Bhadale group farming and mechanization-part-1

3 Apr 2020
Farming and Mechanization-Part-1
Bhadale IT Developers Pvt. Ltd | Bhadale Real Estate Developers Pvt. Ltd (registration due)
Plot No. 52, Hindwadi, Belgaum, KA, India | Mobile: +91- 9741040195 | Website: TBD

Farming and Mechanization-Part-1 Bhadale Group of Companies
Bhadale Group of Companies
Bhadale Group of Companies consists of Bhadale IT Developers Pvt. Ltd and Bhadale Real Estate Developers Pvt Ltd.
1. Bhadale IT Developers Pvt. Ltd is an IT and Computer Engineering company
This company provides consultation in areas of cutting edge technologies, research outsourcing, and
software consultation related to data center and related engineering practices
2. Bhadale Real Estate Developers Pvt. Ltd is a Real estate company
This company provides development of Infrastructure for IT Datacenter and allied sectors. It manages
the engineering design, landscaping, civil architecture, presently serving internal projects.
Bhadale Group of Companies has aggressive programs in place to serve the niche market.
Below are the high level mechanization methods for farming, equipments and productivity based on various schemes,
methods and processes. This is mainly applied for Indian farming mainly in Karnataka state where we have a large farm
that is the obvious choice to work with during the time of recession and global financial turmoil.
This is the first part of the two staged document. Please leverage this with proper care and suitability of your farm
needs.
Service details for Bhadale Farms Pvt. Ltd
Image courtesy (The Web), no intention for copyright infringement

Below are highlights of our processes, methodologies, we follow to ensure quality deliverables. We use a combination of
these guidelines and custom these as per unique project needs. Focus is on methodologies, processes and strategies
rather than actual implementation
http://www.nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/images/publications/Smart%20practices%20&%20technologies.pdf - IMP
As per our study, JOHN DEER Tractors have lots of Mechanization units and looks better than Indian tractors
https://www.deere.co.in/en/index.html
https://www.deere.com/en/index.html
http://farmech.dac.gov.in/revised/Report_of_the_Expert_Committee_on_Power_tillers_(Revised)%20(1)%20(1)%20(1).
pdf
https://archive.india.gov.in/sectors/agriculture/index.php?id=5
https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/229967/files/08-Gajendra%20Singh%20-%20Keynote-01-n.pdf

http://gtw3.grantthornton.in/assets/Transforming_Agriculture_Through_Mechanisation.pdf

Several agencies are offering more details, few are:
1. Mechanisation under the National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
2. Mechanisation under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY)
3. National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology (NMAET)
4. Mechanisation under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)

Images from GoI public websites
Small background on how US is leveraging on mechanization. In the words of Wikipedia:
Asparagus are presently harvested by hand with labour costs at 71% of production costs and 44% of selling costs.
Asparagus is a difficult crop to harvest since each spear matures at a different speed making it difficult to achieve a
uniform harvest. A prototype asparagus harvesting machine - using a light-beam sensor to identify the taller spears - is
expected to be available for commercial use
As of 2014, prototype chili pepper harvesters are being tested by New Mexico State University. The New Mexico green
chile crop is currently hand-picked entirely by field workers as chili pods tend to bruise easily. The first commercial

