Energy Achievement in Bangla Desh is wonderful.

1. India &
Bangla Desh News
2009-2021
INDIA

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INDIA

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India is bordered by Pakistan,
China, Nepal, Bangladesh,

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India’s Economy & Geography
◼ India is a civilization
with a variety and rich
cultural heritage. It has
become self-sufficient in
agricultural production
and is now the tenth
industrialized country in
the world. It covers an
area of 32,87,2631 sq
km, extending from the
snow-covered
Himalayan heights to the
tropical rain forests of
the south.
◼ India is marked off by
mountains and the sea,
which give the country a
distinct geographical
entity. Bounded by the
Great Himalayas in the
north, it stretches
southwards and at the
Tropic of Cancer, tapers
off into the Indian Ocean
between the Bay of
Bengal on the east and
the Arabian Sea on the
west.

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India’s Geography
◼ Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere,
the mainland extends between latitudes 8°4'
and 37°6' north, longitudes 68°7' and 97°25'
east and measures about 3,214 km from
north to south between the extreme latitudes
and about 2,933 km from east to west
between the extreme longitudes. It has a
land frontier of about 15,200 km. The total
length of the coastline of the mainland,
Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman &
Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km.

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PHYSICAL FEATURES
◼ The Four regions are:
the great mountain zone,
plains of the Ganga and
the Indus, the desert
region and the southern
peninsula.
◼ The Himalayas comprise
three almost parallel
ranges interspersed with
large plateaus and
valleys, some of which
are fertile, extensive and
of great scenic beauty.

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Himalayan ranges
◼ Some of the highest peaks in the world are
found in these ranges. The high altitudes
admit travel only to a few passes, notably
the Jelep La and Nathu La on the main
Indo-Tibet trade route through the Chumbi
Valley, north-east of Darjeeling and Shipki
La in the Satluj valley, north-east of Kalpa
(Kinnaur).

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Eastern hills
◼ The mountain wall extends over a
distance of about 2,400 km with a varying
depth of 240 to 320 km.
◼ In the east, between India and Myanmar
and India and Bangladesh, hill ranges are
much lower. Garo, Khasi, Jaintia and
Naga Hills,running almost east-west, join
the chain to Mizo and Rkhine Hills running
north south.

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River systems
◼ The plains of the Ganga and the Indus, about
2,400 km long and 240 to 320 km broad, are
formed by basins of three distinct river systems
- the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
◼ They are one of the world’s greatest stretches
of flat alluvium and also one of the most
densely populated areas on the earth. Between
the Yamuna at Delhi and the Bay of Bengal,
nearly 1,600 km away, there is a drop of only
200 metres in elevation.

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Arid and desert regions
◼ The desert region can be divided into two parts -
the great desert and the little desert. The great
desert extends from the edge of the Rann of
Kuchch beyond the Luni river northward. The whole
of the Rajasthan-Sind frontier runs through this. The
little desert extends from the Luni between
Jaisalmer and Jodhpur up to the northern wastes.
Between the great and the little deserts lies a zone
of absolutely sterile country, consisting of rocky
land cut up by limestone ridges.

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The Peninsular Plateau
◼ The Peninsular Plateau is marked off from the
plains of the Ganga and the Indus by a mass of
mountain and hill ranges varying from 460 to
1,220 metres in height. Prominent among these
are the Aravalli, Vindhya, Satpura, Maikala and
Ajanta. The Peninsula is flanked on the one side
by the Eastern Ghats where average elevation
is about 610 metres and on the other by the
Western Ghats where it is generally from 915 to
1,220 metres, rising in places to over 2,440
metres.

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Coastal area and hills
◼ Between the Western Ghats and the
Arabian Sea lies a narrow coastal strip,
while between Eastern Ghats and the Bay of
Bengal there is a broader coastal area.
◼ The southern point of plateau is formed by
the Nilgiri Hills where the Eastern and the
Western Ghats meet.
◼ The Cardamom Hills lying beyond may be
regarded as a continuation of the Western
Ghats.

