Class Project
Mapping of Crop Residues Using Hyperspectral Data:
· Techniques and indexes for quantification,
· Data sources and
· Unsupervised classification for tillage systems
Table of contents / INDEX
Topic
Page
1.
Problem / application
3
2.
Working hypothesis
3
3.
Project outcomes
4
4.
Literature review
4
5.
Data sources
8
6.
Methods
10
7.
Results
16
8
Issues and learning
20
9
Conclusions and future works
21
10.
Annex 1. Corrected bands and columns
22
11
Annex 2. Copy of in-running matlab code for de-striping
23
12
References
25
2
1. PROBLEM / APPLICATION
Agriculture is a widespread, basic activity around the world, which main purpose is to harvest food, fiber or/and energy. After every growing season residues are left in fields. It is important to quantify the amount and cover of agricultural residues for enhancing the understanding in global biogeochemical cycles, and for applications such as their role for preventing soil erosion and their contribution in carbon sequestration. However, it is not completely understood yet how to estimate crop residues cover, their discrimination under tillage or no tillage cropping systems, and its seasonal variability as well as their temporal changes. This class project proposes to explore the estimation and mapping of crop residues by remote sensing techniques using hyperspectral image data.
2. WORKING HYPOTHESIS
Crop residues cover and amount can be accurately estimated by remote sensing techniques. A wide range of crop species and their residues can be studied in the near future and they might be even differentiated by spectral classification. Future work might include description of temporal patterns upon analyzing hyperspectral data (EO-1 Hyperion) in complement with multispectral data (Landsat 7 ETM+ and EO-1 ALI).
3
3. PROJECT OUTCOMES
This class project will generate an estimation of crop residues cover in agricultural fields in Central Indiana in Tipton County. In addition, the amount of crop residues will be approximately calculated based upon yield/residues ratio assumptions. Also, unsupervised classifications for different tillage management (two classes: tilled areas and no-tilled areas) in agricultural fields in Tipton County. Finally, by this study we expect to integrate/use three different data sources (Landsat 7 ETM+, EO-1 ALI and EO-1 Hyperion) and to calculate Cellulose Absorption Index on hyperspectral data.
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
Crop residues are any portion of crop plants that is left in the field after harvest. Crop residues cover is a relevant topic to be studied because of three main reasons: they are widespread in the landscape of agriculture in the Midwest, they represent one of the most important organic inputs for soil carbon sequestration estimating input, and also they relate to soil conservation and reduction of soil erosion (Lal, 2002 & 2004). Remote sensing techniques are also a potential fo ...
Class Project
Mapping of Crop Residues Using Hyperspectral Data:
· Techniques and indexes for quantification,
· Data sources and
· Unsupervised classification for tillage systems
Table of contents / INDEX
Topic
Page
1.
Problem / application
3
2.
Working hypothesis
3
3.
Project outcomes
4
4.
Literature review
4
5.
Data sources
8
6.
Methods
10
7.
Results
16
8
Issues and learning
20
9
Conclusions and future works
21
10.
Annex 1. Corrected bands and columns
22
11
Annex 2. Copy of in-running matlab code for de-striping
23
12
References
25
2
1. PROBLEM / APPLICATION
Agriculture is a widespread, basic activity around the world, which main purpose is to harvest food, fiber or/and energy. After every growing season residues are left in fields. It is important to quantify the amount and cover of agricultural residues for enhancing the understanding in global biogeochemical cycles, and for applications such as their role for preventing soil erosion and their contribution in carbon sequestration. However, it is not completely understood yet how to estimate crop residues cover, their discrimination under tillage or no tillage cropping systems, and its seasonal variability as well as their temporal changes. This class project proposes to explore the estimation and mapping of crop residues by remote sensing techniques using hyperspectral image data.
2. WORKING HYPOTHESIS
Crop residues cover and amount can be accurately estimated by remote sensing techniques. A wide range of crop species and their residues can be studied in the near future and they might be even differentiated by spectral classification. Future work might include description of temporal patterns upon analyzing hyperspectral data (EO-1 Hyperion) in complement with multispectral data (Landsat 7 ETM+ and EO-1 ALI).
