1) Juvenile black ratsnakes utilized all available macrohabitats but preferred forest, while adults seemed to have preferred habitats and locations.
2) Larger snakes moved further distances and traveled over longer total distances, while juveniles moved more often between locations.
3) Body size influenced movement patterns and habitat use in black ratsnakes, with an ontogenetic niche shift occurring as snakes matured from juveniles to adults.
With this calendar, PerkinElmer Applied Genomics takes the opportunity to both celebrate biodiversity and to remind us that inaction is not an option anymore. Since we understand the importance of concrete actions, PerkinElmer pledges to make a donation to the University of Texas at Austin, Biodiversity Center every time a QR code on this calendar is scanned.
Supersite field survey protocol developmentTERN Australia
The presentation provides an overview of the Australian Supersite Network and development of survey protocol. The presentation is part of the Workshop on Approaches to Terrestrial Ecosystem Data Management : from collection to synthesis and beyond which was held on 9th of March 2016 in University of Queensland.
Primate growing up with half the calories: New understanding about human heal...JackTalbot2013
New research shows that humans and other primates burn 50% fewer calories each day than other mammals. The study, published January 13 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that these remarkably slow metabolisms explain why humans and other primates grow up so slowly and live such long lives.
MAC 1105 2015-1 Test 2 Name _________________________________.docxsmile790243
MAC 1105 2015-1 Test 2 Name: _____________________________________
YOU MUST SHOW ALL WORK TO RECEIVE CREDIT.
Determine the intervals over which the function is decreasing, increasing, and constant. WRITE YOUR
ANSWER IN INTERVAL NOTATION.
1)
1
Evaluate the function for the given values of x.
2)
f(x) =
-3x + 3, for x < -1
x2 + 3, for -1 x < 3
2, for x 3
(a) f(-1);
(b) f(4)
Graph the function.
3) f(x) =
-5 - x, x < 1
-2, x 1
2
Graph the given function. Be sure to plot x- and y-intercepts (if they exist).
4) g(x) = x2 - 2
Graph the given function. Be sure to plot x- and y-intercepts (if they exist).
5) g(x) = -x + 5
Determine whether the given function is even, odd, or neither. Justify your answer.
6) f(x) = 3x2 + x4
3
Use the graph to find the indicated function value.
7) y = f(x). Find f(-2)
Determine the domain and range of the function.
8)
Find the domain of the function.. Write the domain in interval notation.
9) f(x) =
6
3 - x
4
10) f(x) = 2x2 - 9x, g(x) = x2 - 7x - 18 Find f/g.
11) Find (f - g)(-4) given f(x) = 4x2 - 3 and g(x) = x - 5.
12) Given f(x) = 4x2 + 3x + 8 and g(x) = 3x - 3, find (g f)(x).
5
Find and simplify the difference quotient of f,
f(x + h) - f(x)
h
, h 0, for the function. SHOW ALL WORK
13) f(x) = x2 + 7x + 1
Find the distance between the pair of points. Leave your answer in closed form (no decimals).
14) (2 3, 3) and (6 3, 4)
Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment PQ.
15) P(0.7, 6.1), Q(7.8, -6.2)
6
Write the equation of the circle in in standard form. Find the center and radius and use them to graph the
circle.
16) x2 + y2 + 8x + 6y + 21 = 0
7
Thump! Thump! Thump! As the hollow sound echoes through the Liberian rainforest, Vera Leinert and her fellow
researchers freeze. Silently, Leinert directs the
guide to investigate. Jefferson ‘Bola’ Skinnah,
a ranger with the Liberian Forestry Develop-
ment Authority, stalks ahead, using the thump-
ing to mask the sound of his movement.
In a sunlit opening in the forest, Skinnah
spots a large adult chimpanzee hammering
something with a big stone. The chimpanzee
puts a broken nut into its mouth then contin-
ues pounding. When Skinnah tries to move
closer, the chimp disappears into the trees. By
the time Leinert and her crew get to the clear-
ing, the animal is long gone.
