The document summarizes the roles and functions of various ligaments in the knee complex. It discusses the medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and other ligaments. It describes how each ligament resists different motions like varus, valgus, rotation and translation. It also explains how the ligaments work together and how their functions change with the position of the knee. The roles of muscles in loading and stabilizing the ligaments is also summarized.
This document discusses the biomechanics of various knee ligaments including the medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). It describes the anatomy and function of each ligament, noting that they resist different motions like valgus, varus, anterior/posterior tibial translation, and rotation. The roles and tensions of the ligaments change with knee position. Muscle forces can also impact ligament strains.
This document provides an overview of the biomechanics of various knee ligaments and structures. It describes the anatomy and function of the medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, posterior capsule ligaments, and iliotibial band. Each structure's role in resisting different motions at the knee joint is discussed, as well as how their function may change with knee position. Muscular effects on ligament strain are also reviewed.
This document discusses the biomechanics of the knee complex, focusing on tibiofemoral joint function and kinematics. It describes the primary motions of the knee as flexion/extension along with smaller amounts of medial/lateral rotation and varus/valgus motion. It explains how the cruciate ligaments and menisci facilitate and guide knee motion through rolling and gliding movements. The normal range of motion for flexion/extension is also outlined.
The document discusses biomechanics of the knee complex, focusing on tibiofemoral joint function and kinematics. It describes the primary motions of the knee as flexion/extension along with lesser rotations and translations. Flexion/extension occurs through rolling and gliding motions of the femur on the tibia. The cruciate ligaments and menisci help guide these motions while allowing for joint incongruence. Range of motion depends on other factors like flexion angle and involvement of other joints.
This document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee complex. It describes the anatomy of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, including the femoral condyles, tibial plateaus, and alignment of the femur and tibia. It also discusses how weight-bearing forces are distributed between the medial and lateral compartments during activities like standing, walking, and with conditions like genu valgum or genu varum. The complex biomechanics of the knee allow for both mobility and stability through interactions of its bones, cartilage, ligaments and muscles.
This document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee complex. It describes the anatomy of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, including the femoral condyles, tibial plateaus, and alignment of the femur and tibia. It also discusses how weight bearing forces are distributed during static and dynamic activities, and how malalignment can increase stresses on the medial or lateral compartments.
This document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee complex. It describes the anatomy of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, including the femoral condyles, tibial plateaus, and surrounding ligaments. It explains that the knee allows for flexion, extension, and rotation. It also discusses how the alignment of the femur and tibia influences weight distribution and stresses on the medial and lateral compartments during activities like walking. Abnormal alignments like genu valgum or varum can increase risks of conditions like osteoarthritis.
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Elbow Jointorthoprince
The elbow is stabilized both statically by bony articulations and ligaments, and dynamically by muscles. The three primary static stabilizers are the ulnohumeral articulation, anterior bundle of the MCL, and lateral collateral ligament complex. Muscles that cross the elbow act as dynamic stabilizers. The coronoid process, radial head, and ligaments all play important roles in stability, with the MCL and LCL being the primary soft tissue constraints. Proper biomechanics and force distribution across the elbow joint are necessary for normal function.
This document discusses the biomechanics of various knee ligaments including the medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). It describes the anatomy and function of each ligament, noting that they resist different motions like valgus, varus, anterior/posterior tibial translation, and rotation. The roles and tensions of the ligaments change with knee position. Muscle forces can also impact ligament strains.
This document provides an overview of the biomechanics of various knee ligaments and structures. It describes the anatomy and function of the medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, posterior capsule ligaments, and iliotibial band. Each structure's role in resisting different motions at the knee joint is discussed, as well as how their function may change with knee position. Muscular effects on ligament strain are also reviewed.
This document discusses the biomechanics of the knee complex, focusing on tibiofemoral joint function and kinematics. It describes the primary motions of the knee as flexion/extension along with smaller amounts of medial/lateral rotation and varus/valgus motion. It explains how the cruciate ligaments and menisci facilitate and guide knee motion through rolling and gliding movements. The normal range of motion for flexion/extension is also outlined.
The document discusses biomechanics of the knee complex, focusing on tibiofemoral joint function and kinematics. It describes the primary motions of the knee as flexion/extension along with lesser rotations and translations. Flexion/extension occurs through rolling and gliding motions of the femur on the tibia. The cruciate ligaments and menisci help guide these motions while allowing for joint incongruence. Range of motion depends on other factors like flexion angle and involvement of other joints.
