEIDON sea-level satellites. which operated from 993-2000, sho s a slight
uptrend in sea level However. after exclusion of the distorting effects of the Great EI ina Southern Oscillation of
9971 998 a naturally-occurring event. the sea-level trend is zero.
- The GRACE gravitational-anomaly satellites are able to measure ocean mass. from hich. sea-level change can be
NAVIGATION
Home
PP Blog
UtahClimate Blog
Pre Release
Reports
~ dia
Links
NEW BOOK OUT~

73. Truthful images aren’t just pretty

74. Edward Tufte: Visualize data
• Graphical excellence
– Greatest number of ideas
– In the shortest time
– With the least ink
– In the smallest space
• Shows data variation, not decoration
• Tells the truth
Tufte, Edward R. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. 2nd ed. Cheshire: Graphics, 2001. Print.

75. Adkins, Nikki. "Debunking the Myth of the Google Generation." Cambridge
Librarians' Teach Meet. Cambridge. Mar. 2011. SlideShare. Web. 30 Mar.
2011. <http://www.slideshare.net/missadkins/debunking-the-myth-of-the-
google-generation-camlibtm?from=ss_embed>.
Vague
language
Simplistic
rules
" ."

76. "Outbreak: The Deadliest Pandemics in History." Infographic. GOOD. GOOD Worldwide, 11 Aug. 2011. Web. 29
Dec. 2012. <http://awesome.good.is/transparency/web/1108/deadliest-pandemics/flash.html>.
OUTBREAKDeadliest Pandemics in History
)()C:.:>::>:XXX:IC.:JCXXXXXXXX.X>::>::>:XXX:.:.:.:>::.X)lXICIC.:.:.:>::>:::X
RI,. Around the Ro....
• Pocket full of PIque
~SI'I)'IlhtI BlIIC~ Dt..lh "sue OflsporedllMc:hokhn'J. .fIy"",
~Ibo& Nound The Ros~"""'id> iIIklded 10 the '1Ith-tN.e rinp WId
.sne of1M<Ie«Iued vlttlms..
Because a virus doesn·t care about state lines or national borders,
II can Wipe out mllhons and span multiple continents rapidly. Here
Is a loOk at the inlectk/Us diseases the world has battled
throughout history.
What Is a Pandemic?
Denved from the Greek WOfd pandemos meaning " pertaining to
ail people.- a pandelTMc is a widespread disease that affects
humans over a wide geographIC area.
25+ million
Key:
PANDEMIC DEATH TOLL
, I
25 million
HONG
KONG FLU 1 million
"Jo- I"
A~O'l~oIIbnof_
,wdlonr:Qll1'O I)'nlph IOdn.
Honorable Mentions
Although the fOllowing viruses do not
have a figure fOf tolal amount of hves
claimed, they continue to terrorize
vanous areas around the world.
MALARIA IIiOO Tod~
COrlV'llOn S~<loto",!
Chlb.Heaoacne. r~.;.und.c:e. "'U$de Pan
~UM;II. VomI"""Sto_
D...' ... r....
A.ccotdq: 10 lhe 'ItIoot<I Helllt/ Qrpt!Uhon's 2010
....'hwld MIlan. ~I: .., fitJrNtad 781 000
ptOOle tire I(,oe" b'l/11'Ie "'_US fNt:I'J 'jUI
nJBERCULOSIS 100 BC Tod~y
COrlvnQn 5,mplOnn
',*''''II~ 2 rniIIIotI lutlefC!.llO$o$o.elale<l
a.attI:I'oIoOridW!d.~)'Nf_
'l'EllOW fEVER llith C~n' ury Today
CO""""",S~....,tom,
8Iftd1f18 r_ ,...._.bmd."..Dt~1um.
~Jaunda

77. Pandemic vs. endemic
• Pandemic: an epidemic of infectious
disease that has spread through human
populations across a large region
– HIV, Spanish Plague, Black Death
• Endemic: a stable disease, continually
present in a community, people develop
resistance over time