For the past year, Leinert has been trek-
king through Sapo National Park, Liberia’s
first and only protected reserve, to study its
chimpanzee population. A student volunteer
at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology (EVA) in Leipzig, Germany,
Leinert has never seen her elusive subjects in
the flesh but she knows some of them well.
There’s an energetic young male with a big
belly who hammers nuts so vigorously he has
to grab a sapling for support. There are the
stronger adults who can split a nut with three
blows. And there are the mothers who parade
through the site with their babies. They’ve all
been ...
5 APRIL 2013 VOL 340 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 32.docxalinainglis
5 APRIL 2013 VOL 340 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 32
POLICYFORUM
A
1930s f ilm shows a dog running
and jumping inside a fenced enclo-
sure ( 1)—except that the dog has
a strange-shaped head, odd stripes, and a
rigid tail that can only move side-to-side.
The “dog” is actually one of the last thyla-
cines, a marsupial predator also called the
Tasmanian tiger. The fi lm was taken shortly
before humans extinguished the species for-
ever. Or did we? Recently, new technolo-
gies have made it plausible to try to revive
many recently extinct species. Scientists
around the world are discussing, and work-
ing toward, “de-extinction” ( 2).
Currently, three approaches to de-extinc-
tion seem most likely to succeed: back-
breeding, cloning, and genetic engineer-
ing. If the extinct species left closely related
descendants, it might be possible to use
selective breeding to produce progeny with
the phenotypes of the extinct species, as the
auroch project in Europe has been doing
since 2008 ( 3). With newly cheap genome
sequencing methods, one might guide back-
breeding with genome sequences from sam-
ples of the extinct species. Of course, back-
breeding will only be possible in situations
where the genetic variations of the extinct
species survive in the descendant species.
Cloning provides another possibility.
Using cryopreserved tissue from the last
known Pyrenean ibex, a Spanish group
used somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
to revive that extinct subspecies. Out of
several hundred efforts, however, only one
fetus survived to term, and it died minutes
after birth from lung abnormalities ( 4).
This example highlights two problems with
SCNT: it is neither very safe nor effi cient
and will only work if viable cell nuclei are
available. This will likely be the case in only
a few very recent extinctions.
Genetic engineering offers a third
approach. Take an extinct species—say,
the passenger pigeon—that left suffi cient
samples to allow high-quality whole-
genome sequencing. DNA in cells from a
similar living species—perhaps the band-
tailed pigeon—could be edited to match
the extinct species’ genomic sequence. The
modifi ed cells could then be used to produce
living birds that, genomically, were mainly
band-tailed pigeon but partially passenger
pigeon ( 5). By using targeted replacement
of genomic sequence ( 6) across several loci,
much of the extinct genome could be recon-
structed within several generations.
Neither the back-breeding nor genetic
engineering approaches would yield an ani-
mal that had exactly the same genome as
any member of the extinct species for many
years, if ever. The cloning approach, in the
few cases where viable nuclei are avail-
able, would produce a genomic twin to one
member of the extinct species—but only
one. Does one individual (or a set of clones)
make a “species”? Even if genomic iden-
tity .
This slideshow was created for the VCE Environmental Science Online Course, Unit 3: Biodiversity. It explains different methods of assessing biodiversity and discusses several indices for measurement.