This document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee complex. It describes the anatomy of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, including the femoral condyles, tibial plateaus, and alignment of the femur and tibia. It also discusses how weight-bearing forces are distributed between the medial and lateral compartments during activities like standing, walking, and with conditions like genu valgum or genu varum. The complex biomechanics of the knee allow for both mobility and stability through interactions of its bones, cartilage, ligaments and muscles.
This document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee complex. It describes the anatomy of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, including the femoral condyles, tibial plateaus, and alignment of the femur and tibia. It also discusses how weight bearing forces are distributed during static and dynamic activities, and how malalignment can increase stresses on the medial or lateral compartments.
This document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee complex. It describes the anatomy of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, including the femoral condyles, tibial plateaus, and surrounding ligaments. It explains that the knee allows for flexion, extension, and rotation. It also discusses how the alignment of the femur and tibia influences weight distribution and stresses on the medial and lateral compartments during activities like walking. Abnormal alignments like genu valgum or varum can increase risks of conditions like osteoarthritis.
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Elbow Jointorthoprince
The elbow is stabilized both statically by bony articulations and ligaments, and dynamically by muscles. The three primary static stabilizers are the ulnohumeral articulation, anterior bundle of the MCL, and lateral collateral ligament complex. Muscles that cross the elbow act as dynamic stabilizers. The coronoid process, radial head, and ligaments all play important roles in stability, with the MCL and LCL being the primary soft tissue constraints. Proper biomechanics and force distribution across the elbow joint are necessary for normal function.
The document discusses internal derangements of the knee, focusing on injuries to ligaments and cartilages. It describes the anatomy of the knee joint and then examines several specific ligament injuries in more detail, including the medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, and anterior cruciate ligament. For each, it covers anatomy, mechanisms of injury, clinical findings, and treatment approaches. The most common derangements involve injuries to the medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament.
This document discusses the function and biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the three motions of the hip joint - flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and medial/lateral rotation - as movements of the femoral head within the acetabulum. It also discusses pelvic motions including anterior/posterior tilt, lateral tilt, and anterior/posterior rotation which produce the same motions at the hip joint. Compensatory lumbar spine motions that accompany various pelvic motions in weight-bearing are also described.
The document summarizes the biomechanics of the elbow joint. It discusses the static and dynamic stabilizers of the elbow, including the primary static constraints of the ulnohumeral articulation, anterior bundle of the MCL, and lateral collateral ligament complex. It also describes the osteology and articular surfaces of the elbow joint and how flexion and extension enhance osseous stability. Key soft tissues like the medial and lateral collateral ligament complexes are explained. The roles of the coronoid process, radial head, and muscles in dynamic stabilization are highlighted. Joint forces at the elbow are distributed between the ulnohumeral and radiocapitellar joints.
The ankle/foot complex allows both stability and mobility through its structures. It bears weight and provides stability through the ankle joint and subtalar joint. The ankle joint permits dorsiflexion and plantarflexion around an oblique axis between the talus and tibia/fibula mortise. Ligaments including the deltoid and collateral ligaments support the joints. The talus wedging in the mortise enhances stability in dorsiflexion. Plantarflexion provides less stability.
This document discusses knee injuries and disorders (IDKs) of the ligaments and cartilages. It begins by describing the anatomy of the knee joint, which is the largest joint in the body. It is a synovial hinge joint composed of the femur, tibia, patella, and fibula. The knee joint contains ligaments like the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, and medial and lateral collateral ligaments that stabilize the knee. It also contains menisci that act as shock absorbers. Common knee disorders involve sprains or tears of these ligaments and tears of the menisci. Physical trauma is usually the cause of IDKs, often from sports injuries or accidents. The document then
The document discusses the muscles that act on the knee joint. It describes the seven muscles that flex the knee - the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, sartorius, gracilis, popliteus, and gastrocnemius. It also discusses the four knee extensor muscles which make up the quadriceps group. Additionally, it explores how some muscles like the hamstrings and gastrocnemius act as both flexors and extensors depending on the position of other joints they cross.
This document discusses the muscles that act on the knee joint. It describes the knee flexor and extensor muscle groups in detail, including their attachments, actions, and functional roles. Specifically, it outlines the seven muscles that flex the knee and notes their ability to produce various frontal and transverse plane motions. It then discusses the four muscles that make up the primary knee extensor group, the quadriceps femoris muscle, and how the patella influences their function.
The shoulder is one of the most unstable joints in the body due to its anatomy. Recurrent dislocations are influenced by age, return to contact sports, hyperlaxity, and glenoid or humeral defects. Younger patients and those returning to contact sports have higher recurrence rates. The glenohumeral ligaments, labrum, rotator cuff muscles, scapular positioning, and force couples work together to provide stability. Instability can be caused by traumatic injuries like Bankart lesions or atraumatic factors like muscle imbalances. Classification systems categorize instability as acute/chronic, directional, traumatic/atraumatic, and whether surgery or rehabilitation is typically required.