application commenced in 2015. The equipment is expected to increase yield per acre and help to offset a sharp decline
in acreage planted due to the lack of available labour and drought conditions
As of 2010, approximately 10% of the processing orange acreage in Florida is harvested mechanically, mainly with citrus
canopy shaker machines. Mechanization has progressed slowly due to the uncertainty of future economic benefits due
to competition from Brazil and the transitory damage to orange trees when they are harvested
A new strain of grape developed by the USDA that drys on the vine and is easily harvested mechanically is expected to
reduce the demand for labour.
A strawberry harvester developed by Shibuya Seiki and unveiled in Japan in 2013 is able to pick a strawberry every eight
seconds. The robot identifies which strawberries are ready to pick by using three separate cameras and then once
identified as ready, a mechanised arm snips the fruit free and gently places it in a basket. The robot moves on rails
between the rows of strawberries which are generally contained within elevated greenhouses. A new strawberry
harvester made by Agrobot that will harvest strawberries on raised, hydroponic beds using 60 robotic. Many harvest
machines had been equipped with a photo-electric scanner that sorted out green tomatoes among the ripe red ones
using infrared lights and colour sensors
To withstand the rigour of the machines, new crop varieties were bred to match the automated pickers. UC Davis
Professor G.C. Hanna propagated a thick-skinned tomato called VF-145. But even still, millions were damaged with
impact cracks and university breeders produced a tougher and juiceless "square round" tomato
Applications
Preparing land for planting
Further information: Plough and Disc harrow
Modern tractor ploughing in South Africa. This plough has five non-reversible mouldboards. The fifth, empty furrow on
the left may be filled by the first furrow of the next pass.
A four-furrow reversible Kverneland plough.

A modern John Deere 8110 Farm Tractor using a chisel plough. The ploughing tines are at the rear; the refuse-cutting
coulters at the front. – IMP
Chisel ploughs are becoming more popular as a primary tillage tool in row crop farming areas. Basically the chisel plough
is a very heavy duty field cultivator intended to operate at depths from 15 cm [6 in] to as much as 46 cm [18 in].
However some models may run much deeper. Each of the individual ploughs, or shanks, are typically set from nine
inches (229 mm) to twelve inches (305 mm) apart. Such a plough can encounter significant soil drag, consequently a
tractor of sufficient power and good traction is required. When planning to plough with a chisel plough it is important to
bear in mind that 10 to 20 horsepower (7.5 to 15 kW) per shank will be required, depending on depth.
Bigham Brother Tomato Tiller
A ridging plough is used for crops, such as potatoes or scallions, which are grown buried in ridges of soil using a
technique called ridging or hilling. A ridging plough has two mouldboards facing away from each other, cutting a deep
furrow on each pass, with high ridges either side. The same plough may be used to split the ridges to harvest the crop.
A disc harrow is a farm implement that is used to till the soil where crops are to be planted. It is also used to chop up
unwanted weeds or crop remainders. It consists of much carbon steel and sometimes the longer-lasting boron discs
A modern Simba disc harrow
An Evers disc harrow

Modern disc harrows are tractor-driven and are raised either by a three-point lift or hydraulically by wheels.
Primary heavy duty disc harrows of 265 to 1000 lbs per disc are mainly used to break up virgin land, to chop
material/residue, and to incorporate it into the top soil. Lighter secondary disc harrows help completely incorporate
residue left by a primary disc harrow, eliminate clumps, and loosen the remaining packed soil. The notched disc blades
chop up stover left from previous crops, such as cornstalks. Disc harrows incorporate remaining residue into the top soil,
promoting the rapid decay of the dead plant material. Applying fertilizer onto residue on the surface of the soil results in
much of the applied nitrogen being tied up by residual plant material; therefore it is not available to germinating seeds.
Disc harrows are also generally used prior to plowing in order to make the land easier to manage and work after
plowing. Applying a disc harrow before plowing can also reduce clogging and allow more complete turning of the soil
during plowing.
Seed drilling, planting
A seed drill is a device that sows the seeds for crops by metering out the individual seeds, positioning them in the soil,
and covering them to a certain average depth. This makes sure the seed will be placed evenly.
The seed drill sows the seeds at equal distances and proper depth, ensuring that the seeds get covered with soil and are
saved from being eaten by birds and being blown by the wind.
A sowing machine which uses the seed drill concept
Traditionally, a seed drill consists of a hopper filled with seeds arranged above a series of tubes that can be set at
selected distances from each other to allow optimum growth of the resulting plants. Seeds are spaced out using fluted
paddles which rotate using a geared drive from one of the drill's land wheels—seed rate is altered by changing gear
ratios. Most modern drills use air to convey seed in plastic tubes from the seed hopper to the coulters—it is an
arrangement which allows seed drills to be much wider than the seed hopper—as much as 12 m wide in some cases. The
seed is metered mechanically into an air stream created by a hydraulically powered onboard fan and conveyed initially
to a distribution head which sub-divides the seed into the pipes taking the seed to the individual colters.
Weeding, crop spraying
Weed control is important in agriculture. Many strategies have been developed in order to contain these plants.
Methods include hand cultivation with hoes, powered cultivation with cultivators, smothering with mulch, lethal wilting
with high heat, burning, and chemical attack with herbicides (weed killers).

