Gain Knowledge on Biometrics, the burning topic now a days.

2. INTRODUCTION
Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person
based on physiological or behavioural characteristics.
As the level of security decreases and transaction fraud
increases, the need of highly secure identification and
personal verification technologies is more.
Biometric-based solutions are able to provide for confidential
financial transactions and personal data privacy.

3. HISTORY
• The term “Biometrics” is derived from the Greek word
bio(Life) and metric(To Measure).
• The first known example of biometrics in practice was a
form of finger printing being used in China in 14th century
by “Joao de Barros”.
• “Bertillonage” a method of bodily measurements was
used by police authorities.
• The police authorities started using finger printing, which
was developed by Richard Edward Henry.

4. WORKING.
All biometric systems work in a four stage process that
consist of the following:
CAPTURE
EXTRACTION
COMPARISION
MATCH/NON-MATCH

5. METHODS.
There are two types Biometrics:
A. Behavioural Biometrics.
i. Keystroke or typing Recognition.
ii. Speaker identification or recognition.
B. Physical Biometrics.
i. Fingerprint Identification or recognition.
ii. Voice authentication.
iii. Facial recognition.

7. BEHAVIOURAL BIOMETRIC.
• Keystroke or typing recognition: Keystroke recognition measures
the characteristics of an individual’s typing pattern including the time spacing
of the words. It can be used for identifying people who may create
inappropriate email or conduct.
• Speaker Identification or Representation: Speaker identification
and recognition is used to discover an unknown speaker’s identity based on
patterns of voice pitch and speech style. Behavioural patterns of voice differs
with every individual.

9. PHYSICAL BIOMETRICS.
 Fingerprint Identification or Recognition: This type of biometrics
compares two types of fingerprints for identification.
 Voice Authentication: It is the analysis of a vocal behaviour by
matching it to a voice model template.
 Facial Recognition: It uses algorithms to analyse features. These
includes the position/size/shape of the eyes, nose, cheekbones, jaw lines.

10. ADVANTAGES.
• Increase security.
• Eliminates problems caused by IDs or forgotten passwords
• Reduces password administration costs.
• Make it possible, to know, WHO did WHAT, WHERE and
WHEN !
• Replaced hard-to-remember password which can be
observed or shared.

11. DISADVANTAGES.
• Finger print of those people working in chemical
industries are often affected.
• It is found that with age the voice of a person differs.
• For people affected with diabetes, the eyes get affected
resulting differences.
• Biometric is an expensive security solution.