The Assessment of Human-Snake Interaction and its Outcome in the City of KumbaAI Publications
Throughout history humans have had an uneasy relationship with serpents. Snakes are animals that fascinate many people while frightening others, good or bad, most people have strong feelings about snakes, but few people remain neutral. Most human-snake interactions had lead to the destruction of snakes due to human inability to control fear and panic. The indiscriminate killing of snakes for presumed human safety has drastically reduced the population of many snake species to the level of extirpation. The objective of this, however, is to examine the human interaction with snakes in city of Kumba. To get this survey done, a total number of two hundred and fifty questionnaires were administered to a randomly selected population sample in the study area. The results of the survey revealed that the prevention of snake attacks and the opinion of people on snake population management is significantly related (X2 = 11.069 df=4, P<0.05).The importance of snakes and their medical need for snake venom has showed a significant agreement (X2 = 12.045 df=2, P<0.05). Also, the prevention of snake attacks and the area snakes are easily sighted showed a significant association (X2 = 29.205 df=4, P<0.05). In addition, there is a significant link between the snake-bite treatment and its prevention (R2 = 0.312, P<0.05). Moreso, a respondent score of 39.30% is recorded upon the knowledge of venomous snakes. Furthermore, the study recorded a respondent score of 39.30% on the preferable use of traditional treatment on snake-bite victim than the expected medical treatment (31.84%), creating an understanding that the people of Kumba are still very much dependent on the ancient methods of treating snake-bite victims. The Kumba city dwellers need education on the snake behaviour, venomous and non venomous species around their area and the ecological and medical importance of snakes.
PENSOFT ARTICLE COLLECTION ABOUT MYANMAR
https://pensoft.net/about#Company-Profile
Pensoft is an independent academic publishing company, well known worldwide for its innovations in the field of semantic publishing and for its cutting-edge publishing tools and workflows. Founded in 1992 "by scientists, for the scientists" and initially focusing on book publishing, it has grown to become a leading publisher of innovative open access journals, such as: Research Ideas and Outcomes (RIO), ZooKeys, Biodiversity Data Journal, PhytoKeys, MycoKeys, Nature Conservation, NeoBiota, Comparative Cytogenetics, and others. Pensoft has published more than 1,000 books and over 4,000 open access articles, mostly in the field of natural history.
Pensoft is a member or partner of several professional publishing organisations and data publishing platforms, including CrossRef, OASPA, PubMedCentral, CLOCKSS, Research Data Alliance (RDA), OpenAIRE, LifeWatch, DataONE, Dryad Data Repository, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Encyclopedia of Life (EoL), and others.
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24248/
A new remarkable species of Alloscorpiops Vachon, 1980 from Myanmar (Burma) (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24453/
Filling the BINs of life: Report of an amphibian and reptile survey of the Tanintharyi (Tenasserim) Region of Myanmar, with DNA barcode data
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24198/
Taxonomic notes on Babinskaiidae from the Cretaceous Burmese amber, with the description of a new species (Insecta, Neuroptera)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22510/
Laubuka tenella, a new species of cyprinid fish from southeastern Bangladesh and southwestern Myanmar (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Danioninae)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22310/
New genus and species of sisyrids (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Late Cretaceous Myanmar amber
https://www.facebook.com/groups/799902210118950/permalink/1642543752521454/
https://www.facebook.com/Pensoft/
Dissertation: Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthr...jradinger
Presentation for the defense (disputation) of the doctoral thesis (dissertation) entitled: "Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthropogenic pressures" submitted by Johannes Radinger at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany. Date: Nov 19, 2014.
With this calendar, PerkinElmer Applied Genomics takes the opportunity to both celebrate biodiversity and to remind us that inaction is not an option anymore. Since we understand the importance of concrete actions, PerkinElmer pledges to make a donation to the University of Texas at Austin, Biodiversity Center every time a QR code on this calendar is scanned.
Supersite field survey protocol developmentTERN Australia
The presentation provides an overview of the Australian Supersite Network and development of survey protocol. The presentation is part of the Workshop on Approaches to Terrestrial Ecosystem Data Management : from collection to synthesis and beyond which was held on 9th of March 2016 in University of Queensland.
Primate growing up with half the calories: New understanding about human heal...JackTalbot2013
New research shows that humans and other primates burn 50% fewer calories each day than other mammals. The study, published January 13 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that these remarkably slow metabolisms explain why humans and other primates grow up so slowly and live such long lives.
