Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils and animal fats that can be used as an alternative to petroleum diesel. It was discovered in 1890 by Rudolph Diesel, the inventor of the diesel engine. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification that converts fats and oils into biodiesel and glycerin. The United States is currently the largest producer of biodiesel worldwide. While biodiesel provides benefits like being renewable and producing fewer emissions than petroleum diesel, it also has some disadvantages such as a slightly higher fuel consumption and potential to degrade certain materials. Solar energy was proposed as an alternative fuel for the future with greater fuel savings and sustainability.

2. PARTICIPATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
SUBJECT: ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
FACULTY: Ms.S.Shylaja
TOPIC: BIODIESEL
PRESENTED BY
D.Sai Teja 21P61A1233
G.Rahul Reddy 21P61A1250

3. WHAT IS BIODIESEL?
• BIODIESEL: Biodiesel is a renewable and biodegradable fuel
manufactured domestically from vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled
restraint grease.
• It is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting
of long-chain fatty acid esters, which is typically made by chemically
reacting lipids such as animal fat, soybean oil, or some other vegetable
oil with an alcohol.

5. WHO DISCOVERED BIODIESEL AND WHEN?
• Biodiesel was discovered by inventor Rudolph Diesel in 1890s, who is also
the inventor of the Diesel engine.
• And the diesel engine has become the engine of choice for power,
reliability, and high fuel economy, worldwide.
• In 1890s he has chosen vegetable oils as a to make fuel out of it which is
Biodiesel.
• So, the Biodiesel was discovered in early then the standard diesel.

6. HOW BIODIESEL IS MADE?
• Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, yellow grease, used cooking oils,
or animal fats.
• The fuel is produced by Transesterification—a process that converts fats
and oils into biodiesel and glycerin (a coproduct).
• Approximately 100 pounds of oil or fat are reacted with 10 pounds of a
short-chain alcohol (usually methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (usually
sodium hydroxide [NaOH] or potassium hydroxide [KOH]) to form 100
pounds of biodiesel and 10 pounds of glycerin (or glycerol).

7. Here is the detailed reaction of process
• Glyceride + Alcohol ------------> Esters + Glycerol(Glycerine)
• Glycerides are fatty acids which are the source for Biodiesel.
• Ester is the Biodiesel and the other co-product is Glycerol(Glycerine).
• Glycerin, a co-product, is a sugar commonly used in the manufacture of
pharmaceuticals(pharma based products) and cosmetics.

8. HOW MANY TYPES OF BIODIESELS ARE PRESENT?
• Types of Biodiesels: There are different types of Biodiesels which is based
on the blend percentages of biodiesel which needs the requirements.
• Different Blends of Biodiesel: Biodiesel can be blended and used in many
different concentrations. The most common are B5 (up to 5% biodiesel) and
B20 (6% to 20% biodiesel). B100 (pure biodiesel) is typically used as a
blend stock to produce lower blends and is rarely used as a transportation
fuel

9. • B100: B100 is pure biodiesel which has blend requirements of 100%
biodiesel.
• B100 and other high-level biodiesel blends are less commonly used directly
as a transportation fuel than B20 and lower blends due to a lack of
regulatory incentives and pricing. Biodiesel-compatible material for certain
parts, such as hoses and gaskets, allow B100 to be used in some engines
built since 1994. B100 has a solvent effect; it can clean a vehicle's fuel
system and release deposits accumulated from petroleum diesel use. The
release of these deposits may initially clog filters and require frequent filter
replacement in the first few tanks of high-level blends.

10. • B6, B10, B20: B6 and B20 has the blend requirements of 6%, 10%, 20% of
biodiesel.
• B20 is a common blend because it represents a good balance of cost,
emissions, cold-weather performance, materials compatibility, and ability to
act as a solvent. Most biodiesel users purchase B20 or lower blends from
their normal fuel distributors or from biodiesel marketers.

11. WHY BIODIESEL IS USED?
• Biodiesel provides a clean-burning renewable fuel alternative to
conventional petroleum-based fuels. The key benefits of integrating
biodiesel as a transportation fuel are listed below:
• Improved energy balance and security
• Reduced emission and improved air quality
• Optimized engine operation
• Greater environmental safety

12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
BIODIESEL
• Advantages of Biodiesel:
• Renewable fuel, obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats.
• Low toxicity, in comparison with diesel fuel.
• Degrades more rapidly than diesel fuel, minimizing the environmental
consequences of biofuel spills.
• Lower emissions of contaminants: carbon monoxide, particulate matter,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes.
• No Sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions.
• May be blended with diesel fuel at any proportion; both fuels may be mixed
during the fuel supply to
• vehicles.
• Excellent properties as a lubricant.

13. • Disadvantages of Biodiesel:
• Slightly higher fuel consumption due to the lower calorific value of biodiesel.
• Slightly higher nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions than diesel fuel.
• Higher freezing point than diesel fuel. This may be inconvenient in cold
climates.
• It is less stable than diesel fuel, and therefore long-term storage (more than six
months) of biodiesel is not recommended.
• May degrade plastic and natural rubber gaskets and hoses when used in pure
form, in which case replacement with Teflon components is recommended.
• And also, it uses farms as the fuel for production of Biodiesel.

14. WHERE BIODIESEL IS MAJORLY PRODUCED?
• In world the most of the Biodiesel is produced by USA, Brazil, Indonesia, etc.
• The USA is leader of making Biodiesel in the whole world.
• In the USA most of corn crop, millets, soya bean, etc., are used for the
production of Biodiesel.
• Here are the statics of the production of the Biodiesel,

15. • These countries are the major producers of the biodiesel.
• India is not the leading producer of the biodiesel due to lack of mass production
and the low availability of the crops required for the producing biodiesel.

16. ANY SOLUTION FOR THE FUTURE?
• The Diesel and Biodiesel is majorly used for creating energy. The most of
vehicles are powered by petrol and diesel, the alternative fuel is BIODIESEL.
But also, biodiesel having major disadvantages.
• So, there is only solution for producing energy with a lot of fuel saving and it
is one and only SOLAR ENERGY.

17. THANK YOU