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◼ The climate of India may be broadly
described as tropical monsoon type.
There are four seasons: (i) winter
(January-February), (ii) hot weather
summer (March-May); (iii) rainy south-
western monsoon (June-September) and
(iv) post-monsoon, also known as north-
east monsoon in the southern Peninsula
(October-December).
CLIMATE

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CLIMATE
◼ India’s climate is affected by two seasonal
winds - the north-east monsoon and the
southwest monsoon. The north-east monsoon
commonly known as winter monsoon blows
from land to sea whereas south-west monsoon
known as summer monsoon blows from sea to
land after crossing the Indian Ocean, the
Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The south-
west monsoon brings most of the rainfall during
the year in the country.

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The Polity:
INDIA, a Union of States
◼ INDIA, a Union of States, is a Sovereign
Secular Democratic Republic with
a parliamentary system of government.
◼ The Republic is governed in terms of the
Constitution, which was adopted by
Constituent Assembly on 26 November
1949 and came into force on 26 January
1950.

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THE UNION
AND
ITS TERRITORY
◼ India comprises 28 States and seven Union Territories.
They are: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,
Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka,
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand,
Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
◼ Union Territories are : Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu,
National Capital Territory of Delhi, Lakshadweep and
Pondicherry.

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INDIA’S AGE
◼ 0 TO 14 YEARS 31.19 %
◼ 15 TO 64 YEARS 63.6 %
◼ INDIA’S AVERAGE: 25 YEARS
2009

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2009
A woman could become head of State, and non-Hindus could be
Vice-president and Prime Minister of this Hindu majority nation.

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FLORA

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Young, skilled and educated Bharath
◼ India’s asset is a young population. In
2020, the average age of an Indian will be
29 years. It is an asset as it is educated,
skilled and finds productive employment.
India`s potential to grow at 10% per
annum for a substantial period of time can
indeed become a reality.

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Knowledge economy
◼ The future of the global economy in the
21st century lies in the knowledge
economy. We work to strengthen our
competitive advantage in this area. We
have increased the expenditure on
Science & Technology as a proportion of
our GDP.

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Basic and higher education.
India had seven Indian Institutes of Technology and one
Indian Institute of Science and in the last five years we have
established eight new IITs and five more Indian Institutes of
Science Education and Research. We are having both basic
and higher education. The future of the global economy in
the 21st century lies in the knowledge economy. To
strengthen our competitive advantage in this area, we have
increased the expenditure on Science & Technology as a
proportion of our GDP.

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BASIC NATIONAL GOALS
◼ The first and the most important task was to
preserve, consolidate and strengthen India's
unity.
◼ The process of the Indian national development
was to be pushed forward.
◼ Indian unity, had to be strengthened by
recognizing and accepting India's immense
regional, linguistic, ethnic and religious diversity.
◼ Indianness was to be further developed by
acknowledging and accommodating the Indians'
multiple identities and by giving different parts of
the country and various sections of the people an
adequate space in the Indian union.

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STRENGTHENING OF DEMOCRACY
From the beginning, India was committed to
o a democratic and civil libertarian political
order and
o a representative system of government
o based on free and fair elections to be
conducted on the basis of
o universal adult franchise.

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The state was to encroach as little as possible on
rival civil sources of power such as
o universities
o the Press,
o trade unions,
o peasant organizations and
o professional associations.
o The many social, economic and political
challenges that the country was to face were to
be dealt with in
o a democratic manner,
o under democratic conditions.

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o Commercial agriculture, agro-industry and
agri-business;
o forestation for pulp, fuel and power;
o retail and wholesale trade; tourism,
o housing and construction;
o IT and IT-enabled services;
o transport and communications;
o education, health and financial services.
A wide range of strategies and policies are to
stimulate more rapid development.

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Grains Production & Storage:
India’s rice and corn production figures are set to hit
record highs in the current year, while wheat production
is likely to slide. 2017-18 rice production is about 110
million tonnes. Corn production is likely to reach new
high of 27 million tonnes. Wheat production is estimated
to fall to 95 million tonnes in 2018-19. Storage is an
important marketing function, which involves holding and
preserving goods from the time they are produced until
they are needed for consumption

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India’s grain production has steadily increased due to
advances in technology, but post-harvest loss is
constant at 10%. Losses during storage, accounts for
around 6% of the total losses as proper storage
facilities are not available. In India, food grains are
stored using traditional structures by small farmers.
The surplus grains are stored with government
agencies like: Food Corporation of India (FCI), Central
and State warehousing Corporations. The commonly
used storage method is Cover and Plinth (CAP)
storage, which is economical but loss of grains is
India’s grain production
Post-harvest loss is constant at 10%. Losses during storage,
accounts for around 6% of the total losses as proper storage
facilities are not available.
In India, food grains are stored using traditional structures by
small farmers. The surplus grains are stored with government
agencies like: Food Corporation of India (FCI), Central and
State warehousing Corporations. The commonly used
storage method is Cover and Plinth (CAP) storage, which is
economical but loss of grains is inevitable.