MAC 1105 2015-1 Test 2 Name _________________________________.docxsmile790243
MAC 1105 2015-1 Test 2 Name: _____________________________________
YOU MUST SHOW ALL WORK TO RECEIVE CREDIT.
Determine the intervals over which the function is decreasing, increasing, and constant. WRITE YOUR
ANSWER IN INTERVAL NOTATION.
1)
1
Evaluate the function for the given values of x.
2)
f(x) =
-3x + 3, for x < -1
x2 + 3, for -1 x < 3
2, for x 3
(a) f(-1);
(b) f(4)
Graph the function.
3) f(x) =
-5 - x, x < 1
-2, x 1
2
Graph the given function. Be sure to plot x- and y-intercepts (if they exist).
4) g(x) = x2 - 2
Graph the given function. Be sure to plot x- and y-intercepts (if they exist).
5) g(x) = -x + 5
Determine whether the given function is even, odd, or neither. Justify your answer.
6) f(x) = 3x2 + x4
3
Use the graph to find the indicated function value.
7) y = f(x). Find f(-2)
Determine the domain and range of the function.
8)
Find the domain of the function.. Write the domain in interval notation.
9) f(x) =
6
3 - x
4
10) f(x) = 2x2 - 9x, g(x) = x2 - 7x - 18 Find f/g.
11) Find (f - g)(-4) given f(x) = 4x2 - 3 and g(x) = x - 5.
12) Given f(x) = 4x2 + 3x + 8 and g(x) = 3x - 3, find (g f)(x).
5
Find and simplify the difference quotient of f,
f(x + h) - f(x)
h
, h 0, for the function. SHOW ALL WORK
13) f(x) = x2 + 7x + 1
Find the distance between the pair of points. Leave your answer in closed form (no decimals).
14) (2 3, 3) and (6 3, 4)
Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment PQ.
15) P(0.7, 6.1), Q(7.8, -6.2)
6
Write the equation of the circle in in standard form. Find the center and radius and use them to graph the
circle.
16) x2 + y2 + 8x + 6y + 21 = 0
7
Thump! Thump! Thump! As the hollow sound echoes through the Liberian rainforest, Vera Leinert and her fellow
researchers freeze. Silently, Leinert directs the
guide to investigate. Jefferson ‘Bola’ Skinnah,
a ranger with the Liberian Forestry Develop-
ment Authority, stalks ahead, using the thump-
ing to mask the sound of his movement.
In a sunlit opening in the forest, Skinnah
spots a large adult chimpanzee hammering
something with a big stone. The chimpanzee
puts a broken nut into its mouth then contin-
ues pounding. When Skinnah tries to move
closer, the chimp disappears into the trees. By
the time Leinert and her crew get to the clear-
ing, the animal is long gone.
For the past year, Leinert has been trek-
king through Sapo National Park, Liberia’s
first and only protected reserve, to study its
chimpanzee population. A student volunteer
at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology (EVA) in Leipzig, Germany,
Leinert has never seen her elusive subjects in
the flesh but she knows some of them well.
There’s an energetic young male with a big
belly who hammers nuts so vigorously he has
to grab a sapling for support. There are the
stronger adults who can split a nut with three
blows. And there are the mothers who parade
through the site with their babies. They’ve all
been ...
5 APRIL 2013 VOL 340 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 32.docxalinainglis
5 APRIL 2013 VOL 340 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 32
POLICYFORUM
A
1930s f ilm shows a dog running
and jumping inside a fenced enclo-
sure ( 1)—except that the dog has
a strange-shaped head, odd stripes, and a
rigid tail that can only move side-to-side.
The “dog” is actually one of the last thyla-
cines, a marsupial predator also called the
Tasmanian tiger. The fi lm was taken shortly
before humans extinguished the species for-
ever. Or did we? Recently, new technolo-
gies have made it plausible to try to revive
many recently extinct species. Scientists
around the world are discussing, and work-
ing toward, “de-extinction” ( 2).
