Big business in late 1800s
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The document discusses the rise of steel and oil industries in the late 1800s led by Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. Carnegie built successful steel mills in Pittsburgh in the 1860s-1870s that produced steel at lower costs than competitors. He consolidated other steel mills under his company, which became the largest steel producer in the U.S. Rockefeller set up an oil refinery in Cleveland in 1863 and was able to buy out other refineries, consolidating them into Standard Oil Company in 1870. Both Carnegie and Rockefeller achieved great wealth and business success through lowering costs and consolidating their respective industries under their large companies.
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Cornelius Vanderbilt was born in 1794 in Staten Island, New York to a poor family. He started his first business at a young age, buying a boat to ferry goods. He reinvested his profits and expanded his shipping business. Later, Vanderbilt recognized railroads as the future and invested heavily in them, acquiring several major lines. Through strategic business dealings, he dominated railroad transportation in the Northeast and became one of the richest men in late 19th century America before his death in 1877.
Lecture on Industrial america
By 1900, the U.S. had emerged as the world's leading industrial power due to its abundant natural resources, growing labor supply through immigration, capital investments, technological innovations, and business-friendly government policies. Wealthy industrialists and entrepreneurs like Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, and Ford built vast industrial empires in steel, oil, banking, and automobiles through practices like vertical integration and trusts that eliminated competition. New technologies revolutionized areas like transportation, communication, manufacturing, and daily life. However, concerns grew about the power of large trusts and monopolies as well as wealth inequality between the rich industrialists and the working class.
The gilded age city life
1) By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities and towns due to urbanization and the exodus of black workers from southern farms to northern cities. Streetcars replaced horse-drawn carriages and allowed cities to grow larger.
2) Andrew Carnegie built his steel empire in Pittsburgh using vertical integration, selling his company to J.P. Morgan for $400 million in 1900.
3) The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 killed 145 garment workers, mostly young women, and led to increased union membership and stricter safety regulations.
History of SSF
1) Sparta Spoke Factory in Sparta, Tennessee celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1996, making it rare for a company to survive over a century with all the challenges it faced.
2) The factory was founded in 1896 by James Richardson Tubb and became the largest exclusive spoke manufacturer in the world after World War I.
3) It survived major events like the Great Depression and two fires through expanding its product lines and adapting to changes in transportation by supplying spokes for automobiles as wagons declined.
Rise of big business 1860 1900
From 1860-1900, the United States became an economic superpower due to its vast natural resources, booming population from immigration, a pro-business government, and American ingenuity. Innovations like the Bessemer process and widespread use of steel facilitated the construction of skyscrapers and bridges. Industrialists like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and others consolidated their industries vertically and horizontally, forming trusts and monopolies to maximize profits despite facing criticism for harsh treatment of workers. This period of rapid industrialization and economic growth also saw the rise of big cities, labor issues, and concerns over the power of large corporations.
Hw#27 industrialization
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to the United States in the early 19th century, fueled by available investment capital. Factories and mills proliferated in northern US states, which had natural resources like iron and coal and access to rivers for transportation. The US Civil War further accelerated industrialization as both sides needed weapons and supplies. After the war, the transcontinental railroad and waves of immigration connected markets and provided workers, driving continued economic growth and establishing America as a major industrial power.
Brittany Edgerton's Timelinee
The summary provides the key events and developments between 1850-1870:
- The Bessemer Process revolutionized steel production in the 1850s. In the 1860s, the Transcontinental Railroad connected the east and west coasts of the US for the first time. The Homestead Act of 1862 offered free land to citizens.
- Social Darwinism emerged from Darwin's theory of evolution in 1859. The Credit Mobilier scandal involved corruption related to the Union Pacific Railroad construction in the 1860s. Andrew Carnegie's steel company dominated production in the late 1860s.
- The Gilded Age brought rapid economic growth fueled by industries like railroads, factories, and oil in the late 1860s-1870
Brittany Edgerton's Timelinee
- In the late 1880s, George Eastman developed flexible film and the Kodak camera, making photography more convenient and accessible.
- Jane Addams founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889, pioneering social work to help immigrants and the poor. She later won the Nobel Peace Prize.
- On December 28, 1890, around 350 starving and freezing Sioux Indians were rounded up by the 7th Cavalry and taken to a camp at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. The next day, violence erupted and over 150 Sioux men, women, and children were killed by the soldiers in the Wounded Knee Massacre.
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Big business in late 1800s
- 2. In the late 1800s, iron was used to build bridges, buildings, and railroads. As motives got bigger and heavier, iron tracks were no longer strong enough. Steel tracks were needed, but steel was much more expensive to make than iron. By the 1850s, inventers came up with a way to make steel cheaper.
- 3. In the late 1860s,Andrew Carnegie built a steel mill in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. By the 1870s,business was good for him. With his profits he built steel mills and made even more money. He bought ships to carry resources to the mills.
- 4. He made steel at a lower cost then others could. The other steel mills were not able to compete with Carnegie’s low prices. Then they joined his business and formed the Carnegies' steel company; the largest in the U.S. He became very rich at 250 billion dollars a year.
- 6. In 1863, John D. Rockefeller set up an oil refinery in Cleveland , Ohio. He was 24 years old. A refinery is a factory that makes oil into products we use. The first products made in his refinery were grease and kerosene for lamps. His refinery was one of 30 in Cleveland. Later on he was able to buy most of them.
- 7. In 1870, he consolidated them into on business he called the standard oil company. Others could not match his low prices.
- 8. John D. Rockefeller He had a monopoly or was in control of the oil. At age 99, Rockefeller was worth 1.4 billion dollars.
- 9. Most factories were located near harbors or rivers. With the growth of railroads, oil, and steel industries, new cities developed land away from the coast.
- 10. They were one of the most rich people in the world at the time.