78. OUT~EAK
86CillI5e il ",irliS doesn't C;lfe ilbo ~ rt s"te lines or niltlOn<ll borders.
it com WIJljl: out InilhOilS and SP<lI1 multiple continents filPidly. Here
is II look at UtI! IIllectious dl~l!aSl!s the lYorld has battled
throughout history.
Deacllies Pandemics I :r.: ... What is a Pandemic?
"'l..l.::;tory DariYfld trom the Gre~k word pilndemru meaning "pertaimng 0
human,.; owr lIl'Ird", ~mgraphlC: arl'1I
Key:
PANDEMIC DEATH TOLL
__~~~~~~~~~~~~=~=~=~~~~~~~:x:~:x:~J~'~":""'::.::I!: " palltllHllic is a widespll!lIu dIsuse Ina! IIffl!ct~
----~=-------------------------
RI.. Around the Aolie,
• Podlet ".11 of Pl.pe
1............" ..........0.-0411 ('"0,.. "'~,. . ...p.," ,~....
·~ .""""' ttor""-'" ·"" '''''' ...,.,..,l lnl1;.. ~ ·_,,,,I' .'''''"
eI1<'lIljl" l'II~ ~..,;"'"
25+ million
CHOLERA I 3 million, I I
25 million
•
THIRD
PANDEMIC 12 million
I
HONG
KONG FLU 1 million
,,,,-; .
~--.. ..
Houorable Mendon.....
Although the loIklwmg y"u ~s do not
haw iI figure flJol' tol~ 1 iIImount of h~I!S
claimed. !hey !;onbnUiI!D ll!rrori~e
vanous ar~as around the world
LlAUO... woo ~rr
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~'~._F_~~,.....,
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79. What % of people who
get this disease
die from it? (CFR)
17- 44%McCandless, David. "Fatal
Infection: Disease Case
Fatality Rates.“
Information Is Beautiful.
N.p., 24 Sept. 2009. Web.
29 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.informationisb
eautiful.net/2009/fatal-
infection/>

80. What % of
population died?
What % of
infected died?

81. What goes
in?
How is it
presented?
Quality
of
result
Data visualization is not
inherently neutral

82. Information in a visual is not yet know/edge
1000/0 - Other
Female
Ph.D
31-85
80 - Masters
23-30
Under- No pa rtn er
- graduate60
degree
Male
- 18-22
40
Secondary
- Have
20
<18 partner
Primary
o
Gender Age Education Relationship
Not : Data for age category al 0 includes respondents who were not contributor but who did read
Wikipedia . A rage ag for contributors i 26.8 (v . 25.3 for readers). "Regular" contributor includ
authors, editors, and administrators. Occasional" contri butors include readers who occasionally
contribute as authors or editors.
~()llr("t=I· 'ililtint=lrli~ <:;l lrVt=lV - ir t RA<;:ldt II I I II- MFR TT Anril Jnnq
No
childre n
Have
children
Family

83. Graham, Mark. "Virtuous Visible Circles: Mapping Views to Place-based Wikipedia Articles." Zero Geography.
N.p., 5 Nov. 2012. Web. 27 Dec. 2012. <http://www.zerogeography.net/2012/11/virtuous-visible-circles-
mapping-views.html>.