Currently, three approaches to de-extinc-
tion seem most likely to succeed: back-
breeding, cloning, and genetic engineer-
ing. If the extinct species left closely related
descendants, it might be possible to use
selective breeding to produce progeny with
the phenotypes of the extinct species, as the
auroch project in Europe has been doing
since 2008 ( 3). With newly cheap genome
sequencing methods, one might guide back-
breeding with genome sequences from sam-
ples of the extinct species. Of course, back-
breeding will only be possible in situations
where the genetic variations of the extinct
species survive in the descendant species.
Cloning provides another possibility.
Using cryopreserved tissue from the last
known Pyrenean ibex, a Spanish group
used somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
to revive that extinct subspecies. Out of
several hundred efforts, however, only one
fetus survived to term, and it died minutes
after birth from lung abnormalities ( 4).
This example highlights two problems with
SCNT: it is neither very safe nor effi cient
and will only work if viable cell nuclei are
available. This will likely be the case in only
a few very recent extinctions.
Genetic engineering offers a third
approach. Take an extinct species—say,
the passenger pigeon—that left suffi cient
samples to allow high-quality whole-
genome sequencing. DNA in cells from a
similar living species—perhaps the band-
tailed pigeon—could be edited to match
the extinct species’ genomic sequence. The
modifi ed cells could then be used to produce
living birds that, genomically, were mainly
band-tailed pigeon but partially passenger
pigeon ( 5). By using targeted replacement
of genomic sequence ( 6) across several loci,
much of the extinct genome could be recon-
structed within several generations.
Neither the back-breeding nor genetic
engineering approaches would yield an ani-
mal that had exactly the same genome as
any member of the extinct species for many
years, if ever. The cloning approach, in the
few cases where viable nuclei are avail-
able, would produce a genomic twin to one
member of the extinct species—but only
one. Does one individual (or a set of clones)
make a “species”? Even if genomic iden-
tity .
This slideshow was created for the VCE Environmental Science Online Course, Unit 3: Biodiversity. It explains different methods of assessing biodiversity and discusses several indices for measurement.
The Assessment of Human-Snake Interaction and its Outcome in the City of KumbaAI Publications
Throughout history humans have had an uneasy relationship with serpents. Snakes are animals that fascinate many people while frightening others, good or bad, most people have strong feelings about snakes, but few people remain neutral. Most human-snake interactions had lead to the destruction of snakes due to human inability to control fear and panic. The indiscriminate killing of snakes for presumed human safety has drastically reduced the population of many snake species to the level of extirpation. The objective of this, however, is to examine the human interaction with snakes in city of Kumba. To get this survey done, a total number of two hundred and fifty questionnaires were administered to a randomly selected population sample in the study area. The results of the survey revealed that the prevention of snake attacks and the opinion of people on snake population management is significantly related (X2 = 11.069 df=4, P<0.05).The importance of snakes and their medical need for snake venom has showed a significant agreement (X2 = 12.045 df=2, P<0.05). Also, the prevention of snake attacks and the area snakes are easily sighted showed a significant association (X2 = 29.205 df=4, P<0.05). In addition, there is a significant link between the snake-bite treatment and its prevention (R2 = 0.312, P<0.05). Moreso, a respondent score of 39.30% is recorded upon the knowledge of venomous snakes. Furthermore, the study recorded a respondent score of 39.30% on the preferable use of traditional treatment on snake-bite victim than the expected medical treatment (31.84%), creating an understanding that the people of Kumba are still very much dependent on the ancient methods of treating snake-bite victims. The Kumba city dwellers need education on the snake behaviour, venomous and non venomous species around their area and the ecological and medical importance of snakes.