3
3. PROJECT OUTCOMES
This class project will generate an estimation of crop residues cover in agricultural fields in Central Indiana in Tipton County. In addition, the amount of crop residues will be approximately calculated based upon yield/residues ratio assumptions. Also, unsupervised classifications for different tillage management (two classes: tilled areas and no-tilled areas) in agricultural fields in Tipton County. Finally, by this study we expect to integrate/use three different data sources (Landsat 7 ETM+, EO-1 ALI and EO-1 Hyperion) and to calculate Cellulose Absorption Index on hyperspectral data.
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
Crop residues are any portion of crop plants that is left in the field after harvest. Crop residues cover is a relevant topic to be studied because of three main reasons: they are widespread in the landscape of agriculture in the Midwest, they represent one of the most important organic inputs for soil carbon sequestration estimating input, and also they relate to soil conservation and reduction of soil erosion (Lal, 2002 & 2004). Remote sensing techniques are also a potential fo ...
The present study aims to investigate the biodiversity of woody vegetation along a gradient of human impacting region in the three constituent parts of Ferlo Biosphere Reserve (FBR): the core area, the buffer zone and the transition area. We conducted an inventory of 110 plots of 900 m² each. Total species richness was 49 species distributed in 32 genera within 16 botanical families. The analysis of contesimal frequency showed that Guiera senegalensis is the most common species with a presence of 75% of such records. Examination of species abundance spectrum showed that four most abundant species such as Guiera senegalensis (29.5%), Combretum glutinosum (15.9%), Pterocarpus lucens (11.6%) and Boscia senegalensis (10 , 5%). These four species represent 68% of the total individuals of the RBF and are also the four most common species. The spectrum of abundance of families showed that Combretaceae is the best represented family with almost half of the number of species (49.7%). The representativeness of biological types and geographical affinity of the species has been established for the woody vegetation in the study area. The study of diversity indices revealed that the buffer zone and the transition area are subjected to multiple uses and experiencing human action. It has a greater diversity and a level of organization with higher timber stand than the central area which is an integral conservation zone.
We analyzed the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna and measured the physical properties of soil in order to study the influence of the inclusion of legumes in Silvopastoral systems. In addition, the soil sampling was performed aiming to evaluate the soil heterogeneity caused by the grazing preference when legume-tree are included.
Mapping and Monitoring Spatial-Temporal Cover Change of Prosopis Species Colo...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This study integrates Gis and remote sensing to detect, quantify and monitor the rate at which Prosopis species colonization has been taking place since its introduction. Multi-date Landsat 30m resolution imageries covering a period of 25 years were classified into four classes i.e. Prosopis species dominated canopy, mixed woodland, grass land and bush land and finally bare land and agricultural fields. Change detection analysis was performed using 10% threshold to identify and quantify areas where change or No change has occurred. The results indicate that the area under bare land and agricultural fields decreased at a rate of 18.22% per year from 29% in 1985 to 3% in 1990. Between 2005 and 2010 it decreased from 9% in 2005 to 5% in 2010 at a rate of 8.94% per year. Prosopis species colonization has been increasing since 1985 where it was at 0% increasing to 51% in 1990 at a rate of 58.18% per year. Between 2005 and 2010 it decreased from 56% in 2005 to stand at 44% in 2010 at a rate of 4.34% per year. The study found out that there is no threat of desertification in the study area as a result of Prosopis species colonizing the landscape. More studies to be done to identify sustainable method of controlling Prosopis species colonization to avoid more loss of agricultural land and grazing fields.