Weed Control:
In domestic gardens, methods of weed control include covering an area of ground with a material that creates a hostile
environment for weed growth, known as a weed mat.
Several layers of wet newspaper prevent light from reaching plants beneath, which kills them. Daily saturating the
newspaper with water plant decomposition. After several weeks, all germinating weed seeds are dead
A 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) layer of wood chip mulch prevents most weeds from sprouting.
Ploughing uproots weeds, causing them to die. In summer ploughing is done during deep summers. Summer ploughing
also helps in killing pests. Mechanical tilling can remove weeds around crop plants at various points in the growing
process.
An Aquamog can be used to remove weeds covering a body of water.
Pesticide-free thermic weed control with a weed burner on a potato field in Dithmarschen, Germany
Flame weeders use a flame several centimeters away from the weeds to give them a sudden and severe heating. The
goal of flame weeding is not necessarily burning the plant, but rather causing a lethal wilting by denaturing proteins in
the weed. Similarly, hot air weeders can heat up the seeds to the point of destroying them. Flame weeders can be
combined with techniques such as stale seedbeds (preparing and watering the seedbed early, then killing the nascent
crop of weeds that springs up from it, then sowing the crop seeds) and preemergence flaming (doing a flame pass
against weed seedlings after the sowing of the crop seeds but before those seedlings emerge from the soil—a span of
time that can be days or weeks).
Organic weed control involves anything other than applying manufactured chemicals. Typically a combination of
methods is used to achieve satisfactory control.
Sulfur in some circumstances is accepted within British Soil Association standards.
Few key weed control terms:
 Contact herbicides destroy only plant tissue that contacts the herbicide. Generally, these are the fastest-acting
herbicides. They are ineffective on perennial plants that can re-grow from roots or tubers.
 Systemic herbicides are foliar-applied and move through the plant where they destroy a greater amount of
tissue. Glyphosate is currently the most used systemic herbicide.
 Soil-borne herbicides are applied to the soil and are taken up by the roots of the target plant.
 Pre-emergent herbicides are applied to the soil and prevent germination or early growth of weed seeds.

In agriculture large scale and systematic procedures are usually required, often by machines, such as large liquid
herbicide 'floater' sprayers, or aerial application.
A mechanical weed control device: the diagonal weeder
Biological controls—Natural biological processes and materials can provide control, with acceptable environmental
impact, and often at lower cost. The main approach is to promote beneficial insects that eat or parasitize target pests.
Biological insecticides, derived from naturally occurring microorganisms (e.g.—Bt, entomopathogenic fungi and
entomopathogenic nematodes), also fall in this category. Further 'biology-based' or 'ecological' techniques are under
evaluation.
Responsible use—Synthetic pesticides are used as required and often only at specific times in a pest's life cycle. Many
newer pesticides are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.—nicotine, pyrethrum and insect
juvenile hormone analogues), but the toxophore or active component may be altered to provide increased biological
activity or stability. Applications of pesticides must reach their intended targets. Matching the application technique to
the crop, the pest, and the pesticide is critical. The use of low-volume spray equipment reduces overall pesticide use and
labor cost.
Chemical controls include horticultural oils or the application of insecticides and herbicides. A green pest management
IPM program uses pesticides derived from plants, such as botanicals, or other naturally occurring materials.
Harvesting
The modern combine harvester, or simply combine, is a versatile machine designed to efficiently harvest a variety of
grain crops. The name derives from its combining three separate harvesting operations—reaping, threshing, and
winnowing—into a single process. Among the crops harvested with a combine are wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn (maize),
sorghum, soybeans, flax (linseed), sunflowers and canola. The separated straw, left lying on the field, comprises the
stems and any remaining leaves of the crop with limited nutrients left in it: the straw is then either chopped, spread on
the field and ploughed back in or baled for bedding and limited-feed for livestock.
A Lely open-cab combine