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Pending legislation, which will guarantee access by the poor to a
specified quantity of food grains, the National Food Security Bill stands to
have a major impact on the food grain stocking policy in India. The Bill
mentions cash transfers and issuing food coupons to eligible families. The
successful implementation of the Act will clearly require that much larger
stocks be held. Whether these stocks are held by the government or the
private sector depends on new instruments being created, e.g., negotiable
warehouse receipts-, on new institutions such as public-private
partnerships in warehousing and on changes to the legal structure,
especially the Essential Commodities Act and the Agricultural Produce
Marketing (Regulation) Act.
Food Grain Stocking Policy for India

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Silos
In these structures, the grains in
bulk are unloaded on the
conveyor belts and, through
mechanical operations, are
carried to the storage structure.
The storage capacity of each of
these silos is around 25,000
tonnes.

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Very few scientific storage structures like silos are
available with these agencies. The government is taking
initiatives now in building silos for long-term safe storage
of grains since we do not have enough storage capacity
as of now. Drying of harvested grains to safe moisture
levels will reduce losses to a greater extend. However,
very less literature is available on behavior of grains after
harvest for Indian climatic conditions. Therefore, there is a
need for research to develop management guidelines for
safe storage and drying to ensure quality management of
stored grains.
Very few scientific storage structures like silos are
available with these agencies.
The government is taking initiatives now in building silos for
long-term safe storage of grains since we do not have
enough storage capacity as of now. Drying of harvested
grains to safe moisture levels will reduce losses to a greater
extend. However, very less literature is available on
behavior of grains after harvest for Indian climatic
conditions. Therefore, there is a need for research to
develop management guidelines for safe storage and drying
to ensure quality management of stored grains.

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So, what do India’s new farm laws do?
o They make it easier for farmers to bypass government-
regulated markets (known locally as mandis) and sell
produce directly to private buyers.
o They can now enter into contracts with private
companies, a practice known in India as contract
farming, and sell across state borders.
o The new regulations allow traders to store/ stockpile
food.
o This is a shift away from prohibitions against hoarding,
which could make it easier for traders to take advantage
of rising prices, such as during a pandemic. Such
practices were criminal offences under the old rules.

38. Pandemic problem: COVID-19
◼ With more than 37.70 lakh COVID-19 cases reported so
far, Maharashtra remains the worst-affected state in the
country. This number includes nearly 60,000 deaths.
While 30.61 lakh patients in Maharashtra have
recovered, the ‘active’ cases in the state stand at 6.47
lakh.
◼ In a second wave of coronavirus infections, the country
reported over 2.34 lakh new daily cases on April 17.
India’s overall tally stood at 1.45 crore .
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Underlining the “alarming rise in daily number of
active cases which currently stand at 16,79,000” and “a
sharp growth of 10.2% in the number of deaths”,
Union Health Minister Harsh Vardhan Saturday said
“the widening gap between daily new cases and daily
new recoveries reflects that the infection is spreading
at a much faster rate than recoveries with consistently
growing active cases”.
COVID-19 AND INDIA-2021

40. Oxygen plants - Healthcare-support
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The government sent two key messages — one on
oxygen plants and the other one overall health care
infrastructure — to states that are battling a worrying
spike in coronavirus disease cases. India hit a grim
record of 261,500 infections over the past 24 hours on
Sunday.
Altogether 162 pressure swing adsorption (PSA) oxygen
plants have been sanctioned by the Centre, the Union
health ministry tweeted, adding that this will “augment
medical oxygen capacity by 154.19 MT”. Separately,
health minister Harsh Vardhan took to Twitter, saying all
“possible support is being extended to states to fight
#COVID19”. He stressed that a united fight against the
pandemic is the only way forward.

