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BIOMES IN SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE.pdf
- 1. Biomes The World’s MajorCommunities
- 2. What are biomes? •Biomes are the different regions of our planet that have different climates, plants and animals. • A grouping terrestrial ecosystems on a given continent that are similar in vegetation, structure, physiognomy, features of the environment and characteristics of their animal communities.
- 3. Terrestrial biomes • DesertBiome • Tundra Biome • Coniferous Forest Biome • Rainforest Biome • Grassland Biome • Deciduous Forest Freshwater Marine Desert Forest Grassland Tundra
- 4. 1. Desert Ecosystems ▪ Location: Depending ontype of desert, you will find them in various locations.
- 5. Desert • Climate: veryhot and dry • Temperature: Hot during the day and cold during the night.
- 6. • Soil: Sandy,dry and loose; contains minerals like calcite.
- 7. Desert Abiotic factors ▪ <10 in/yrof rain ▪ Little to no topsoil due to high winds. ▪ Minerals not deep in soil. ▪ Too dry for decay http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr /taiga.html While there are many types of deserts, they all share one characteristic: They are the driest places on Earth!
- 8. Joshua Tree Desert Plant Adaptations: ▪Spines ▪ Succulents ▪ Thick, waxy cuticle ▪ Shallow, broad roots Barrel Cactus Ocotollio
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- 10. Desert Animal Adaptations: ▪Get water from food ▪ Thick outer coat ▪ Burrow during day ▪ Large ears ▪ Smaller animals = less surface area http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/desert_animal_page.htm Javelina Bob Cat Armadillo Lizard
- 11. jackrabbit Kangaroo mice Thorny devil Rattlesnake Spare foot toads iguana coyote gilamonster
- 12. 4 major typesof desert Hot and dry desert Semiarid desert Coastal desert Cold desert
- 13. Cold desert • Characterizedby cold winters with snowfall and high overall rainfall throughout the winter and occasionally over the summer. • Have a short, moist and moderately warm summers with fairly long, cold cactus winters. • Usually occur in Antarctic, Greenland and Nearctic realm.
- 14. Hot and drydesert • The seasons are generally warm throughout the year and very hot in the summer. The winters usually bring little rainfall. • The 4 major North American deserts of this type are the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Mojave and Great Basin.
- 15. Semiarid desert • Summersare moderately long and dry and like hot deserts • Winters normally bring low concentration of rainfall • Summer temperatures usually average between 21-27 0C. It normally does not go above 38 0C and evening temperatures are cool at around 10 0C. • Major deserts of this type include the sage brush of Utah, Montana and Great Basin
- 16. Coastal desert • Thecool winter’s coastal deserts are followed by moderately long, warm summers. The average summer temperature ranges from 13-24 0C; winter temperatures are 5 0C or below. • The maximum annual temperatures are about 35 0C and the minimum is about -4 0C. • These deserts occur in moderately cool to warm areas such as the Nearctic and Neotrophical realm. A good example of this is Atacam and Chile.
- 17. Threats to theDesert Residential development Off road recreational activities destroy habitat for plants and animals. Some plants are removed by collectors, endangering the population. Sonoran Desert Dry Desert http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm
- 18. Health Issues inDesert
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- 20. Tundra- coldest biome •Climate :Cold and limited sunlight • Temperature: Average temperature is 23F or 5 0C.
- 21. tundra • Soil: Groundcovered with little snow. Below the surface soil is permanently frozen (permafrost). Decomposition is very slow because of the extreme cold.
- 22. Tundra Abiotic Factors ▪<25 in/year ▪ Short growing season http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/taiga.html
- 23. Tundra Plant Adaptations ▪Growingclose to the ground ▪Having shallow roots to absorb the limited water resources. ▪Trees grow less than 1 m high! cottongrass Reindeer lichen
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- 25. Many visitors, migration Fewpredators Little Competition Small ears Insulation, thick coat Arctic fox snowy owl Grizzly Bear Tundra Animal Adaptations
- 26. Types of tundra AlpineTundra Arctic Tundra
- 27. The Arctic Tundra •Located between the North Pole and Coniferous Forest or Taiga region. It is extremely cold temperatures and land that remains frozen year-round. • A layer of permanently frozen subsoil called permafrost exists consisting mostly of gravel and finer material. • The growing season ranges from 50-60 days. • Location: North America- Northern Alaska, Canada, Greenland Northern Europe- Scandinavia Northern Asia- Siberia
- 28. Alpine Tundra • Locatedon mountains throughout the world at high altitude where trees cannot grow. • The growing season is approximately 180 days. • very windy. • typically covered in snow for most of the year. • Location: North America- Alaska, Canada, U.S.A. and Mexico Northern Europe- Finland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden Asia- Southern Asia( Mt. Himalayan ) and Japan (Mt. Fuji) Africa- Mt. Kilimanjava South America- Andes Mountains
- 29. Threats to theTundra One of the most fragile biomes on the planet The tundra is slow to recover from damage. Oil drilling is proposed in Alaska and other areas! Tufted Saxifrage Polar Bear
- 30. 3. Taiga Northern ConiferousForest Boreal Forest Location: Found only in Northern Hemisphere ▪Northern parts of Alaska, Canada, Asia and Europe.