The shoulder is one of the most unstable joints in the body due to its anatomy. Recurrent dislocations are influenced by age, return to contact sports, hyperlaxity, and glenoid or humeral defects. Younger patients and those returning to contact sports have higher recurrence rates. The glenohumeral ligaments, labrum, rotator cuff muscles, scapular positioning, and force couples work together to provide stability. Instability can be caused by traumatic injuries like Bankart lesions or atraumatic factors like muscle imbalances. Classification systems categorize instability as acute/chronic, directional, traumatic/atraumatic, and whether surgery or rehabilitation is typically required.
1. The vertebral column is made up of 33 vertebrae divided into 5 regions with intervertebral discs between them.
2. It has both primary curves that are present from birth and secondary curves that develop with upright posture.
3. Each vertebra has a vertebral body in front and a vertebral arch in back, connected by pedicles with trabecular systems inside responding to stresses.
4. The intervertebral discs have a gelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by an outer fibrous anulus fibrosus and cartilage end plates separating it from the vertebrae.
This document discusses the structure and biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the anatomy of the acetabulum and femoral head that form the ball and socket joint. It details the angles of the acetabulum, including the center edge angle and acetabular anteversion angle. It also describes the acetabular labrum and angles of the femur relative to the shaft. The primary function of the hip joint is to support weight and enable mobility through walking, running, and other activities.
Vertebral column... and Biomechanics.pptxsacootcbe
The vertebral column is a complex structure composed of 33 vertebrae and intervertebral disks that meets the demanding needs of mobility and stability. It protects the spinal cord and attaches the pelvis. Each vertebra has a cylindrical vertebral body anteriorly and an irregularly shaped neural arch posteriorly. The vertebrae are arranged into five regions with variations to meet functional demands. Curves in the vertebral column provide increased resistance to compression and change throughout development. Intervertebral disks separate and cushion vertebrae. The vertebral column undergoes motions of flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and coupled rotations which place structures under varying degrees of compression and tension resisted by ligaments, disks, and facets.
This document discusses biomechanics concepts related to total hip arthroplasty (THA). It begins by defining key terms like force, vector, moment, work, and Newton's laws of motion. It then discusses biomechanical factors specific to the hip joint and THA, including joint reaction forces, component positioning and orientation, impingement, range of motion, and fixation methods. The focus is on how component design and surgical technique can affect stability, range of motion, wear and longevity of the hip replacement.
1. The elbow joint includes the humeroradial, humeroulnar, and superior radioulnar joints.
2. Flexion and extension at the elbow occurs around a fixed axis through the trochlea and capitulum.
3. Several ligaments and muscles work together to provide stability and control motion at the elbow and radioulnar joints during activities of daily living.
The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the ball and socket structure of the hip joint formed by the acetabulum and femoral head. It details the angles of the hip joint including the central edge angle and angle of anteversion. It discusses the muscles, ligaments, biomechanics including ranges of motion, and forces across the hip joint during activities like standing, walking, and squatting. Pathomechanics of conditions like hip fractures and dislocations are also mentioned.
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a surgical procedure to replace the weight-bearing surfaces of the knee joint to relieve pain from arthritis. The document discusses the relevant anatomy of the knee joint, biomechanics, indications and contraindications for TKA, and key concepts in knee replacement surgery such as femoral rollback and constraint.
12-year-old Male with Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis_ CurranCara Curran
This case report describes a 12-year-old male who presented to physical therapy 10 weeks post-op for an in-situ pinning procedure on his right hip due to a stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis. He had a history of hypothyroidism and obesity. Physical therapy focused on reducing pain and improving mobility, strength, and coordination through manual therapy, exercises, and neuromuscular retraining. Outcome measures showed a 72% increase on the Modified Harris Hip Score and decreased risk of injury on the Star Excursion Balance Test by the end of treatment. The report provides insight into examining and treating similar pediatric orthopedic patients.
The shoulder complex is composed of three bones - the clavicle, scapula, and humerus - joined by three joints. It provides a wide range of motion to the arm. The glenohumeral joint between the humerus and scapula has the greatest mobility of any joint. The sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints link the clavicle, scapula, and upper extremity to the axial skeleton. These joints contain articular surfaces, discs, capsules, and ligaments that allow motion while providing stability to the shoulder complex.