John Deere Combine 9870 STS with 625D
John Deere 9870 STS underbelly
Below is a schematic view of the combine harvester
Conventional combine harvester (cut)
1) Reel
2) Cutter bar
3) Header auger
4) Grain conveyor
5) Stone trap
6) Threshing drum
7) Concave
8) Straw walker
9) Grain pan
10) Fan
11) Top Adjustable sieve
12) Bottom sieve
13) Tailings conveyor
14) Rethreshing of tailings
15) Grain auger
16) Grain tank
17) Straw chopper
18) Driver's cab
19) Engine
20) Unloading auger
21) Impeller

Combines are equipped with removable heads that are designed for particular crops. The standard header, sometimes
called a grain platform, is equipped with a reciprocating knife cutter bar, and features a revolving reel with metal or
plastic teeth to cause the cut crop to fall into the auger once it is cut. A variation of the platform, a "flex" platform, is
similar but has a cutter bar that can flex over contours and ridges to cut soybeans that have pods close to the ground. A
flex head can cut soybeans as well as cereal crops, while a rigid platform is generally used only in cereal grains.
Some wheat headers, called "draper" headers, use a fabric or rubber apron instead of a cross auger. Draper headers
allow faster feeding than cross augers, leading to higher throughputs due to lower power requirements. On many farms,
platform headers are used to cut wheat, instead of separate wheat headers, so as to reduce overall costs.
A John Deere Titan series combine unloading corn.
Self-propelled Gleaner combines could be fitted with special tracks instead of tires or tires with tread measuring almost
10in deep to assist in harvesting rice
The application of the appropriate synthetic greases will reduce the friction experienced at crucial points, i.e. chains,
sprockets and gear boxes compared to petroleum based lubricants. Engines with synthetic lubricants will also remain
significantly cooler during operation prevent FIRES.
Indian farming methods and field work
http://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/crop-management-for-aberrant-weather-conditions/smart-practices-
technologies/flood-tolerant-varieties-impart-resilience-to-farmers-in-flood-prone-areas
Rice varieties Swarna-sub1, MTU-1010, MTU-1001 and MTU-1140 are high yielding with good grain quality apart from
possessing submergence tolerance and perform better under flood situation. Demonstration of these varieties in flood-
prone areas showed that Swarna-sub1, a variety developed by IRRI and CRRI, Cuttack and released in 2009, could
tolerate submergence up to two weeks and could perform significantly better compared to other improved and local
cultivars. MTU-1010 is a short duration, dwarf variety resistant to lodging and can withstand moderate wind velocity.
This attribute of lodging resistance saves from not only loss in grain but also straw yield which is the main source of dry
fodder. MTU- 1140 is also a promising, non- lodging variety comparable in grain quality to BPT-5204.
Farmers found that Indra-MTU-1061 with a seed dormancy of 2-3 weeks was non-lodging and tolerated inundation up
to 10 days at later stages of crop growth. Swarna-sub1 was demonstrated in flood-prone NICRA villages in Nimpith and
Coochbehar in West Bengal; Supaul and Jehanabad in Bihar; Gondia in Maharashtra, Kushinagar, Maharajganj and
Bharaich in UP and gave an average yield of 44 q/ha with an yield advantage of 40% and a benefit cost ratio of 2.4
compared to other varieties. Demonstrations with MTU-1010 in NICRA villages in Valsad, Gujarat; Dantewada,
Chhattisgarh and West Tripura resulted in an average yield of 34 q/ha with a yield advantage of 26.7% and benefit cost
ratio of 1.98. Demonstrations with MTU-1061 in NICRA villages in Ganjam, Odisha and Dantewada, Chhattisgarh gave an
average yield of 37 q/ha with a yield advantage of 40.7% and a benefit cost ratio of 1.75.