Ecological gradient analyses of plant associations in the thandiani forests o...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract: In the summers of 2012 and 2013, vegetation of Thandiani in the Western Himalayas of Pakistan was surveyed and quantified. We took evidence from relationships between 252 species and 11 measured environmental factors as well as changes in the associations’ structure among 50 analysed stations with 1500 m2 plots. We analysed how the plant associations differ and develop under the influence of their respective ecological gradients. Preliminary results showed that the family Pinaceae was the most abundant family with a
family importance value (FIV) of 1892.4, followed by Rosaceae with FIV = 1478.2. Rosaceae, represented by 20 species, was the most dominant family, followed by Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae with 14 and 12 species each, respectively. Analyses via CANOCO software version 4.5 and GEO database demonstrated strong correlations among species distributions and environmental variables, i.e. elevation, topography, and edaphic factors. Our findings show an increase in species diversity and richness from lower elevation (1290 m at sea level (m asl) to higher elevation (2626 m asl). It is evident that aspect, elevation, and soil factors were the decisive variables affecting qualitative and quantitative attributes of vegetation in the study area. The P value ≤ 0.002 confirms a significant impact of abiotic factors that bring variation in vegetation. A 3D view of the study area was generated in ArcScene showing all the five plant associations. Graphs of scatter plot, point profile, and 3D line profile were added to the layout of plant association maps. The habitats of the five association types overlapped broadly but still retained their specific individuality. The execution of GIS framework gave spatial modelling, which ultimately helped in the recognition of indicator species of specific habitat or association type. These findings could further be utilised
in devising the forest policy and conservation management. This study also opens new doors of research in the field of biogeography, systematics, and wildlife.
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
Characteristics and trends of scientific-technical publications on plantation...AI Publications
Forest plantations management demands generating knowledge and developing innovative technologies that make their production process more efficient. The objective of this research was to analyze the characteristics and trends of scientific publications from the Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Conservación y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas Forestales (National Center for Disciplinary Research in Conservation and Improvement of Forest Ecosystems) from Mexico produced from 1994 to 2021, by the Plantations and Agroforestry Systems research program. A documentary review was performed in scientific journals and documents with an editorial committee; the compiled information was systematized and analyzed through graphs prepared in Microsoft Excel®. A total of 36 documents were found for three periods: 18 documents from 2019-2021 (52.78%), 14 documents from 2008-2018 (38.89%), and three (8.33%) from 1994-2007. Specifically, 30 scientific articles, five technical guidelines, and one book chapter were published from 1994 to 2021. The main research topic from 1994 to date was conservation. Their keywords analysis indicates that the main study subject was the Pinus genus. Regarding their geographical scope, 40 works were carried out at five levels: one international, twelve national, seven regional, fourteen states level, five municipal, and one local. Most of the studies (77.78%) were published in Mexican journals and publishers. The number of reported species in these documents amounted to 90. To increase its impact in the coming years, it is advisable to strengthen the research carried out with other institutions and researchers.
Efficiency of bio fertilizers and compost on soil arthropod diversity and spe...Salah Hussein
The effect of three types of bio fertilizers ( N, P and K), plant and animal compost on soil arthropod diversity and species abundance were studied in organic tomato field. Nitrogen fixation bacteria increased the insects population with 16.26%, and the total population of soil arthropods with 7.3% and caused reduction % in mites and other arthropods population with 66.53 and 100 % reduction. Fertilization with potassium soluble bacteria (K) increased the population of insects, mites, and the total population of soil arthropods systemic groups with 175, 1353.8 and 741.23 % respectively. Similar results were achieved in the treatments with phosphorous soluble bacteria (P)
The treatments with animal compost increased all soil arthropods systemic groups, insects, mites and the total population of soil arthropods systemic groups gave 486.48, 356.36 and 347% increasing percentages compared with pretreatment. While this treatment caused reduction in the other soil arthropods with 66.6%.
The two types of compost increased both the terrestrial soil arthropods systemic groups, which collected by pitfall traps , and the superficial soil arthropods systemic groups that found in the upper surface layer, until (30cm depth), which collected by Berlese funnel methods, with percentage arranged from 47% to 61% in animal compost.
Generally steep decline occurred in other arthropods in tomato organic cultivated after application of different bio-fertilizers and increased in insect population, mites and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps and Berlese funnel.
Keywords : (organic tomato system, soil arthropods, agro ecosystem, Diversity and equitability, biofertilizers, plant and animal compost).