The knee joint is complex with three bones - the femur, tibia, and patella - forming two joints, the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints. The knee allows for flexion/extension in the sagittal plane as well as medial/lateral rotation in the transverse plane. Cruciate ligaments like the ACL and PCL provide stability while menisci absorb shock and increase joint congruence. Proper biomechanics and alignment of the femur and tibia distribute weight forces evenly across the knee. Injuries require clinicians to have extensive knowledge of the knee's intricate nature.
The document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee joint, including its structural components and functional movements. It describes the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, the bones that make up the knee (femur and tibia), supporting ligaments (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL), menisci, and the range of motions involved in flexion/extension, rotation, and abduction/adduction. It also discusses how the cruciate ligaments and "screw home mechanism" aid in locking the knee during full extension and unlocking it to allow flexion.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The document discusses internal derangements of the knee, focusing on injuries to ligaments and cartilages. It describes the anatomy of the knee joint and then examines several specific ligament injuries in more detail, including the medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, and anterior cruciate ligament. For each, it covers anatomy, mechanisms of injury, clinical findings, and treatment approaches. The most common derangements involve injuries to the medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament.
This document discusses the function and biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the three motions of the hip joint - flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and medial/lateral rotation - as movements of the femoral head within the acetabulum. It also discusses pelvic motions including anterior/posterior tilt, lateral tilt, and anterior/posterior rotation which produce the same motions at the hip joint. Compensatory lumbar spine motions that accompany various pelvic motions in weight-bearing are also described.
The document summarizes the biomechanics of the elbow joint. It discusses the static and dynamic stabilizers of the elbow, including the primary static constraints of the ulnohumeral articulation, anterior bundle of the MCL, and lateral collateral ligament complex. It also describes the osteology and articular surfaces of the elbow joint and how flexion and extension enhance osseous stability. Key soft tissues like the medial and lateral collateral ligament complexes are explained. The roles of the coronoid process, radial head, and muscles in dynamic stabilization are highlighted. Joint forces at the elbow are distributed between the ulnohumeral and radiocapitellar joints.
The ankle/foot complex allows both stability and mobility through its structures. It bears weight and provides stability through the ankle joint and subtalar joint. The ankle joint permits dorsiflexion and plantarflexion around an oblique axis between the talus and tibia/fibula mortise. Ligaments including the deltoid and collateral ligaments support the joints. The talus wedging in the mortise enhances stability in dorsiflexion. Plantarflexion provides less stability.
This document discusses knee injuries and disorders (IDKs) of the ligaments and cartilages. It begins by describing the anatomy of the knee joint, which is the largest joint in the body. It is a synovial hinge joint composed of the femur, tibia, patella, and fibula. The knee joint contains ligaments like the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, and medial and lateral collateral ligaments that stabilize the knee. It also contains menisci that act as shock absorbers. Common knee disorders involve sprains or tears of these ligaments and tears of the menisci. Physical trauma is usually the cause of IDKs, often from sports injuries or accidents. The document then
The document discusses the muscles that act on the knee joint. It describes the seven muscles that flex the knee - the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, sartorius, gracilis, popliteus, and gastrocnemius. It also discusses the four knee extensor muscles which make up the quadriceps group. Additionally, it explores how some muscles like the hamstrings and gastrocnemius act as both flexors and extensors depending on the position of other joints they cross.
This document discusses the muscles that act on the knee joint. It describes the knee flexor and extensor muscle groups in detail, including their attachments, actions, and functional roles. Specifically, it outlines the seven muscles that flex the knee and notes their ability to produce various frontal and transverse plane motions. It then discusses the four muscles that make up the primary knee extensor group, the quadriceps femoris muscle, and how the patella influences their function.
The shoulder is one of the most unstable joints in the body due to its anatomy. Recurrent dislocations are influenced by age, return to contact sports, hyperlaxity, and glenoid or humeral defects. Younger patients and those returning to contact sports have higher recurrence rates. The glenohumeral ligaments, labrum, rotator cuff muscles, scapular positioning, and force couples work together to provide stability. Instability can be caused by traumatic injuries like Bankart lesions or atraumatic factors like muscle imbalances. Classification systems categorize instability as acute/chronic, directional, traumatic/atraumatic, and whether surgery or rehabilitation is typically required.
The shoulder is one of the most unstable joints in the body due to its anatomy. Recurrent dislocations are influenced by age, return to contact sports, hyperlaxity, and glenoid or humeral defects. Younger patients and those returning to contact sports have higher recurrence rates. The glenohumeral ligaments, labrum, rotator cuff muscles, scapular positioning, and force couples work together to provide stability. Instability can be caused by traumatic injuries like Bankart lesions or atraumatic factors like muscle imbalances. Classification systems categorize instability as acute/chronic, directional, traumatic/atraumatic, and whether surgery or rehabilitation is typically required.
