Beta thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder that results in reduced or absent beta globin chains, causing anemia. It is endemic in Azerbaijan, where 10% of the population are carriers and it is the 4th highest country in terms of prevalence. The most common beta thalassemia mutations in Azerbaijan are Codon 8-AA, IVS2-1, and IVS1-110. While historically fatal, diagnosis and treatment have improved in recent years due to a specialized thalassemia center providing free care and increased screening and awareness programs. The high rates are believed to have evolved from a heterozygous advantage in protecting against past endemic malaria.