Agroforestry systems restoration of semiaridCharlieSC4
Se revisó información ecológica y etnobotánica sobre bosques y sistemas agroforestales del Valle de Tehuacán, en el
centro de México, con el fin de analizar la utilidad de las técnicas de manejo tradicional para la restauración de zonas
semiáridas de México. Los sistemas agroforestales de la región involucran el uso de múltiples recursos vegetales por la
gente del área, promoviendo la conservación de la diversidad biológica en los sistemas agrícolas. Estimamos que estos
sistemas mantienen en promedio 57% de las especies presentes en las comunidades de cactáceas columnares, y cerca
del 94% de la diversidad genética de las especies de cactáceas columnares dominantes. Entre las especies mantenidas en
estos sistemas se incluyen algunas especies de árboles y arbustos de valor cultural y económico, los cuales son además
reconocidos por ecólogos como plantas nodrizas cruciales para el reclutamiento de plántulas de numerosas especies de
plantas nativas. El mantenimiento de elementos nativos de la vegetación en general y de plantas nodrizas en particular
favorece la conservación de la biodiversidad y de interacciones bióticas importantes para la restauración de la vegetación
y de la fertilidad del suelo tanto en ecosistemas naturales como transformados a nivel de paisaje.
The Role of Soil Organisms and Functions in different Coconut based Multiple ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sampling was done in wet and intermediate zones represented by the Walpita and Makandura research centers, respectively. Eleven land use systems were considered for the study; coconut mono culture (CM), bare land (BL) and coconut multiple cropping. Under coconut multiple cropping, nine different intercrops were selected separately for each zones. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (n = 3). The experiment was conducted under mature baring coconut (>20 years) plantation. Soil Macrofauna was sampled using one transect with three replicates at each land use type using quadrate size (30×30cm) from 0-30 cm depth and visible organisms were handpicked and preserved in 75% alcohol. Dilute plate technique and Spread plate technique was used to determine the soil micro organisms’ density. Those techniques were used to cultivate the fungi and bacteria under 〖10〗^(-2) and 〖10〗^(-5) dilution level respectively.
Research identified 12 classes (Crusteacea, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Acarina, Araneida, Scopionida, Chilapoda, Diplopoda, Amphibia, Reptelia) and 14 orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanura, Hymenoptera, Lepidotera, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmida, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera) of soil organisms. Class insecta shows the high diversity with 14 orders. Colony forming unit (CFU) value of bacteria was higher than that of the fungi value. Findings of intermediate and wet zones’ studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may have high diversity, abundance and functional role of soil organisms. Both zones studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may increase soil moisture factor, respiration rate, biomass carbon content, organic carbon percentage, total nitrogen content, organic matter content and C:N ratio in 0-30cm depth other than the coconut monoculture systems. Overall data of two different zones indicated a significant positive correlation of soil organism diversity, abundance and their functional role with cropping systems. Those data can be used as a reliable basic bio indicator for payments for ecosystem services (PES). It supports to valorize the economic value of the ecological services returned by soil organisms.
Forest landscape dynamics in the cotton basin of North BeninAI Publications
The agro-ecological zone of the cotton basin of North Benin is a rainfed cereal farming area. In addition, the area is one of the country's favourable Cotton growing areas, which affects the configuration of its landscape. This study analyses the dynamics of the forest landscape in the cotton basin of North Benin between 1986 and 2000. A multidimensional approach was used based on a participatory inventory, field observations and statistical analyses of data from the interpretation of SPOT images. Several indices were calculated, including the importance value of the degree of disturbance, the composition and spatial configuration indices of the landscape types. Then, the sample test matched to the 5% threshold of the disturbance levels obtained between 1986 and 2000 on the one hand and between 2000 and 2016 on the other hand to ensure their significance. The results of this study show two types of disturbance, namely natural (4) and anthropogenic (7). Analysis of these disturbances also shows that agriculture (IV = 0.97), overgrazing (IV = 0.88), timber and service harvesting (IV = 0.78) and carbonization (IV = 0.63) are the main human disturbances in the study area. In addition, there is rapid population growth (IV = 0.94) and climate disturbances (IV = 0.85). In addition, the forest landscape has seen an increase in the number of spots (from 666 in 1986 to 2419 in 2016) and a decrease in the total area. Similarly, the values of the contagion index, ranging from 82.32 in 1986 to 65.82 in 2016, reflect a very fragmented landscape. Thus, the fragmentation of the forest landscape in the cotton basin of North Benin raises, in a very particular way, the problem of the conservation of plant biodiversity.