84. Creator Audience
Content
Photograph
Persuade?
Document?
Express?

85. What’s the visual message?
User:Jamesinderbyshire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hi, my first
name is James
and I live in
Derbyshire,
England. I am
English by
origin but have
travelled
extensively
internationally.
My main
interests are
generally in
history,
pOlitics,
religion and
also
specifically in
the geography,
landscapes,
culture, history
and beliefs of
Jamesinderbyshire
This user tries to do the right thing. If
'-" they make a mistake, please let
them know.
I ~ This user believes in civility and
~ assuming good faith.
GMT This use(s lime zone is GMT.
This user wastes far too much time
editing Wikipedia.
en This user is a native speaker of
English.
Search user languages
people in the British Isles and Europe. I specialise in the history
and archaeology of Roman and Sub-Roman Britain and also have
a Keen interest in Byzantium and related fields liKe the Holy
Roman Empire and Late Antiquity. I am not an archaeologist or
historian by profession, but a keen amateur, which has pluses
and minuses.
You are viewing the user page of a BBC-fan, particularly of Radio
4 and BBC Four. The latter is a wonderful source of programming
in a huge range of faSCinating topics and I recommend it to
international audiences who want to learn about Britain. For US
citizens in particular, BBC News Online offers a welcome factuality
and depth of commercial-free coverage onen lacKing in US media.
~ Userboxes
---:T::::h'7'is"'u-s"'e-r"'be-:-:I"'ie-ve""s"'t:::-h"'at"'a"'n-yo""n"'e-w-':h"'o'
thinks Wikipedia is an unreliable
source should conlinue their quest
to find a better website.
This user lives in Derbyshire.
This user is a history buff.
This user has an active inlerest in
Social History
This user is interested in
This user is interested in the history
of the Cold War.
military history of ancient Rome.
This user is interested in the
The Revelation - sculpture by Angela £;J
Conner, from the sculptures exhibition at
Chatsworth House, Derbyshire

86. “The minute you pick up the camera you begin
to lie – or to tell your own truth…You make
subjective judgments every step of the way – in
how you light the subject, in choosing the
moment of exposure, in cropping the print. It’s
just a matter of how far you choose to go.”
--- Richard Avedon
Fineman, Mia. Faking It: Manipulated Photography before Photoshop. New York:
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012. Print.

88. Probst, Barbara. Exposure #11b: N.Y.C., Duane & Church Streets, 06.10.02, 3:22 p.m., 2002. 10 June 2002. Morning News.
Morning News, 2006. Web. 19 Dec. 2010. <http://www.themorningnews.org/archives/galleries/split_second/01ss.php>.

89. William O., and Bruce F. Molina, illus. "Repeat Photography of Glaciers: Muir Glacier Pair." National Snow and Ice Data Center. U of
Colorado, Boulder, 1941-2004. Web. 19 Dec. 2010. <http://nsidc.org/data/glacier_photo/special_high_res_muir.html>.

90. History is “the set of questions that we
in the present ask of the past.”
– Ken Burns
“Burns’ Series Honors his Father’s War” by Steven Winn. San
Francisco Chronicle 9/19/07 E1

91. Hine, Lewis Wickes. Boys Picking Over Garbage on 'The Dumps'.
Oct. 1909. National Child Labor Committee Collection. Prints and
Photographs Div., Lib. of Cong., Washington. LC-DIG-nclc-04552.
Library of Congress. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.
<http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/nclc.04552>.

92. “Stolen Dreams”
Parker, David. Brick Worker, India, 1993”(above) from Stolen Dreams Gallery of the Harvard
School of Public Health <http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/gallery/gallery19.htm>l?

93. Runyon, Robert. Three children. N.d. Robert Runyon
Photograph Collection, Dolph Briscoe Center for American
History, U of Texas at Austin. American Memory. Web. 19
Dec. 2010. < http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.award/txuruny.07175>.

94. Menzel, Peter. Japan: The Ukita Family. 16 Dec. 1992. NOVA: World in Balance. PBS, Apr. 2004. Web. 19
Dec. 2010. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ worldbalance/mate-japan.html>.