Similarly, submergence tolerant varieties 'Jalashree' and 'Jalkuwari' which can tolerate submergence of 12-15 days
produce about 53% higher grain yield compared to traditional rice variety in Udmari village of Dhubri district, Assam.
Having two sets of land height levels platforms; one for storing rain water away from main field where paddy can be
harvested, water logged low farm portion can be used for water resistant varieties or water storage for next crop cycle
during summer.

FOR DROUGHT areas, where dry seeds may not germinate, the process of Drum seeding is used.

Dealers:
Registered Office (Mitsubishi engines)
CIN- L34101KA1967PLC001706
Plot No- 1, Dyavasandra Indl. Layout,
Whitefield Road, Mahadevapura Post,
Bengaluru-560048, Karnataka.
http://www.vsttillers.com/support/dealers-in-india
VST Tillers and Tractors are available in Beedi as per above data, need to see where these Krishi Yantra Dhare center
M/s. Bhumi Agro Agencies
10293, Shivaji Nagar, Near Metgud Hospital, Belgaum Karnataka 590002 India
Mr. Anil M Khemalapur
+919448340295, +917026623381, +917026623382

Shree KshetraDharmastala Rural Development Project®, Dharmastala – 164 centers
http://skdrdpindia.org/programmes/agriculture/chsc/
The Executive Director
Shri Kshetra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project, Dharmashree Building, Dharmasthala, Dakshina Kannada District,
Karnataka, India, 574216
(91)- (8256)-277215
skdrdp@skdrdpindia.org
Below are general content related to various crops, fruits, dishes & standards
Fruits that grown in wet, watery conditions
https://homeguides.sfgate.com/fruit-trees-tolerate-moist-soil-24199.html
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/fegen/fruit-trees-in-wet-conditions.htm
Pears, Apple, Blueberries, Asian pears, Anna apples, Beverly Hills apple, Fuji apple, Gala apple, Guava ,Grafted citrus
trees, Sapodilla, Mango, Surinam cherry, Caimito, Persimmon, Coconut, Mulberry, Camu Camu, Jaboticaba

Read more at Gardening Know How: Moisture Loving Fruit Trees – Fruit Trees That Grow In Wet Conditions
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/fegen/fruit-trees-in-wet-conditions.htm
https://www.tenthacrefarm.com/perennial-crops-wet-soil/
https://www.acs.edu.au/info/hobby/landscaping/wet-soil-plants.aspx
https://extension.psu.edu/trees-shrubs-and-groundcovers-tolerant-of-wet-sites
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-plants-that-grow-in-water-and-we-eat - Good
https://homeguides.sfgate.com/vegetable-plants-like-moisture-22949.html
https://www.mnn.com/your-home/organic-farming-gardening/stories/are-you-watering-your-veggies-right-way
 Cucumbers and and lettuce: 96 percent
 Zucchini, radish and celery: 95 percent
 Tomatoes: 94 percent
 Green cabbage: 93 percent
 Cauliflower, eggplant, red cabbage, peppers and spinach: 92 percent.
 Broccoli: 91 percent
 Carrots: 87 percent
 Green peas and white potatoes: 79 percent
Drought conditions
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/xeriscape/drought-resistant-vegetables.htm
https://patch.com/minnesota/edina/bp--consider-these-heat-drought-tolerant-vegetables-f7d7816f372
Here is a list of some herbs and vegetables that can tolerate drier conditions and higher temperatures.
 Amaranth (harvest and eat leaf amaranth like spinach)
 Arugula
 Asian Greens (a wide selection here)
 Asparagus. This is a perennial. You plant it once and let it grow in that same area. Don't move it! A well prepared
bed will produce spears for at least 15-20 years. And that is a cost effective bargain!
 Beans (bush and pole)
 Broccoli (Sun King Hybrid)
 Cabbage
 Chards
 Chinese Cabbages
 Cowpeas
 Cucumbers
 Dandelion
 Eggplant*
 Endive
 Garlic
 Leeks
 Lettuces (leaf varieties, harvest young and early in the season)
 Melons (cantaloupe, honey-dew, watermelons, etc.)
 Okra
 Onions (sets and plants)
 Peppers* (sweet and hot peppers)
 Pumpkins
 Rhubarb. This is a perennial and another cost effective bargain. Again, plant it where it can remain for a number
of years. If you need to divide or move it, do it as soon as it breaks the surface in early spring)