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It is an exclusively Indian contribution to world peace. The
underlying philosophy of this ancient nation evolved a world-
view based on the motto "Loka samasta sukhina bhavantu"
(Let the entire world be happy) thousands of years ago.
Surprisingly, the same philosophy has now been thought of by
the United Nations in order to avoid global strife and fostering
world peace. It is not limited to the residents of India or the
adherents of any particular faith or creed. India receives,
accepts and respects people of all faiths and races.
Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam

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India has worked with South Africa and other partners
at the World Trade Organization (WTO) to seek a
relaxation in the norms of the Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement to
ensure quick and affordable access to vaccines and
medicines for developing countries during the COVID-
19 pandemic. PM called for collective action,
recognizing that this challenge can’t be addressed in
silos. He shared that India is the only G20 country on
track to meet its Paris commitments,” the MEA said.
The PM also highlighted importance of the
International Solar Alliance.
TRIPS Waiver, Stress on International Solar
Alliance: Key Takeaways from PM Modi's
Address at G7 Sessions

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“ Participated in the @G7 session on Climate and
reiterated India’s strong commitment to climate action.
India is the only G20 country on track to meet its Paris
Commitments. And Indian Railways is committed to “Net
Zero” by 2030,” he said on Twitter.
• During the PM’s address at the session on ‘open
societies and open economies’ at the G7 summit, he
highlighted India’s civilisational commitment to
democracy, freedom of thought and liberty. • “Was happy
to address the @G7 Session on Open Societies as a Lead
Speaker. Democracy and freedom are part of India’s
civilizational ethos, and find expression in the vibrancy
and diversity of India’s society,” Modi said in a tweet, later.
Address at Sessions

44. P M Narendra Modi
Addressed G7 Session
44

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New Delhi: Hyderabad-based Asian Institute of
Gastroenterology is carrying out one of the largest
studies to find out if the single-dose drug cocktail of
monoclonal antibodies therapy is effective against the
highly infectious Delta variant or not. As many as 40
COVID-19 patients were given a single-dose drug
cocktail of monoclonal antibodies at Asian Institute of
Gastroenterology in Hyderabad. "In 24 hours, they
recovered from clinical symptoms like fever, malaise
etc.," chairperson of the hospital, Dr Nageshwar
Reddy told English news channel.
Symptoms gone in 24 hours

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"Studies from the US have shown that this is effective
against the British variant, Brazilian and South African
variants also. No one has tested it against the Delta
variant we have here. So what we are doing is that we
are parallelly testing whether it is effective against the
mutant virus. Results that we have now in 40 patients
who we analysed after one week. almost in 100 per
cent (cases), the virus disappeared when we did RT-
PCR(sic)," said Dr Reddy.

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Power Swarm: A revolutionary approach to
solar microgrids | earthrise
In rural Bangladesh, a renewable energy solution is
providing villagers with power and an income.

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SOLshare has created a revolutionary new
approach to bring affordable solar electricity to
everyone in Bangladesh and beyond. We believe
that our smart peer to peer grids can be the
future for energy utilities globally.
We connect solar home systems, monetizing excess
solar energy in real time with mobile money and
empowering rural communities to earn a direct income
from the sun.
Affordable solar electricity

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ME SOLshare Ltd.
LM Tower (2nd Floor), Ka/87,
Joar Shahara Bazar Road
Vatara,
Dhaka – 1229, Bangladesh
Contact : 01708-458764
ADDRESS :

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Sebastian Groh, M D and Founder Solshare,
Solshare’s Innovative Solution for Energy
Access Through Nano Grids
A Bangladesh based firm that has made it to the Global
Cleantech 100 in 2018. That’s SOLshare, the nano grid firm.
The company was formed in 2013, when Dr Sebastian Groh
pitched the idea of SOLshare as one of the early outcomes of
his PhD thesis investigating the role of energy in development
processes to a mock jury at Stanford within their Ignite
program. The jury challenged his lack of real field experience
on the ground in Bangladesh. This was when he decided to
make the move and turn the theoretical concept of ‘swarm
electrification into reality’. 2018 was very special for the firm –
awarded the best energy start-up in the world through the
Free Electrons Program – an accelerator consisting of ten
giant global utilities.