- 31. Taiga/Coniferous Forest “ comingfrom the cones” • Climate: Very long and cold winter lasting to about half a year; precipitation is in the form of snow about 60 cm. • Temperature: Below -20 0C in winter and about 15 0C in summer.
- 32. Taiga Soil: • not fertile.It takes very long for needlelike leaves to decompose and decomposition is very slow in cold weather. • A layer of snow covers the ground during much of the year. Soil beneath the snow is grayish on top and brown below and lacks minerals needed by plants to grow.
- 33. Taiga Abiotic factors ▪ Wintersare long and cold ▪ Averages 100 in/yr precipitation—mostly snow ▪ Soil poor in nutrients and very acidic ▪ Growing season is very short
- 34. Balsam Fir ▪ Coniferous(needle-bearing) trees are abundant ▪ Roots long to anchor trees ▪ Needles long, thin and waxy ▪ Low sunlight and poor soil keeps plants from growing on forest floor http://www.inchinapinch.com/hab_pgs/terres/coniferous/plants.htm Fireweed Taiga Plant adaptations
- 35. Moose ▪ Adapt forcold winters ▪ Burrow, hibernate, warm coat, insulation, etc. http://www.inchinapinch.com/hab_pgs/terres/coniferous/animals.htm Great Grey Owl Animal Adaptations of the Taiga
- 36. mosquito bear hares porcupinesquirrel deer
- 37. Threats to the Taiga Miningoperations can irreparably damage this fragile ecosystem Road construction Clear cutting accelerates soil erosion, degrades wildlife habitat and leads to the loss of diversity.
- 38. 4. Rainforest biome TropicalRainforest Temperate Rainforest
- 39. Tropical Rainforest • covers about6-7% of the earth’s land surface. • It is located close to the equator, in 85 different countries, and the most are in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest in the world.
- 40. Tropical Rainforest • Climate: Theseasons do not change and it has been hot and wet for millions of years. The average temperature ranges from 70-85 degrees. It rains about 100-400 inches per year.
- 41. Tropical Rainforest Abiotic factors ✓high biodiversity and biomass ✓ both hot and moist; ✓ ideal for bacteria and other microorganisms; they quickly decompose matter on the forest floor allowing nutrients to be recycled.
- 42. Tropical rainforest Soil: • Lacksminerals and contains little remains of dead plants and animals. • Decomposition is rapid on warm wet soil. • <1 cm of topsoil; not very fertile
- 43. Bougainvillea ▪ Sunlight isa major limiting factor ▪ Shallow, wide roots since soil is so thin and poor in nutrients ▪ Little sun reaches the floor ▪ Tropical rainforest is the richest source of plants life on earth. ▪ Plants grow in layers (canopy receives most light). It is the perfect place for growing plants. Tropical Rainforest Plant adaptations Bangul Bamboo
- 44. ▪ Many symbiotic relationships ▪Live in different levels of canopy Wagler’s pit viper Silvery Gibbon Slender Loris Tropical Rainforest Animal Adaptations Many animals are specialists and require special habitat components to survive Camouflage is common
- 45. Threats to theTropical Rainforest ▪ Humans strip the rainforests for uses including logging and cattle ranching. ▪ In addition to the plants and animals that are displaced by this destruction, entire civilizations of people are also without a home. ▪ You can help by promoting sustainable use of the rainforests’ products
- 46. Temperate Rainforest • Location: foundnear coastal areas along the Pacific coast of Canada at the USA, and in New Zealand, Tasmania, Chile, Ireland, Scotland and Norway.
- 47. Temperate rainforest Climate: • Alsowet, but not as rainy as tropical rainforest. • Rains about 100 inches per year. • It is cooler than tropical rainforests but the temperature is still mild. • has 2 distinct seasons: one long wet winter and a short drier summer.
- 48. Temperate Rainforest Soil: • Typicallymuch thicker than the tropical rainforest. • It is structurally more complex, comprising several layers. • Generally much deeper and more fertile than those of tropical rainforests.
- 49. Temperate Rainforest Plants: • Thereare about 10- 20 species of trees on temperate rainforests that are mostly coniferous. Trees in the temperate forest can live for 500-1000 years.
- 50. Temperate Forest &Its Animals Bobcat Cougar Chipmunk
- 51. 5. Grassland • characterizedas lands dominated by grasses rather than large shrubs.
- 52. Prairie and Steppe: Grasslandareas ▪ They are called by different names- plains or prairies in North America, pampas in Argentina, steppes in Soviet Union, and veldt in South Africa.