1. The vertebral column is made up of 33 vertebrae divided into 5 regions with intervertebral discs between them.
2. It has both primary curves that are present from birth and secondary curves that develop with upright posture.
3. Each vertebra has a vertebral body in front and a vertebral arch in back, connected by pedicles with trabecular systems inside responding to stresses.
4. The intervertebral discs have a gelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by an outer fibrous anulus fibrosus and cartilage end plates separating it from the vertebrae.
This document discusses the structure and biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the anatomy of the acetabulum and femoral head that form the ball and socket joint. It details the angles of the acetabulum, including the center edge angle and acetabular anteversion angle. It also describes the acetabular labrum and angles of the femur relative to the shaft. The primary function of the hip joint is to support weight and enable mobility through walking, running, and other activities.
Vertebral column... and Biomechanics.pptxsacootcbe
The vertebral column is a complex structure composed of 33 vertebrae and intervertebral disks that meets the demanding needs of mobility and stability. It protects the spinal cord and attaches the pelvis. Each vertebra has a cylindrical vertebral body anteriorly and an irregularly shaped neural arch posteriorly. The vertebrae are arranged into five regions with variations to meet functional demands. Curves in the vertebral column provide increased resistance to compression and change throughout development. Intervertebral disks separate and cushion vertebrae. The vertebral column undergoes motions of flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and coupled rotations which place structures under varying degrees of compression and tension resisted by ligaments, disks, and facets.
This document discusses biomechanics concepts related to total hip arthroplasty (THA). It begins by defining key terms like force, vector, moment, work, and Newton's laws of motion. It then discusses biomechanical factors specific to the hip joint and THA, including joint reaction forces, component positioning and orientation, impingement, range of motion, and fixation methods. The focus is on how component design and surgical technique can affect stability, range of motion, wear and longevity of the hip replacement.
1. The elbow joint includes the humeroradial, humeroulnar, and superior radioulnar joints.
2. Flexion and extension at the elbow occurs around a fixed axis through the trochlea and capitulum.
3. Several ligaments and muscles work together to provide stability and control motion at the elbow and radioulnar joints during activities of daily living.
The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the ball and socket structure of the hip joint formed by the acetabulum and femoral head. It details the angles of the hip joint including the central edge angle and angle of anteversion. It discusses the muscles, ligaments, biomechanics including ranges of motion, and forces across the hip joint during activities like standing, walking, and squatting. Pathomechanics of conditions like hip fractures and dislocations are also mentioned.
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a surgical procedure to replace the weight-bearing surfaces of the knee joint to relieve pain from arthritis. The document discusses the relevant anatomy of the knee joint, biomechanics, indications and contraindications for TKA, and key concepts in knee replacement surgery such as femoral rollback and constraint.
12-year-old Male with Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis_ CurranCara Curran
This case report describes a 12-year-old male who presented to physical therapy 10 weeks post-op for an in-situ pinning procedure on his right hip due to a stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis. He had a history of hypothyroidism and obesity. Physical therapy focused on reducing pain and improving mobility, strength, and coordination through manual therapy, exercises, and neuromuscular retraining. Outcome measures showed a 72% increase on the Modified Harris Hip Score and decreased risk of injury on the Star Excursion Balance Test by the end of treatment. The report provides insight into examining and treating similar pediatric orthopedic patients.
The shoulder complex is composed of three bones - the clavicle, scapula, and humerus - joined by three joints. It provides a wide range of motion to the arm. The glenohumeral joint between the humerus and scapula has the greatest mobility of any joint. The sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints link the clavicle, scapula, and upper extremity to the axial skeleton. These joints contain articular surfaces, discs, capsules, and ligaments that allow motion while providing stability to the shoulder complex.
The knee joint is complex with three bones - the femur, tibia, and patella - forming two joints, the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints. The knee allows for flexion/extension in the sagittal plane as well as medial/lateral rotation in the transverse plane. Cruciate ligaments like the ACL and PCL provide stability while menisci absorb shock and increase joint congruence. Proper biomechanics and alignment of the femur and tibia distribute weight forces evenly across the knee. Injuries require clinicians to have extensive knowledge of the knee's intricate nature.