PENSOFT ARTICLE COLLECTION ABOUT MYANMAR
https://pensoft.net/about#Company-Profile
Pensoft is an independent academic publishing company, well known worldwide for its innovations in the field of semantic publishing and for its cutting-edge publishing tools and workflows. Founded in 1992 "by scientists, for the scientists" and initially focusing on book publishing, it has grown to become a leading publisher of innovative open access journals, such as: Research Ideas and Outcomes (RIO), ZooKeys, Biodiversity Data Journal, PhytoKeys, MycoKeys, Nature Conservation, NeoBiota, Comparative Cytogenetics, and others. Pensoft has published more than 1,000 books and over 4,000 open access articles, mostly in the field of natural history.
Pensoft is a member or partner of several professional publishing organisations and data publishing platforms, including CrossRef, OASPA, PubMedCentral, CLOCKSS, Research Data Alliance (RDA), OpenAIRE, LifeWatch, DataONE, Dryad Data Repository, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Encyclopedia of Life (EoL), and others.
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24248/
A new remarkable species of Alloscorpiops Vachon, 1980 from Myanmar (Burma) (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24453/
Filling the BINs of life: Report of an amphibian and reptile survey of the Tanintharyi (Tenasserim) Region of Myanmar, with DNA barcode data
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24198/
Taxonomic notes on Babinskaiidae from the Cretaceous Burmese amber, with the description of a new species (Insecta, Neuroptera)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22510/
Laubuka tenella, a new species of cyprinid fish from southeastern Bangladesh and southwestern Myanmar (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Danioninae)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22310/
New genus and species of sisyrids (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Late Cretaceous Myanmar amber
https://www.facebook.com/groups/799902210118950/permalink/1642543752521454/
https://www.facebook.com/Pensoft/
Dissertation: Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthr...jradinger
Presentation for the defense (disputation) of the doctoral thesis (dissertation) entitled: "Modelling fish dispersal in catchments affect by multiple anthropogenic pressures" submitted by Johannes Radinger at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany. Date: Nov 19, 2014.
Which type of reproductive barrier separates a pair of jellyfish.docx
Black Ratsnake Class Presentation
1. The Importance of Body Size in Determining the Ecological Niche of the Black Rat Snake (Elapheobsoleta) Denise M. Roth
2. So…Why study snakes?? http://www.larry-adams.com/snake-check.jpg http://img114.imageshack.us/img114/8529/snake2tp9.jpg http://www.he-man.org/cartoon/cmotu-pop/snakemen1.jpg
3. Snake populations are declining! Habitat changes Pet trade Habitat fragmentation Senseless killing “Never wound a snake; kill it.” – Harriet Tubman “If you see a snake, just kill it - don't appoint a committee on snakes.” – Ross Perot http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/tcr/lowres/tcrn210l.jpg http://magickcanoe.com/snakes/baby-gartersnake-large.jpg
4. Changes in Habitat Use and Movement Patterns with Body Size in Black Ratsnakes (Elapheobsoleta) Gabriel Blouin-Demers, Laura P. G. Bjorgan and Patrick J. Weatherhead
5. Question Addressed Do black ratsnakes exhibit an ontogenetic niche shift? In other words: Does body size influence movement patterns and use of habitat in black ratsnakes? Hypothesis: Juvenile black ratsnakes should move more often, move over longer distances and travel further from hibernacula.