 Spinach (New Zealand, Malabar)
 Squash (summer and winter)
 Sweet Corn (lots to choose from-white, yellow, yellow and white)
 Sweet Potatoes (Georgia Jet, Vardaman, Wakenda)
 Tomatoes (thousands to choose from-Solar Fire, Sun Leaper, Sunmaster, Equinox, many cherry varieties)
 Woody stemmed herbs (Oregano, Rosemary, Sage, Thyme, Winter Savory)
The following is a list, albeit not complete, of types of drought resistant veggies: Rhubarb (once mature), Swiss chard,
‘Hopi Pink’ corn, ‘Black Aztec’ corn, Asparagus (once established), Sweet potato, Jerusalem artichoke, Globe artichoke,
Green-striped cushaw squash, ‘Iroquois’ cantaloupe, Sugar Baby watermelon, Eggplant, Mustard greens, Okra, Peppers,
Armenian cucumber,
Legumes of all sorts are drought resistant and include: Chickpea, Tepary bean, Moth bean, Cowpea (black-eyed pea),
‘Jackson Wonder’ lima bean.
Read more at Gardening Know How: Drought Resistant Vegetables: Growing Drought Tolerant Vegetables In Gardens
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/xeriscape/drought-resistant-vegetables.htm
RAIN SHELTER FARMING
https://extension.udel.edu/weeklycropupdate/?p=6777
https://www.thebetterindia.com/137509/rain-shelter-farming-fetches-this-kerala-cop-12-kilos-of-veggies-every-day/
https://english.mathrubhumi.com/agriculture/cultivate-vegetables-all-year-in-rain-shelter-english-news-1.889456
http://animagro.blogspot.com/2011/08/rain-shelter-technology.html
GLUTEN FREE FOODS
The following items can be consumed liberally on your Gluten Free Diet (go organic and local with your whole- food
choices wherever possible; flash frozen is fine, too):
 Healthy fat: extra virgin olive oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, grass-fed tallow and organic or pasture-fed butter,
ghee, almond milk, avocados, coconuts, olives, nuts and nut butters, cheese (except for blue cheeses), and seeds
(flaxseed, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, chia seeds).
 Protein: whole eggs; wild fish (salmon, black cod, mahi mahi, grouper, herring, trout, sardines); shellfish and
mollusks (shrimp, crab, lobster, mussels, clams, oysters); grass-fed meat, fowl, poultry, and pork (beef, lamb,
liver, bison, chicken, turkey, duck, ostrich, veal); wild game.
 Vegetables: leafy greens and lettuces, collards, spinach, broccoli, kale, chard, cabbage, onions, mushrooms,
cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, sauerkraut, artichoke, alfalfa sprouts, green beans, celery, bok choy, radishes,
watercress, turnip, asparagus, garlic, leek, fennel, shallots, scallions, ginger, jicama, parsley, water chestnuts.
 Low-sugar Fruit: avocado, bell peppers, cucumber, tomato, zucchini, squash, pumpkin, eggplant, lemons, limes.
 Herbs, Seasonings, and Condiments: You can go wild here as long as you watch labels. Kiss ketchup and chutney
goodbye but enjoy mustard, horseradish, tapenade, and salsa if they are free of gluten, wheat, soy, and sugar.
There are virtually no restrictions on herbs and seasonings; be mindful of packaged products, however, that
were made at plants that process wheat and soy.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/9-gluten-free-grains
https://www.realfoodforlife.com/11-gluten-free-grains/
https://wholegrainscouncil.org/whole-grains-101/whats-whole-grain-refined-grain/gluten-free-whole-grains
https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/7-gluten-free-grains-you-should-know-about-1669441