- 53. Steppe Dry, cold, grasslands Location:Found in Russia and the Ukraine ▪Precipitation:50-75 cm/yr. ▪high Winds. It occurs in all continents.
- 54. ▪ most abundantare plants called Bunch grasses, fine bladed grasses that grow in clumps to preserve water Tumbleweed Sweet Vernal Plant adaptations of the Steppe
- 55. ▪ Many migrate,hibernate or burrow during extremes in temp and precipitation http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_animal_page.htm Adaptations of Steppe Animals Mongolian Gerbil Saiga Antelope Gazelle herd
- 56. Threats to theSteppe ▪ Overgrazing…nomadic tribes have started to spend more time in one location, ▪ Infrastructure development (roads, buildings, etc) ▪ Unmanaged hunting and poaching is destroying herds of animals Corsac fox Lynx Milk vetch
- 57. Sod-forming grasses that won’tdry out or blow away in wind. Fleabane http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/prairie_plants_page.htm Buffalo Grass Prairie Plant Adaptations
- 58. Many adaptations tosurvive in extremes temperature and precipitation Prairie dog Bobcat Prairie Animal Adaptations Geoffrey’s cat
- 59. Grassland It has twomain divisions, 1. Savannah Tropical grassland 2. Temperate grassland.
- 60. Savannas (Tropical Grasslands) Containthe greatest number of grazing animals on Earth. Location: Found in the tropics…near equator Amount of precipitation supports tall grasses but only occasional trees. The word savanna stems from an Amerind term for plains http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/savanna/savanna.html
- 61. Tropical Savanna Abiotic Factors Rainyand dry season 25-150 in/yr precipitation Fire plays a large role in this ecosystem http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/savannah.html
- 62. Whistling Thorn Umbrella Thorn Acacia TropicalSavanna Plant Adaptations ▪ Grows in Tufts ▪ Resistance to Drought ▪ Many plants have thorns and sharp leaves to protect against predation. http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_plant_page.htm Kangaroos Paws Baobab
- 63. Adapt for shortrainy season—migrate as necessary Reproduce during rainy season—ensures more young survive http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_animal_page.htm Zebras Chacma Baboon Tropical Savanna Animal Adaptations
- 64. Threats to theTropical Savanna http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_animal_page.htm ▪ Invasive species ▪ Changes in fire management ▪ Because of their low elevation, some savannas are threatened by minor rises in sea level associated with global climate change Koala Elephant
- 65. Temperate grassland ▪This grasslandis characterized as having grasses as the dominant vegetation. Location: ▪The major manifestations are veldts of South Africa, the puszta of Hungary, the pampas of Argentina, the steppes of the former Soviet Union and the prairies of Central America.
- 66. Temperate grassland Climate: •hot summersand cold winters. •Rainfall is moderate. The amount of annual rainfall influences the height of the grass land vegetation with taller grasses in other regions. Soil: The soil in a temperate grass land is deep and dark with fertile upper layers. It is nutrient –rich from the growth and decay and many branched grass roots. The rotted roots hold the soil together. The soil is fertile because of the remains of plants and animals and dried leaves of plant fell on the ground.
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- 69. 6. Temperate DeciduousForests Location: ▪ found in temperate zone (about 480 North lat) ▪ Much of the human population lives in this biome http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tbdf/tbdf.html
- 70. ▪ Characterized byan abundance of deciduous (leaf bearing) trees Characterized by 4 seasons ▪ Soils: Deep soil layers, rich in nutrients ▪ Precipitation: 30–100 in/yr in all forms (snow, rain, hail, fog, etc.) Temperate Deciduous Forests Abiotic Factors http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/taiga.html
- 71. More diversity inthe deciduous forest vs. the coniferous forest due to increased sunlight. Trees adapt to varied climate by becoming dormant in winter White Birch Birchhttp://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/deciduous_plant_ page.htm Lady Fern Geulder Rose Temperate Deciduous forest Plant adaptations Deciduous forests grow in layers More sunlight reaches the ground compared to a rainforest so you will find more ground dwelling plants.
- 72. ▪ Lose Winter Coat ▪Adapt to many seasons ▪ Eat from different layers of the forest least_weasel Bald Eagle Fat Dormouse Least Weasel http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/deciduous_animal_page.htm Temperate Deciduous Forest Animal Adaptations
- 73. Threats to TemperateDeciduous Forests http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tbdf/tbdf.html Many forests are cleared to provide housing for humans. Careful use of the resource can provide a renewable system if we don’t take too much habitat away.
- 74. Conclusion Biomes as "theworld's major communities”, are classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment". The importance of biomes cannot be overestimated. Thus, conservation and preservation of biomes should be a major concern to all. Because we share the world with many other species of plants and animals, we must consider the consequences of our actions. It is important to preserve all types of biomes as each houses many unique forms of life.