95. What will
history say
about this
photograph?

96. News and
Entertainment
TV
News
TV
Entertainment
TV
Nass, Clifford & Corina Yen. The Man Who Lied to
his Laptop: What Machines Teach us About Human
Relationships.. Current-Penguin, 164-69
Credibility
changes with our
expectations

97. “Guideline 2.2 - Symbolic Photographs
If an illustration, especially a photograph,
can be taken to be a documentary picture
by the casual reader, although it is a
symbolic photograph…
Then the accompanying caption or text must identify:
– Substitution (i.e. a similar subject at a different time, or
a different subject at the same time, etc.),
– Symbolic (reconstructed scenes, artificially visualised
events to accompany text, etc.),
– Photomontages or other changes
“German Press Code” 2006

98. Silva, Joao. A sniper loyal to Shiite cleric Moqtada al Sadr fires towards U.S. positions in the cemetery in Najaf, Iraq. Michele McNally:
"Right there with the Mahdi army. Incredible courage." 2006. New York Times. New York Times, 12 July 2006. Web. 19 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.nytimes.com/ slideshow/2006/07/12/nyregion/20060712_ASK_SLIDESHOW_21.html>

99. “The ability of a visual
language to express
more than one meaning
at once is also…its
limitation.” Eco, Umberto (1994). The Search for
a Perfect Language. Blackwell. p. 174
Caption : “A child’s toy lies amidst broken glass
from the shattered windows of an apartment
block near those that were demolished by Israeli
air strikes in Tyre, southern Lebanon, Monday,
Aug. 7, 2006. Israeli bombs slammed into a
complex of buildings flattening four multistoried
apartment blocks, including the one apartment
that had been the target of Saturday’s Israeli
commando raid, whilst a civil defense ambulance
was hit in the rear and slightly damaged with
emergency workers who had gone to the bomb
site to search for bodies being forced to flee.”
(AP Photo/Ben Curtis)
Curtis, Ben. "Lebanon Mideast Fighting." AP Images. AP, 7
Aug. 2006. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.

101. Hauben, Ronda. "Korean Cloning Hero
Deconstructed Online." Telepolis. Heise
Zeitschriften, 24 Dec. 2005. Web. 25 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/21/21647/1.html>.
Published by AAAS

102. What meanings do we infer?
Icons, symbols, signs, metaphors

104. © Debbie Abilock

106. © Debbie Abilock

107. Bush in Roosevelt Room at Donaldson's
swearing in. 17 Feb. 2003. Getty Images. Getty
Images, 18 Feb. 2003. Web. 19 Dec. 2010.
©2003 Getty Images used with permission

108. Adams, Eddie. Vietnam War Saigon Execution. 1 Feb. 1968. AP Images. AP, 1 Feb.
2002. Web. 5 Dec. 2010. 6802010170

109. “Adolf Hitler in Paris, June 23, 1940.”
U.S. National Archives
“New York City Celebrating the Surrender of
Japan, Lt. Victor Jorgensen, August 14,
1945.” National Archives
Meaning changes

110. serenteen magazine's
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111. Digital forensics
Farid, Hany. "Digital Imaging." Encyclopedia of Perception. Ed. E. Bruce Goldstein. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2009. 362-
66. Hany Farid. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. <http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/publications/digitalimaging09.pdf>.

112. Altering truth…
• Digitally altered photos after they are taken
• Staged events as if they were real
• Staging scenes or moving objects and
photographing them
• False or misleading captions

113. “The Home of
a Rebel
Sharpshooter”
(1865-66) by
Alexander
Gardner.
Photographic
Sketch Book of
the War.
American
Memory.
Another
example:
Union or
Confederate?
http://www.fourandsix.com/photo-tampering-
history/

114. Teaching Tips

115. Homo Product Info
NoodleTools
Show Me© Born Digital Photo or Image
Has my photograph been altered?
Personal and professional photographs are often staged or edited:
• For dramatic or aesthetic impact
• To correct imperfections (e.g., red eye)
• To deceive the viewer
. ..", 11114111 1
One test for an edited image is to use an image search engine to compare your image with others.
The image
I searched
TinEye
R ve<1!e Image Seas,h
BResults
<ifrarne src='hnpJN.Vvw.noodletools.com/gutdelshoWme/eJDorn_digltal_pholo_oUmage_slarte F"Irl..t-tt !t1 ...

