Biodiversity
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Biodiversity refers to the variety of species, genetic diversity, and ecosystems on Earth. There are estimated to be 10-15 million species but only 1.4 million have been identified. Major extinction events have occurred throughout history, with the most recent one 65 million years ago wiping out 75% of species including dinosaurs. Today, 20% of vertebrates are threatened with extinction due to human impacts like habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, overconsumption, and population growth. Island species are especially vulnerable. Conservation efforts aim to preserve biodiversity through protecting endangered species and their habitats.
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This document summarizes human-wildlife conflict. It begins by defining human-wildlife conflict as the interaction between wild animals and humans that negatively impacts either party. It then discusses some of the main causes of human-wildlife conflict, including decreasing wildlife habitat as human populations expand. The document outlines some of the negative outcomes of human-wildlife conflict, such as injury, crop damage, and habitat destruction. It also discusses some methods for preventing and managing human-wildlife conflict, including public education, improved land use planning, and compensation programs. The document provides examples of human-wildlife conflict case studies involving elephants, leopards, and other species.
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Endangered Animals
Endangered animals are found on every continent and there are around 5,000 endangered animals today with 500 extinctions occurring this century. Endangered means an animal is at risk of extinction due to human activities like hunting or climate change. Polar bears, hummingbirds, and dolphins are examples of endangered animals. Polar bears rely on sea ice which is declining due to climate change. Hummingbirds and their habitats are threatened by habitat loss and climate change. Dolphins face threats from marine pollution and changing climates. Individuals can help endangered animals by adopting them, preserving habitats, building birdfeeders, planting trees, and recycling.
Extinction
Extinction refers to the end of a species or group of organisms. A species goes extinct when no living individuals remain. Extinction can occur through natural causes like climate change or competition, or through human activities like habitat destruction and overhunting. Mass extinctions where many species die out simultaneously have occurred throughout history, including five major events in Earth's past. Scientists estimate that human activities are currently driving extinction rates 100 to 1000 times higher than the natural background rate, and up to half of all species could be extinct by 2100 if trends continue.
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Biodiversity
- 1. Biodiversity Geog 100
- 2. What does it mean? • Biological diversity… – Species diversity – Genetic diversity – Ecosystem diversity • About 1.4 million species have been described by science, est’d. 10 to 15 million on Earth. • http://tinyurl.com/283be52 • What does “endemic” mean?
- 3. Species change over time • Most species that evolve on Earth eventually become extinct as conditions change • Scientists have identified at least five major extinction events over the last 500 million years or so, the last one about 65 million years ago when 75% of species became extinct, including most of the dinosaurs • Today – a human-caused extinction event? About 20% of vertebrates are threatened.
- 4. We are losing biodiversity • Species extinction due to a variety of human influences… • H = Habitat Destruction & Degradation • I = Introduced and/or Invasive Species • P = Pollution • P = Population Growth • O = Over-consumption
- 5. Counting the loss • Famous human-caused extinctions… dodo, passenger pigeon, many island bird species. • Some of Africa’s animals are on the brink… black rhinos, the African wild dog, several species of frogs & toads, turtles, and fish.
- 6. Dodo birds
- 7. Islands • Island species are especially vulnerable to extinction. • Why?
- 9. The last one died in 1914
- 10. Species Under Stress • Threatened species – IUCN Red List • http://www.iucnredlist.org/ • Video http://www.iucnredlist.org/news/evolution- lost
- 11. Why it matters • Extinction is forever • "When we try to pick out anything [in nature] by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe.” – John Muir • Ethical considerations – is destruction permissible? Especially unnecessary destruction?
- 12. 2010 was Intl Year of Biodiversity • http://www.unep.org/iyb/ • Ilcp video… http://vimeo.com/11499468
- 13. I=PxAxT • Impact on ecosystems • Is a function of all three factors… – Population – Affluence (consumption) – Technology
- 14. Protection for endangered species • How can biodiversity be preserved? • Saving the black rhino… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilF0nU_d0 CY&feature=player_embedded#!
- 15. Biodiversity in RI • Bioblitz • http://www.rinhs.org/what-we-do/bioblitz/ • Group research • Mammals, birds, trees, fish, reptiles & amphibians, insects • Bird video http://www.youtube.com/mjgvideo#p/u/2/0Gyn sgOJkWg • Do we have endangered species in RI? Do we have invasive species?
- 16. Learn more about biodiversity • E.O. Wilson • Umich.edu lesson http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalch ange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/biodiversi ty.html • http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org
- 17. Next week • Student reports.