The present study aims to investigate the biodiversity of woody vegetation along a gradient of human impacting region in the three constituent parts of Ferlo Biosphere Reserve (FBR): the core area, the buffer zone and the transition area. We conducted an inventory of 110 plots of 900 m² each. Total species richness was 49 species distributed in 32 genera within 16 botanical families. The analysis of contesimal frequency showed that Guiera senegalensis is the most common species with a presence of 75% of such records. Examination of species abundance spectrum showed that four most abundant species such as Guiera senegalensis (29.5%), Combretum glutinosum (15.9%), Pterocarpus lucens (11.6%) and Boscia senegalensis (10 , 5%). These four species represent 68% of the total individuals of the RBF and are also the four most common species. The spectrum of abundance of families showed that Combretaceae is the best represented family with almost half of the number of species (49.7%). The representativeness of biological types and geographical affinity of the species has been established for the woody vegetation in the study area. The study of diversity indices revealed that the buffer zone and the transition area are subjected to multiple uses and experiencing human action. It has a greater diversity and a level of organization with higher timber stand than the central area which is an integral conservation zone.
We analyzed the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna and measured the physical properties of soil in order to study the influence of the inclusion of legumes in Silvopastoral systems. In addition, the soil sampling was performed aiming to evaluate the soil heterogeneity caused by the grazing preference when legume-tree are included.
Mapping and Monitoring Spatial-Temporal Cover Change of Prosopis Species Colo...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This study integrates Gis and remote sensing to detect, quantify and monitor the rate at which Prosopis species colonization has been taking place since its introduction. Multi-date Landsat 30m resolution imageries covering a period of 25 years were classified into four classes i.e. Prosopis species dominated canopy, mixed woodland, grass land and bush land and finally bare land and agricultural fields. Change detection analysis was performed using 10% threshold to identify and quantify areas where change or No change has occurred. The results indicate that the area under bare land and agricultural fields decreased at a rate of 18.22% per year from 29% in 1985 to 3% in 1990. Between 2005 and 2010 it decreased from 9% in 2005 to 5% in 2010 at a rate of 8.94% per year. Prosopis species colonization has been increasing since 1985 where it was at 0% increasing to 51% in 1990 at a rate of 58.18% per year. Between 2005 and 2010 it decreased from 56% in 2005 to stand at 44% in 2010 at a rate of 4.34% per year. The study found out that there is no threat of desertification in the study area as a result of Prosopis species colonizing the landscape. More studies to be done to identify sustainable method of controlling Prosopis species colonization to avoid more loss of agricultural land and grazing fields.
Ecological gradient analyses of plant associations in the thandiani forests o...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract: In the summers of 2012 and 2013, vegetation of Thandiani in the Western Himalayas of Pakistan was surveyed and quantified. We took evidence from relationships between 252 species and 11 measured environmental factors as well as changes in the associations’ structure among 50 analysed stations with 1500 m2 plots. We analysed how the plant associations differ and develop under the influence of their respective ecological gradients. Preliminary results showed that the family Pinaceae was the most abundant family with a
family importance value (FIV) of 1892.4, followed by Rosaceae with FIV = 1478.2. Rosaceae, represented by 20 species, was the most dominant family, followed by Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae with 14 and 12 species each, respectively. Analyses via CANOCO software version 4.5 and GEO database demonstrated strong correlations among species distributions and environmental variables, i.e. elevation, topography, and edaphic factors. Our findings show an increase in species diversity and richness from lower elevation (1290 m at sea level (m asl) to higher elevation (2626 m asl). It is evident that aspect, elevation, and soil factors were the decisive variables affecting qualitative and quantitative attributes of vegetation in the study area. The P value ≤ 0.002 confirms a significant impact of abiotic factors that bring variation in vegetation. A 3D view of the study area was generated in ArcScene showing all the five plant associations. Graphs of scatter plot, point profile, and 3D line profile were added to the layout of plant association maps. The habitats of the five association types overlapped broadly but still retained their specific individuality. The execution of GIS framework gave spatial modelling, which ultimately helped in the recognition of indicator species of specific habitat or association type. These findings could further be utilised
in devising the forest policy and conservation management. This study also opens new doors of research in the field of biogeography, systematics, and wildlife.