116. Fake Photo Non-scandal." BBC.
BBC, 5 Nov. 2007. Web. 25
Dec. 2010.
<http://www.poynterextra.org/ey
etrack2004/ main.htm>.

117. Farid, Hany. "Digital Forensics: 5 Ways to Spot a Fake Photo." Scientific American. Scientific American, 2 June
2008. Web. 22 Dec. 2010. <http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=5-ways-to-spot-a-fake>.
© Debbie Abilock
®®®

118. Ho..... Produel lnfo
NoodleTools
. Inlle l
Show Me© Born Digital Photo or Image
Has my photograph been manipulated?
Personal and professional photographs are frequently staged, cropped or altered
For dramatic or aesthetic impact
• To correct imperfections (eg.. red eye, exposure setting, color correction)
• To deceive the viewer
You can compare shadows on similar objects to see jf the light source is consistent Another method is to draw
lines to check the light source
Draw a line that connects a point on a shadow with its corresponding point on the object
Repeat for aU the shadows in a photo
If the shadows are real, the lines will either intersect or be parallel, indicating the location of the light source
TIp: Slight errors in matching points to shadows might throw the lines off slightly, but large discrepancies indicate
editing

119. Allan, Jennifer. "How
to Spot a Doctored
Photo." Wired.co.UK.
CondéNetUK, 5 May
2010. Web. 22 Dec.
2010.
<http://www.wired.co.
uk/magazine/archive/2
010/06/how-to/how-to-
spot-a-doctored-
photo>.
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121. Teaching Questions
• What is its impact on me?
• What do I literally see?
• How is it composed? What effect does that have?
• What can I infer about it?
• Who created it?
• For what purpose? Is it from something larger?
• Who is the audience?
• What’s the point of view (rhetorical stance)?
• Does it use conventions of a genre (news, art,
personal…)? What expectation do I have of this?
• What’s the larger context (historical, cultural)?
• What’s the message, theme or argument?
• Why is it important?

122. Jim Gourley Central Chinese TV
Headquarters CCTV Headquarters,
Beijing, CN.05.10.08

123. © Debbie Abilock
Show Me© Born Digital Photo or Image
How do I evaluate a "born digital" photograph?
A photograph can be both a visual record and a fine art Its meaning is shaped by the photographer's point of
view and the background we tJrirlg to it
To "read" and evaluate a photograph, ask:
• rVhat do I see (observations)?
• rIhat might it mean (inferences)?
• How does it make me feel?
• 'Why might this photo have t>een taken?
• What might be the photographer's intent (e.g , to persuade, anat(Ze, record or document, or as an artistic
expression)?
• IVhat is out 01 the picture? What might be missing?
• rVhat other questions might I ask?

124. Pro eots
NoodleTools
MLA Works Cited
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Dec. 2012. <http.ffhdUocgov/loc.pnplnclc.04552>
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125. Search visuals first
Google
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126. Compare Front Pages
• Newseum – pick two
• CNN v. CNN International
• NY Times Print v. NY Times Web Edition
• China Daily US, HK, China

127. Reading an image
• Elements
– line, scale, shape, texture, patterns, light
• Arrangement
– balance, contrast, dominance /subordination, emphasis, movement,
repetition, rhythm, variation, unity.
• Subject
– main / supporting
• Context
– Culture, symbols, background
• Purpose / Audience

128. Classical rhetoric can provide a
framework for visual literacy
• Ethos: The perceived credibility of the
author / creator
• Logos: The logical appeals of the author /
creator designed to influence the audience
• Pathos: The emotional appeals of the
author / creator designed to influence the
audience.