The document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee joint, including its structural components and functional movements. It describes the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, the bones that make up the knee (femur and tibia), supporting ligaments (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL), menisci, and the range of motions involved in flexion/extension, rotation, and abduction/adduction. It also discusses how the cruciate ligaments and "screw home mechanism" aid in locking the knee during full extension and unlocking it to allow flexion.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
1. DR. DIBYENDUNARAYAN BID [PT]
T H E S A R V A J A N I K C O L L E G E O F P H Y S I O T H E R A P Y ,
R A M P U R A , S U R A T
Biomechanics
of the
Knee Complex : 4
2. Ligaments
The roles of the various ligaments of the knee have
received extensive attention, which reflects their
importance for knee joint stability and the frequency
with which function is disrupted through injury.
3. Given the lack of bony restraint to virtually any of
the knee motions, the knee joint ligaments are
variously credited with resisting or controlling:
1. excessive knee extension
2. varus and valgus stresses at the knee (attempted
adduction or abduction of the tibia, respectively)
3. anterior or posterior displacement of the tibia beneath
the femur
4. medial or lateral rotation of the tibia beneath the
femur
5. combinations of anteroposterior displacements and
rotations of the tibia, together known as rotatory sta-
bilization of the tibia
4. The large body of literature available on ligamentous
function of the knee joint can be confusing and
appears contradictory.
This may be due to some confusion in terms as to
whether the tibia or the femur is being referenced,
but it is more likely due to complex and variable
functioning and to dissimilar testing conditions.
5. It is clear that ligamentous function can change,
depending on the position of the knee joint, on how
the stresses are applied, and on what active or
passive structures are concomitantly intact.
6. Medial Collateral Ligament
The MCL can be divided into a superficial portion
and a deep portion that are separated by a bursa.
The superficial portion of the MCL arises proximally
from the medial femoral epicondyle and travels
distally to insert into the medial aspect of the
proximal tibia distal to the pes anserinus (Fig. 11-15).
7.
8. The deep portion of the MCL is continuous with the
joint capsule, originates from the inferior aspect of
the medial femoral condyle, and inserts on the
proximal aspect of the medial tibial plateau.
Throughout its course of travel, the deep portion of
the MCL is rigidly affixed to the medial border of the
medial meniscus (see Fig. 11-10).
9. The MCL, specifically the superficial portion, is the
primary restraint to excessive abduction (valgus) and
lateral rotation stresses at the knee.
The knee joint is best able to resist a valgus stress at
full extension because the MCL is taut in this
position.
As joint flexion is increased, the MCL becomes more
lax and greater joint space opening is allowed
(medially gapping).47
10. With the knee flexed, the MCL plays a more critical
role in resisting valgus stress despite the permitted
joint gapping.
Grood et al. determined that at close to full
extension, the MCL accounted for 57% of the
restraining force against valgus opening, but at 25°
of knee flexion, the MCL accounted for 78% of the
load.
11. This difference is likely due to the greater bony
congruence and inclusion of other soft tissue
structures (e.g., posteromedial capsule, ACL) that at
full extension can more effectively assist with
checking a valgus stress.
The MCL also plays a supportive role in resisting
anterior translation of the tibia on the femur in the
absence of the primary restraints against anterior
tibial translation.
12. The MCL has the capacity to heal when ruptured or
damaged, because of its rich blood supply.
An isolated injury, therefore, does not often
necessitate surgical stabilization but is often left to
heal on its own, although this remodeling process
can take up to a year.
13. Lateral Collateral Ligament
The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is located on
the lateral side of the tibiofemoral joint,
beginning proximally from the lateral femoral
condyle.
The LCL then travels distally to the fibular head
(Fig. 11-16), where it joins with the tendon of the
biceps femoris muscle to form the conjoined
tendon.
14.
15. Unlike the MCL, the LCL is not a thickening of the
capsule but is separate throughout much of its length
and is thereby considered to be an extracapsular
ligament.
The LCL is primarily responsible for checking varus
stresses, and like the MCL, limits varus motion most
successfully at full extension.
16. Grood et al. reported that at 5° of knee flexion, the
LCL accounted for 55% of the restraining force
against varus stress.
This capacity increased to 69% with the knee flexed
to 25°.
Although the LCL’s primary role is to resist varus
stresses, its orientation enables the LCL to limit
excessive lateral rotation of the tibia as well.
17. Anterior Cruciate Ligament
The relatively high rate of injury of the ACL by
athletes and other active individuals has resulted in
the ACL’s being one of the most highly researched
ligaments in the human body.
The ACL is attached to the anterior tibial spine (see
Fig. 11-9), where it extends superiorly and
posteriorly to attach to the posteromedial aspect of
the lateral femoral condyle (Fig. 11-17).
18.
19. The ACL courses posteriorly, laterally, and superiorly
from tibia to femur.