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
Characteristics and trends of scientific-technical publications on plantation...AI Publications
Forest plantations management demands generating knowledge and developing innovative technologies that make their production process more efficient. The objective of this research was to analyze the characteristics and trends of scientific publications from the Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Conservación y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas Forestales (National Center for Disciplinary Research in Conservation and Improvement of Forest Ecosystems) from Mexico produced from 1994 to 2021, by the Plantations and Agroforestry Systems research program. A documentary review was performed in scientific journals and documents with an editorial committee; the compiled information was systematized and analyzed through graphs prepared in Microsoft Excel®. A total of 36 documents were found for three periods: 18 documents from 2019-2021 (52.78%), 14 documents from 2008-2018 (38.89%), and three (8.33%) from 1994-2007. Specifically, 30 scientific articles, five technical guidelines, and one book chapter were published from 1994 to 2021. The main research topic from 1994 to date was conservation. Their keywords analysis indicates that the main study subject was the Pinus genus. Regarding their geographical scope, 40 works were carried out at five levels: one international, twelve national, seven regional, fourteen states level, five municipal, and one local. Most of the studies (77.78%) were published in Mexican journals and publishers. The number of reported species in these documents amounted to 90. To increase its impact in the coming years, it is advisable to strengthen the research carried out with other institutions and researchers.
Efficiency of bio fertilizers and compost on soil arthropod diversity and spe...Salah Hussein
The effect of three types of bio fertilizers ( N, P and K), plant and animal compost on soil arthropod diversity and species abundance were studied in organic tomato field. Nitrogen fixation bacteria increased the insects population with 16.26%, and the total population of soil arthropods with 7.3% and caused reduction % in mites and other arthropods population with 66.53 and 100 % reduction. Fertilization with potassium soluble bacteria (K) increased the population of insects, mites, and the total population of soil arthropods systemic groups with 175, 1353.8 and 741.23 % respectively. Similar results were achieved in the treatments with phosphorous soluble bacteria (P)
The treatments with animal compost increased all soil arthropods systemic groups, insects, mites and the total population of soil arthropods systemic groups gave 486.48, 356.36 and 347% increasing percentages compared with pretreatment. While this treatment caused reduction in the other soil arthropods with 66.6%.
The two types of compost increased both the terrestrial soil arthropods systemic groups, which collected by pitfall traps , and the superficial soil arthropods systemic groups that found in the upper surface layer, until (30cm depth), which collected by Berlese funnel methods, with percentage arranged from 47% to 61% in animal compost.
Generally steep decline occurred in other arthropods in tomato organic cultivated after application of different bio-fertilizers and increased in insect population, mites and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps and Berlese funnel.
Keywords : (organic tomato system, soil arthropods, agro ecosystem, Diversity and equitability, biofertilizers, plant and animal compost).
