biomolecules class 12th chemistry

1. Biomolecules
Class 12th Chemistry

2. Introduction to Biomolecules
• • Biomolecules are organic molecules that are
involved in the maintenance and metabolic
processes of living organisms.
• • Major types include carbohydrates, proteins,
nucleic acids, and lipids.
• • They are essential for life and perform
various structural and functional roles.

3. Carbohydrates
• • Also known as saccharides or sugars.
• • Classified into monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
• • General formula: (CH₂O)n.
• • Provide energy and structural support.
• Example: Glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose.

4. Proteins
• • Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide
bonds.
• • Perform various functions: enzymes,
hormones, transport, structural.
• • Structure: primary, secondary, tertiary,
quaternary.
• Example: Hemoglobin, enzymes like amylase.

5. Nucleic Acids
• • DNA and RNA are the two main types.
• • Made of nucleotides (phosphate, sugar,
nitrogen base).
• • DNA stores genetic information; RNA helps
in protein synthesis.
• • Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine,
Guanine, Uracil (RNA).

6. Enzymes
• • Biological catalysts made of proteins.
• • Speed up chemical reactions without being
consumed.
• • Highly specific in action.
• Example: Lipase, protease, DNA polymerase.

7. Vitamins and Hormones
• • Vitamins: Organic compounds required in
small amounts.
• - Types: Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K), Water-soluble
(B-complex, C).
• • Hormones: Chemical messengers secreted
by glands.
• - Example: Insulin, adrenaline, thyroxine.

8. Summary
• • Biomolecules are essential for life.
• • They include carbohydrates, proteins,
nucleic acids, and lipids.
• • Enzymes, vitamins, and hormones play
crucial roles in metabolic activities.
• • Understanding biomolecules helps in
studying life processes.