Sorghum, Quinoa, Millet, Oats, Buckwheat, Amaranth, Teff, Corn (Maize), Brown Rice, Montina
(Indian Rice Grass)
Millet is found in three varieties - Pearl Millet is called Bajra, Finger Millet is called Ragi and
Proso Millet is called Barri in Hindi. Buckwheat in India is known as ‘kuttu’ and is eaten during the
Navaratri festival.
http://austinpublishinggroup.com/nutrition-food-sciences/fulltext/ajnfs-v2-id1016.php
DIET TYPES (For processing of foods, vegs, fruits to make a meal plate fit for local use and for
export)
http://www.healthyireland.ie/health-initiatives/heg/
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet
https://sol.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.php?id=1517&chapterid=1500 - Free course
Codex standards contain requirements for food aimed at ensuring for the consumer, a sound, wholesome food product
free from adulteration, correctly labelled and presented. A codex standard should, therefore, for any food or foods:
1. Incorporate by reference the applicable hygiene, labeling, method of analysis and other general provisions adopted by
the commission; and
2. Specify in whole or in part the following criteria, as appropriate:
(a) Product designation, definition and composition: these should describe and define the food and cover
compositional requirements which may include quality criteria.
(b) Hygiene requirements: These should include such factors as specific sanitary and other protective measures
and safeguards to assure a sound, wholesome and marketable product.
(c) Weight and measure requirement, such as fill of container, weight, measure, or count of units based on an
appropriate method or criteria.
(d) Labeling requirements: These should include specific requirement for labeling presentation.
(e) Sampling, testing and analytical methods: These should cover specific sampling, testing, and analytical
procedures.
A number of existing food standards in India are based on the international codex alimentarius, with relevant
modifications and additions wherever necessary. The most important of these are:
 Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA)
 `Agmark' Standards (JAGMark)
 Fruit Products Order (FPO)
 Specifications of Indian Standards Institution (ISI)
The regulation consists of many articles direction towards the protection of food adulteration. Some of these are
discussed below:
1. Section II: This section gives some common definitions like definition of adulteration, definition of food false labels.
(a) Definition of Food Adulteration: This has been discussed in chapter 13 already.
(b) Definition of Food Stuff: All the liquid and solid products that are ingested (except water and medicine are
termed as food stuffs.
(c) False Label: The following conditions define any product with false label:

(i) If the label is deceptive or not true,
(ii) If the product is sold by some another name.
(iii) If the product is the copy of some other product and the name of the product is not mentioned on
the label.
(iv) If the container is such that is deceives about the amount it contains.
(v) If the label does not mention the name of the manufacture and the products used and their
standard.
(vi) The label cannot be read easily.
(vii) If the artificial colors and chemical preservatives used are not mentioned,
(viii) If the standard of the food product is not mentioned.
Fruit Product Order (F.P.O.)
The Fruit Products Order was promulgated by the Government of India in 1946, under the Defence India Rules. In 1955,
the order was revised and section III of the Essential commodities Act, which was enacted that year. This order stipulates
minimum fruit and vegetable products manufactured in India. Under this act, every manufacturer for fruit and vegetable
products must obtain a license before starting production and the products should confirm to the standards prescribed
under the order. The latest amendment was made in 1975.
AgMark:
The several grades are: (i) Special (Grade 1); (2) Good (Grade 2); (3) Fair (Grade 3); and (4) Ordinary (Grade 4). These
standards also specify the type of packaging to be used for different products.
ISO 9000 is a series of international standards for total quality systems. The major objective is:
To facilitate international trade by creating atmosphere of mutual trust with regard to maintenance of quality of the
product. ISO 9000 looks at every aspect of the company's operations including:
 Tooling Procedure
 Assembly line Equipment
 Personnel Management
 Accounting Procedures.
http://www.fao.org/nutrition/education/food-dietary-guidelines/en/
Store and display food properly: Cold foods on a serving line must be maintained at a temperature of 45°F (4°C) or below
and not that of the ice or cold plate on which the food is placed. Hot foods on a serving line must be maintained at 140°F
(60°C) or above. This must be the temperature of the heating unit at which the food is held.
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-eating-plate/
https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/world-cuisine-know-the-difference-between-continental-food-and-oriental-food-
1713165
https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/category/cuisines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cuisines
https://regevelya.com/foods-around-the-world/
http://www.listwoo.com/top-10-international-cusines/