Agroforestry systems restoration of semiaridCharlieSC4
Se revisó información ecológica y etnobotánica sobre bosques y sistemas agroforestales del Valle de Tehuacán, en el
centro de México, con el fin de analizar la utilidad de las técnicas de manejo tradicional para la restauración de zonas
semiáridas de México. Los sistemas agroforestales de la región involucran el uso de múltiples recursos vegetales por la
gente del área, promoviendo la conservación de la diversidad biológica en los sistemas agrícolas. Estimamos que estos
sistemas mantienen en promedio 57% de las especies presentes en las comunidades de cactáceas columnares, y cerca
del 94% de la diversidad genética de las especies de cactáceas columnares dominantes. Entre las especies mantenidas en
estos sistemas se incluyen algunas especies de árboles y arbustos de valor cultural y económico, los cuales son además
reconocidos por ecólogos como plantas nodrizas cruciales para el reclutamiento de plántulas de numerosas especies de
plantas nativas. El mantenimiento de elementos nativos de la vegetación en general y de plantas nodrizas en particular
favorece la conservación de la biodiversidad y de interacciones bióticas importantes para la restauración de la vegetación
y de la fertilidad del suelo tanto en ecosistemas naturales como transformados a nivel de paisaje.
The Role of Soil Organisms and Functions in different Coconut based Multiple ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sampling was done in wet and intermediate zones represented by the Walpita and Makandura research centers, respectively. Eleven land use systems were considered for the study; coconut mono culture (CM), bare land (BL) and coconut multiple cropping. Under coconut multiple cropping, nine different intercrops were selected separately for each zones. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (n = 3). The experiment was conducted under mature baring coconut (>20 years) plantation. Soil Macrofauna was sampled using one transect with three replicates at each land use type using quadrate size (30×30cm) from 0-30 cm depth and visible organisms were handpicked and preserved in 75% alcohol. Dilute plate technique and Spread plate technique was used to determine the soil micro organisms’ density. Those techniques were used to cultivate the fungi and bacteria under 〖10〗^(-2) and 〖10〗^(-5) dilution level respectively.
Research identified 12 classes (Crusteacea, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Acarina, Araneida, Scopionida, Chilapoda, Diplopoda, Amphibia, Reptelia) and 14 orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanura, Hymenoptera, Lepidotera, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmida, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera) of soil organisms. Class insecta shows the high diversity with 14 orders. Colony forming unit (CFU) value of bacteria was higher than that of the fungi value. Findings of intermediate and wet zones’ studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may have high diversity, abundance and functional role of soil organisms. Both zones studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may increase soil moisture factor, respiration rate, biomass carbon content, organic carbon percentage, total nitrogen content, organic matter content and C:N ratio in 0-30cm depth other than the coconut monoculture systems. Overall data of two different zones indicated a significant positive correlation of soil organism diversity, abundance and their functional role with cropping systems. Those data can be used as a reliable basic bio indicator for payments for ecosystem services (PES). It supports to valorize the economic value of the ecological services returned by soil organisms.
Forest landscape dynamics in the cotton basin of North BeninAI Publications
The agro-ecological zone of the cotton basin of North Benin is a rainfed cereal farming area. In addition, the area is one of the country's favourable Cotton growing areas, which affects the configuration of its landscape. This study analyses the dynamics of the forest landscape in the cotton basin of North Benin between 1986 and 2000. A multidimensional approach was used based on a participatory inventory, field observations and statistical analyses of data from the interpretation of SPOT images. Several indices were calculated, including the importance value of the degree of disturbance, the composition and spatial configuration indices of the landscape types. Then, the sample test matched to the 5% threshold of the disturbance levels obtained between 1986 and 2000 on the one hand and between 2000 and 2016 on the other hand to ensure their significance. The results of this study show two types of disturbance, namely natural (4) and anthropogenic (7). Analysis of these disturbances also shows that agriculture (IV = 0.97), overgrazing (IV = 0.88), timber and service harvesting (IV = 0.78) and carbonization (IV = 0.63) are the main human disturbances in the study area. In addition, there is rapid population growth (IV = 0.94) and climate disturbances (IV = 0.85). In addition, the forest landscape has seen an increase in the number of spots (from 666 in 1986 to 2419 in 2016) and a decrease in the total area. Similarly, the values of the contagion index, ranging from 82.32 in 1986 to 65.82 in 2016, reflect a very fragmented landscape. Thus, the fragmentation of the forest landscape in the cotton basin of North Benin raises, in a very particular way, the problem of the conservation of plant biodiversity.