6. Why does body size matter? It influences thermoregulatory requirements Habitat use Susceptibility to predation Diet
7. Black Ratsnake(Elapheobsoleta) Adult length 3.5-8 ft Hatchlings 11-16 in Live in or near woodlands (near water) Good climbers: competition for tree cavities Diet: Rodents and bird eggs Reproduce in early summer Oviparous- 12-20 eggs Protected in neighboring states Threatened in Canada http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12145_12201-61209--,00.html
9. Queen’s University Biological Station Study area: 30 km² ~36 Snakes/ 1 km² 50 km north of Kingston, Ontario, Canada 100 km south of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada http://www.dlia.org/atbi/species/Animalia/Chordata/Reptilia/Squamata/Colubridae/Elaphe_obsoleta.shtml http://www.queensu.ca/biology/qubs/directions.html
10. Specimen Capture Funnel traps Measured for Snout-to-vent length (SVL) Weighed Sexed Marked with a passive integrated transponder tag http://icwdm.org/Images/amph-reptile/snake-nonpoison/Nonpoi10.jpg
11. Distinguishing between adult and juvenile Juvenile Adult < 1050 mm SVL http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/usfws/juvratsnake.jpg/medium.jpg http://www.tamssunshinehouse.com/Snakes/blackrat.jpg
12. Methods Implanted specimens with radio-transmitters Used movement data of adults from previous study (n = 82) Additional 10 adults tracked 35 juveniles Located snakes on foot and recorded location using GPS Also recorded behavior observed 153 known juvenile locations 153 random locations http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070721200335.htm
13. Classification of Variables and Statistical Analysis Analysis of Movement Patterns: Mean distance from hibernacula during active season Total distance travelled during active season Number of times individual moved when relocated Habitat Classification Forest Forest edge Open habitat MANOVA Habitat selection based on the 23 structural variables
14. Results: Habitat Use Juveniles utilized all available macrohabitats but preferred forest No significant difference in microhabitat use between chosen and random locations Key note: If juveniles are in dispersal stage, they are potentially less selective for previously visited locations n = 306 P = 0.11
15. Results: Movement PatternsDistance Travelled vs. SVL All individuals followed at least 3 months during active period ANCOVA: Relationship between the total distance travelled and SVL Significant with SVL P = 0.002 No significant relationship with sex P = 0.99
16. Results: Movement Frequency vs. SVL Do smaller snakes move more often? Relationship between SVL and number of times snake had moved Significant relationship with sex P < 0.001 Significant relationship with size P = 0.04
17. Conclusion Juveniles and adults differed in habitat use Juveniles visited sites at random Adults seemed to have preferred habitats and locations Movement patterns and behavior varied with body size Larger snakes moved further distances Juveniles moved more often
18. Discussion Possible explanations for habitat differences Thermoregulation strategies Juveniles escaping predation Juvenile dispersal
19. Future Research Ontogenetic niche shifts in reptiles Juvenile dispersal stages? Is it related to body size of the individual? Study different land configuration Where do the neonates go? Does habitat fragmentation actually benefit the adults?
20. What this means for the black ratsnake Ontogenetic shifts in habitat use do not seem to play a major role in species survival at this time and conservation strategies should be focused elsewhere to have an impact in sustaining populations in Ontario, Canada.
21. References Ohio Department of Natural Resources: Division of Wildlife. Eastern Ratsnake or Black Ratsnake. Accessed from http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/species_a_to_z/SpeciesGuideIndex/blackeasternratsnake/tabid/6556/Default.aspx http://www.washjeff.edu/Chartiers/Chartier/KEY/Reptiles/Snakes/brat.htm http://www.ext.colostate.edu/PUBS/natres/06501.html http://www.statistics.com/resources/glossary/a/ancova.php Blouin-Demers, Gabriel, Bjorgan, Laura P. G. & Weatherhead, Patrick J. (2007). Changes in Habitat Use and Movement Patterns with Body Size in Black Ratsnakes (Elapheobsoleta). Herpetologica, 63(4), 421-429. Arendt, J. D., & Wilson, S. (1997). Optimistic growth: Competition and an ontogenetic niche-shift select for rapid growth in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomisgibbosus). Evolution, 51(6), 1946-1954. Harding, James H. (1997). Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region. 308-312. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Black Rat Snake (Elapheobsoletaobsoleta). Accessed from http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12145_12201-61209--,00.html http://thinkexist.com/quotes/with/keyword/snake/
26. Average ~ 65 snakes/ 1.8 km² (Blouin-Demers et. al 2002) This study (Blouin-Demers et. al 2007) was 30 km² Based on previous data: Average in this study~1087 snakes/ 30 km ² or 36 snakes/1 km²