Chef Irfan tells us, "Continental food is something that is prepared in the continent of Europe. Essentially you won't see
Chinese and Indian cuisines in a Continental platter, just Mediterranean and French food." Continental food refers to the
delicacies consumed in European countries. The French, Italian and Spanish parts of Europe, all do 'continental' dishes
which focus more on olive oil, wine, garlic and various herbs and spices.
According to Chef Irfan, "Oriental food belongs to the Southeast Asian countries which include Chinese, Thai, Korean,
Japanese, etc." The Oriental part of Asia covers a big chunk of Eastern Asia encompassing a wide range of culinary
traditions. The Orient can stretch up to Philippines, Korean, Thailand, Indonesia, Mongolia, Japan, Vietnam and regions
covering most of China. Oriental food generally uses dried ingredients like dry apricot and dry plums, while continental
food does not use any of it.
Unlike oriental food, continental food has lesser amount of vegetables, but nowadays vegetables have become common
in both the cuisines. Foods like baby corns, sundried tomatoes and lotus roots were never used in Continental dishes but
now chefs don't hesitate to use them while cooking.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cuisines
https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/world-best-food-dishes/index.html
https://www.allrecipes.com/recipes/86/world-cuisine/
http://www.koshercertification.org.uk/whatdoe.html
KOSHER = ISRAEL diet
All kosher milk products must derive from kosher animals. In addition, the milk of impure cattle and game (e.g. donkey
milk) is prohibited. Dairy products, of course, also may not contain non-kosher additives, and they may not include meat
products or derivatives (for example, many types of cheese are manufactured with animal fats).
Additionally, a number of pre-processed foods contain small portions of milk products, such as whey. According to food
product regulations, such tiny additives do not have to be declared on the packaging but may nevertheless render the
product non-kosher. This applies especially to bread.
Forbidden fruit: Fruits from trees planted within the past three years may not be eaten.
All products that grow in the soil or on plants, bushes, or trees are kosher. However, all insects and animals that have
many legs or very short legs are not kosher. Consequently, vegetables, fruits and other products infested with such
insects must be checked and the insects removed.
A vegetable prone to insect infestation (e.g. cauliflower) must be carefully examined.
https://www.everydayhealth.com/digestive-health/bland-foods-just-what-are-they/
A bland diet can be used to treat ulcers, heartburn, nausea, vomiting and gas. You may also need to eat bland foods
after stomach or intestinal surgery.
A bland diet is made up of foods that are soft, not very spicy, and low in fiber.
Vegetables you should eat include:
 beets
 carrots
 green beans
 peas
 white or sweet potatoes
 spinach
 pumpkin

https://samurai-kitchen.tokyo/en/learn/halal-vegetarian/
VEGAN:
The definition of veganism, according to The Vegan Society, who coined the term in 1944, is:
“A philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude—as far as is possible and practicable—all forms of exploitation
of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes the development and
use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of humans, animals and the environment. In dietary terms it denotes the
practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals.”
It is therefore more than just cutting out meat and dairy products, but a more comprehensive lifestyle choice striving to
avoid animal cruelty and exploitation.
https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/what-is-a-vegan-diet-food-person-lifestyle-health-benefits-
beginners-guide-what-not-to-eat-a8122181.html
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/foods-vegans-eat
https://veganoutreach.org/vegan-food/
In summary, the above content is meant for educational and awareness for taking up farming and related crops and
automation of crop lifecycle management.
Disclaimer:
Several details have been sourced from the web (Universities, Institutes, Wikipedia, John Deer, NDTV, & newspapers).
We have no intention to infringe any names, copyrights and data that might be presented in this document. This is for
information and educational purpose only and no monetary claims can be made. Please advise us for anything that you
feel to let us know.
For more details, contact below:
Contact
Bhadale IT Developers Pvt. Ltd
CTO: Vijay Mohire, 9741040195; Email: vijaymohire@gmail.com

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