In addition, the ACL twists inwardly (medially) as it
travels proximally.
The ACL may also be considered to consist of two
separate bands that wrap around each other.
20. Each of these bands is thought to have a different
role in controlling tibiofemoral motion.
The anteromedial band (AMB) and the
posterolateral band (PLB) are each named for their
origins on the tibia.
The major blood supply to the ACL arises primarily
from the middle genicular artery.
21. The ACL functions as the primary restraint against
anterior translation (anterior shear) of the tibia on
the femur.
This role, however, belongs to either the AMB or the
PLB, depending on the knee flexion angle.
With the knee in full extension, the PLB is taut; as
knee flexion increases, the PLB loosens and the AMB
becomes tight, as demonstrated by the data plotted
in Figure 11-18.
22.
23. This shift in tension between the bands allows some
portion of the ACL to remain tight at all times.
In the intact joint, forces producing an anterior
translation of the tibia will result in maximal
excursion of the tibia at about 30° of flexion when
neither of the ACL bands are particularly tensed.
The ACL is also responsible for resisting
hyperextension of the knee.
24. There appears to be essentially no anterior
translation of the tibia possible in full extension
when many of the supporting passive structures of
the knee are taut (including the PLB of the ACL).
25. In addition to its primary restraint against anterior
shear, the ACL can act as a secondary restraint
against either varus or valgus motions (adduction
and abduction rotations respectively) at the knee.
With valgus loading, the lengths of both bands of the
ACL increase as knee flexion increases.
After injury to the MCL, a valgus moment will
increase the strain on the ACL throughout the flexion
range.
26. Although the ACL may not make an important
contribution to limiting medial rotation of the tibia,
medial rotation of the tibia on the femur increases
the strain on the AMB of the ACL, with the peak
strain occurring between 10° and 15°.
This is most likely due to the orientation of the ACL,
inasmuch as it winds its way medially around the
PCL, becoming tighter with medial rotation.
27. Regardless of the rotational effect on the ACL’s
loading pattern, injury to the ACL appears to occur
most commonly when the knee is slightly flexed and
the tibia is rotated in either direction in weight-
bearing.
In flexion and medial rotation, the ACL is tensed as it
winds around the PCL. In flexion and lateral
rotation, the ACL is tensed as it is stretched over the
lateral femoral condyle.
28. The muscles surrounding the knee joint are capable
of either inducing or minimizing strain in the ACL.
With the tibiofemoral joint in nearly full extension, a
quadriceps muscle contraction is capable of genera-
ting an anterior shear force on the tibia, thereby
increasing stress on the ACL.
29. Fleming et al. reported that the gastrocnemius
muscle similarly has the potential to translate the
tibia anteriorly and strain the ACL
because the proximal tendon of the gastrocnemius
wraps around the posterior tibia, effectively pushing
the tibia forward
when the muscle becomes tense through active
contraction or passive stretch.
30. The hamstring muscles are capable of inducing a
posterior shear force on the tibia throughout the
range of knee flexion, becoming more effective in
this role at greater knee flexion angles.
31. The hamstrings, therefore, have the potential to
relieve the ACL of some of the stress of checking
anterior shear of the tibia on the femur.
With the foot on the ground, the soleus muscle may
also have the ability to posteriorly translate the tibia
and assist the ACL in restraining anterior tibial
translation (Fig. 11-19).
32.
33. Given the potential of individual muscles to either
increase or decrease loads on the ACL, it is not
surprising that co-contraction of multiple muscles
across the knee can influence the strain on the ACL.
34. For example, co-contraction of the hamstrings and
quadriceps muscles will allow the hamstrings to
counter the anterior translatory effect of the
quadriceps and reduce the strain on the ACL.
35. In contrast, activation of both the gastrocnemius and
the quadriceps muscles results in greater strain on
the ACL than either muscle alone would produce,
unless the hamstrings also co-contract to mitigate
the anterior translation imposed by the
gastrocnemius.
36. Although muscular co-contraction will limit the
strain imposed on the ligaments of the knee, it comes
at a price.
Co-contraction will reduce the anterior shear force
on the tibia, but it increases joint compressive loads.
37. Posterior Cruciate Ligament
The PCL attaches distally to the posterior tibial spine
(see Fig. 11-9) and travels superiorly and somewhat
anteriorly to attach to the lateral aspect of the medial
femoral condyle (see Fig. 11-17).
Like the ACL, the PCL is intracapsular but
extrasynovial.
The PCL is a shorter and less oblique structure than
the ACL, with a cross-sectional area 120% to 150%
greater than that of the ACL.
