Scientific inquiry uses two main types of science: discovery science and hypothetico-deductive science. Discovery science uses inductive reasoning to describe nature by generalizing observations. Hypothetico-deductive science uses deductive reasoning to test hypotheses according to the scientific method. The scientific method involves making a hypothesis, using deductive logic to make a testable prediction, experimentally testing the prediction, and revising the hypothesis based on the results. Experiments manipulate an independent variable and measure its effect on a dependent variable using controls and replication to reduce sampling errors in analyzing data and drawing conclusions.

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Presentors
Abg Syafiq
Eifa Comel
Sofiah Anak AbahMama
Wana Wani
Liya Witch

2.  As human being, we always want to know about
the nature around us. Therefore scientists grow up
scientific method in order to answer all of the
curiousity about the nature.
 There are 2 main types which is :
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Discovery
Science
Hypothetico-
Deductive science

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 Mainly about describing nature by using inductive
reasoning.
 Inductive reasoning is about generalization of
large number of specific observation.
Human is made from
cells.
Animal is made from
cells
All organism are made
up from cells

4. 1.The hypothetical-deductive method
2.Dependent/Interdependent variable
3.Experimental Analysis
4.Units of measurement and conversion
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5.  A hypothesis refers to a tentative answers or trial
explanation to certain questions.
 The deductive reasoning refers to the usage of
deductive logic to test hypothesis.
 The deductive in hypothetico-deductive reasoning
refers to the use of deductive logic to test hypotheses
(“If …..then” logic).
 In deduction ,the reasoning is from general observation
to reach specific conclusion.
 From a general idea or information, we extrapolate to
the specific results .
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6.  Deductive reasoning start with the presence of
supplied information.
example
Premise 1: If All organism are made of cells,
Premise 2: and Human are organisms,
Conclusion: then, human are made up of cells.
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7. OBSERVATION
QUESTIONS OR PREVIOUS DATA
Test does not HYPOTHESIS Testsupport hypothesis:
supporthypothesis: Makefurtherprediction
Revisehypothesisor PREDICTION andtest them
create new one
TEST
Experiment or/and additional observation
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8. INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
 Factor that is manipulated
in an experiment
 Measured to determine if
the manipulation of the
independent variable had
any effect
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9.  Data in experiment is interpreted in results and had
formulated conclusions . The analysis could be done after
data collection .
 Sampling error is a major problem in analyzing that gives
the inaccurate conclusion. This happen because we cannot
study every individual of the specimen .We can only study a
sample or subset of them to represent the whole
population.
 Sometimes the errors can also occur in the equipment we
used.
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10.  Ways to reduce sampling error is by selecting the typical
samples and each sample must be replicated (2 or 3).
 A prediction also must be tested through actual experiment
and control experiment. The actual experiment differs from
the control experiment according to the selected
parameters/variables.
 Thus, the experiment must be done to test the hypothesis
involving the actual experiment and the control experiment.
 The control experiment is very important to avoid bias
result.
 The observation needs to be done carefully to compare the
results from control and actual experiment.
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11. Microscopic measurement usually uses the following units:
1mm = 10-3 m = 1/1000 m
1µm = 10-6 m = 1/ 1000 000 m
1nm = 10-9 m =1 000 000 000 m
1 Å = 10-10 m
* Micrometer is formerly known as micron (µ) .
-usually used to state the measurement of cell size or the
size of larger organelle such as nucleus and chloroplast .
* Nanometer is formerly millimicron (mµ) .
- useful unit to state the measurement of small organelles such
as lysosomes,peroxisome,cytoskeleton and proteins .
* Å is the unit for measurement of atoms and molecules .
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12. Length – meters :
1 meter = 100 ( 102 ) centimeter (cm)
= 1000 millimeter (mm)
1 centimeter = 0.01 (10-2 ) meter
1 millimeter = 0.001 (10-3 ) meter
1 liter = 1000 millimeter (mL)
Weight – g,kg
Temperature - °C
Concentration – mg/L , µg/L
Velocity – m/s
Volume of liquid – liter, mL
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13. Thank you,
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