129. Content
Viewer
response,
background
Creator
purpose
Image
tone, style,
genre, structure
medium
beliefs, point of view
Context
Created when and where?
(Social, cultural, political,
economic…)
Context
Embedded in…?
(newspaper, album,
scientific paper…)

130. Content
Viewer
response
Photographer
purpose
Photograph
tone, style,
genre, structure
beliefs, point of view
Context
Created when and where?
(Social, cultural, political,
economic…)
Context
Embedded where?
(newspaper, album,
scientific paper…)

131. Visual Literacy: News Media
______'s Reading of a Media Photograph
'VHAT DO YOU SEE? (Observations) WHAT DOES IT MEAN? (Inference)
Nonverbal gestures (anus, hands, fingers)
Facial expression (head, eyes, mouth)
Body language (distances, code matchiug)
People (age, gender, ethnicity)

132. Teaching Considerations
“visual thinkers”*
• They differ: memory, imagery, spatial abilities
• Trouble translating visuals into words – may be
reluctant or late talkers
• Trouble ordering, relating, connecting pieces of
information
• Sensitivity to visual overload
• Tendency toward false memories
• Trouble retrieving information - but a visual cue
can bring back a flood of knowledge
Eide, Brock, and Fernette Eide. "Vivid Visual Thinkers - Blessings and Burdens." Eide Neurolearning Blog.
Blogger, 27 Apr. 2007. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. <http://eideneurolearningblog.blogspot.com/2007/04/ vivid-visual-
thinkers-blessings-and.html>.

133. Strengths of visual thinkers*
• Exceptional photographic recall
• Can visually imagine, manipulate, and rotate
objects in mind.
• Cinematic thinking - potentially great for film-
making or storytelling
• Strong recall of visual details
• Strengths in visual analysis, problem-solving,
pattern recognition
Eide, Brock, and Fernette Eide. "Vivid Visual Thinkers - Blessings and Burdens." Eide Neurolearning Blog.
Blogger, 27 Apr. 2007. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. <http://eideneurolearningblog.blogspot.com/2007/04/ vivid-visual-
thinkers-blessings-and.html>.

134. Visual Literacy
New challenge…
• European Americans find it easy to identify
an object out of context while Asians more
accurately detect changes in the background
environment. (Cole & Packer 143)
– Eye tracking shows differences between fixing on
the focal object vs. background. (Cole & Packer 148)
• Americans take photos in which faces are
35% larger than in East Asians’ photos. (Phillips
176-77)
Cole, Michael, and Martin Packer. "Culture and Cognition." Cross-Cultural Psychology: Contemporary Themes
and Perspectives. Ed. Kenneth D. Keith. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. 133-59. Print.
Phillips, William L. "Cross-Cultural Differences in Visual Perception." Cross-Cultural Psychology: Contemporary
Themes and Perspectives. Ed. Kenneth D. Keith. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. 160-80. Print.

135. Visual Literacy Competency
Standards for Higher Education
“Visual literacy is a set of abilities that enables an
individual to effectively find, interpret, evaluate, use,
and create images and visual media. Visual literacy
skills equip a learner to understand and analyze the
contextual, cultural, ethical, aesthetic, intellectual, and
technical components involved in the production and
use of visual materials. A visually literate individual is
both a critical consumer of visual media and a
competent contributor to a body of shared knowledge
and culture.”
http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/visualliteracy

136. Teaching provocation…
Visual literacy education should not begin with
reading [advertising] messages. We need
children to understand that they (we) are
exploited workers in the living room factory,
employed by the media and paid by content.
Our “job” is to consume advertising. ‐ Sut Jhally
Jhally, Sut. "The Factory in the Living Room: How Television Exploits Its Audience." Distinguished Faculty
Lecture, Dept. of Communication. U of Mass., Amherst. 8 Mar. 2007. Sut Jhally. Web. 25 Dec.
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137. Visual Literacy
Debbie Abilock NoodleTools, Inc.
debbie@abilock.com
http://www.NoodleTools.com