38. The PCL blends with the posterior capsule and
periosteum as it crosses to its tibial attachment.
The PCL, again like the ACL, is typically divided into
an AMB and a PLB that are each named for their
tibial origins.
When the knee is close to full extension, the larger
and stronger AMB is lax, whereas the PLB becomes
taut. At 80° to 90° of flexion, the AMB is maximally
taut and the PLB is relaxed.
39. The PCL serves as the primary restraint to posterior
displacement, or posterior shear, of the tibia beneath
the femur.
In the fully extended knee, the PCL will absorb 93%
of a posteriorly directed load applied to the tibia.
This ability of the PCL to assume such a large load in
full extension restricts posterior displacement to very
minimal amounts.
40. Unlike the ACL, which resists force better at full
extension, the PCL is more adept at restraining
motion with the knee flexed.
Maximal posterior displacement of the tibia occurs at
75° to 90° of flexion, however, because with greater
knee flexion, the secondary restraints against
posterior translation become ineffective.
Sectioning of the PCL, therefore, increases posterior
translation at all angles of knee flexion.
41. Like the ACL, the PCL has a role in restraining varus and
valgus stresses at the knee and appears to play a role in
both restraining and producing rotation of the tibia.
The orientation of the PCL may result in a concomitant
lateral rotation of the tibia when posterior translational
forces are applied to the tibia.
The PCL resists tibial medial rotation at 90° but less so
in full extension.
The PCL does not resist lateral rotation very well.
42. In the absence of the PCL, muscles must be recruited to
actively stabilize against excessive posterior tibial
translation.
The popliteus muscle shares the role of the PCL in
resisting posteriorly directed forces on the tibia and can
contribute to knee stability when the PCL is absent.
In contrast, an isolated hamstring con-traction might
destabilize the knee joint in the absence of the PCL
because of its posterior shear on the tibia in the flexed
knee.
43. Contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle also
significantly strains the PCL at flexion angles greater
than 40° ,
whereas quadriceps contraction reduces the strain in
the PCL at knee flexion angles between 20° and 60°.
44. Ligaments of the Posterior Capsule
Several structures reinforce the “corners” of the posterior
knee joint capsule (Fig. 11-21).
The posteromedial corner of the capsule is reinforced by
the semimembranosus muscle, by its tendinous expansion
called the oblique popliteal ligament, and by the stronger
and more superficial POL.
The posterolateral corner of the capsule is reinforced by
the arcuate ligament, the LCL, and the popliteus muscle
and tendon.
The arcuate ligament is a Y-shaped capsular thickening
found in nearly 70% of knees.
(Attachments of these ligaments are given in Table 11-1.)
45.
46. Both the POL and the arcuate ligaments are taut in
full extension and assist in checking hyperextension
of the knee; the POL and arcuate ligaments also
check valgus and varus forces, respectively.
The orientation of the lateral branch of the arcuate
ligament allows it to become tight in tibial lateral
rotation.
47.
48.
49. Iliotibial Band
The IT band (or ITB) or IT tract is formed proximally
from the fascia investing the tensor fascia lata, the
glu-teus maximus, and the gluteus medius muscles.
The IT band continues distally to attach to the lateral
inter-muscular septum and inserts into the
anterolateral tibia (Gerdy’s tubercle),
reinforcing the anterolateral aspect of the knee joint
(see Fig. 11-16).
50. Despite the muscular attachments to the IT band, it
remains an essentially passive structure at the knee
joint; a contraction of the tensor fascia lata (TFL) or
the gluteus maximus muscles that attach to the IT
band proximally produce only minimal longitudinal
excursion of the band distally.
The IT band moves anterior to the knee joint axis as
the knee is extended, and posteriorly over the lateral
femoral condyle as the knee is flexed (Fig. 11-22).
51. The IT band, therefore, remains consistently taut,
regardless of the hip or knee’s position.
The fibrous connections of the IT band to the biceps
femoris and vastus lateralis muscles form a sling
behind the lateral femoral condyle,
assisting the ACL in checking posterior femoral (or
anterior tibial) translation when the knee joint is
nearly full extension.
52. With the knee in flexion, the combination of the IT
band, the LCL, and the popliteal tendon crossing
over each other increases the stability of the lateral
side of the joint and
even more effectively assists the ACL in resisting
anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur (see
Fig. 11-22).
53.
54. Despite its lateral location, the IT band alone
provides only minimal resistance to lateral joint
space opening.
The IT band also attaches to the patella via the
lateral patellofemoral ligament of the lateral
retinaculum.
As we shall see, this attachment of the IT band to the
lateral border of the patella may affect
patellofemoral function.