Similar to Biogeographical-regionalisation-of-Colombia-A-revised-area-taxonomy2021Phytotaxa.pdf (20)
El metamorfismo es el conjunto de procesos que, esencialmente, se desarrollan en estado sólido y que afecta a las rocas provocando cambios en su composición
El Huascarán
El Huascarán o Mataraju —orónimo en quechua; traducido respectivamente al español como ‘Nevado sobre el pueblo de Huashco’ o ‘Nevados gemelos’— es la montaña nevada granítica culminante de los Andes peruanos, con una altitud oficial de 6757 m s.n.m. (metros sobre el nivel del mar) según la última medición de 2017.56 Se localiza en el límite de las provincias de Yungay y Carhuaz, región Áncash, en el sector orográfico denominado como Cordillera Blanca, en el corazón del parque nacional Huascarán.
(En el relato bíblico, Dios creó el universo de la nada; durante cinco días puso
orden en lo creado, el sexto día creó al hombre, el único ser de la creación
hecho “a su imagen y semejanza” y destinado a “dominar” el resto de la
creación; al séptimo descansó. A la mujer, la creó después de la costilla de
Adán y fue ella la que tentó a Adán para que actuara en contra de la palabra
de Dios. Por esto fueron expulsados del paraíso. Es decir, la mujer es el origen
del pecado y el mal en el mundo
Autores: Carmelo Martines
Localización: DavarLogos,
ISSN 1666-7832,
Vol. 10, Nº. 1,
2011, págs. 1-12
Idioma: español
en-el-principio-creacion-biblica-y-ciencia-nathan-aviezer-
El autor en el libro sostiene en base al capítulo uno del libro de Génesis, su creencia es que el tiempo de creación no se da en un cuadro de tiempo de 24 horas, si no que el termino en donde usa una termino que nos explica un determinado de lapso de tiempo que concuerda con lo descrito en la biblia son dividirlo en 24 horas.
A su ves nos habla de que todo lo que a lo largo de la historia se ha descubierto y encontrado, ya se encuentro descrito a la luz de la palabra.
Los Servicios Ambientales son los aspectos de los ecosistemas
que, activa o pasivamente, producen bienestar a los seres
humanos. Incluyen la formación de suelos, la provisión de agua
dulce, la producción de cultivos, la regulación del clima y las
oportunidades de recreación.
El Aire de Medellin
Fenómenos Ambientales
Geografía Urbana
Valle del Aburrá
Calidad del aire
Contaminación Urbana
Industrialización
Expansión Urbana
Algunas características del valle y sus colinas que la enmarcan, Hacen de Medellín un fenómeno ambiental que se relaciona directamente con la calidad de aire.
morfometria_cuenca.pdf
Cuenca hidrográfica
Para el concepto de cuenca hidrográfica se tienen varias definiciones. Según Heras (1972), se entiende
por cuenca vertiente, o cuenca de drenaje de un río, considerado en un punto dado de su curso, al área
limitada por el contorno en el interior del cual el agua precipitada corre por su superficie, se encuentra y
pasa por el punto determinado del cauce.
Aforo Cuenca Hidrográfica
El conocimiento de la cantidad de agua disponible en un predio, es de fundamental
importancia para decidir el establecimiento de un sistema de riego. En las áreas de
secano el agua es escasa, pero existen pequeñas fuentes que pueden ser utilizadas
para el riego de cultivos agrícolas como vertientes, puqios, pozos noria o pozos
profundos.
Biodivercities
Biodiversidad una mirada urbana
Un mensaje central de esta publicación es que, especialmente para las ciudades en el Sur Global, abordar los los retos del desarrollo sostenible requiere un nuevo enfoque de la política que vaya más allá de la "optimización de los sistemas" a través de enfoques tecnocráticos de arriba abajo. Las transformaciones implican cambios radicales en los sistemas sociotécnicos y socio-ecológicos y la forma en que se relacionan, cómo se relacionan. El término "radical" se refiere al alcance del cambio más que a su velocidad (Grin et al., 2010).
Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos
Alexander von Humboldt
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.