Best Drug Rehabilitation: Drugs and the Human Brain
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Most individuals know that drugs affect the way the brain works, but not everyone understands precisely how drugs alter the complex chemical processes that take place in the body. Here, Best Drug Rehabilitation reviews the basic effects that drugs can have on the body's chemistry.
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The Effects Of Methamphetamine On The Brain
Methamphetamine affects neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin by blocking their reabsorption and increasing their release, causing dangerous imbalances in the brain. It is highly addictive due to inducing feelings of euphoria by raising dopamine levels, and subsequent crashes when levels fall. Long-term use kills neurotransmitter cells, permanently altering emotions and reward processing and increasing risks of mental health issues like depression.
Meth presentation
Methamphetamine is an addictive stimulant drug that strongly activates the brain and is chemically similar to amphetamine, though methamphetamine has greater effects on the central nervous system. Both drugs have limited medical uses such as treating obesity. Methamphetamine can cause significant and lasting changes to the brain, including delusions, hallucinations, uncontrolled movements, depression, and fast-acting addiction.
Wire week 6 emotion and addiction
The document discusses how emotions play a big role in addiction and the powerful connection between emotion and addiction. It describes how drugs of abuse hijack the brain's reward and punishment system, confusing the drug reward with the body's own chemical rewards. Certain brain regions like the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures help regulate emotion. Specific drugs like alcohol, nicotine, methamphetamine, and marijuana impact the brain and neurotransmitters like dopamine in ways that influence emotions, feelings of pleasure, and memory formation, contributing to drug addiction.
The Pharmacological Intervention in Drug and Alcohol Addiction
This document discusses pharmacological interventions for treating drug and alcohol addiction. It describes how addiction affects the brain on a neurochemical level and how pharmacological treatments can address neurochemical imbalances and conditioned responses. There are several categories of pharmacological treatments: those for overdose reversal, maintenance to prevent withdrawal, detoxification to ease withdrawal symptoms, reducing cravings to prevent relapse, and managing pain in recovery. Key drugs discussed are naloxone for opiate overdoses, methadone and LAAM as maintenance therapies for heroin addiction, and benzodiazepines for managing alcohol withdrawal symptoms. While pharmacological treatments can help reduce harm, they are not a complete solution and must be combined with other therapies.
Neuropsychopharmacology
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Drugsandthe Brain Part2 Addiction
The document discusses addiction and the brain pathways involved. It describes how drugs of abuse hijack the brain's reward system by stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. This leads to compulsive drug seeking behavior even as tolerance and dependence develop. Imaging studies using PET scans show how drug use changes brain activity patterns and how memory of drug cues can trigger craving even after recovery.
Week 6 emotion and addiction with hand out
the reward pathway of the brain. How addiction and emotions in early recovery need to be explored with clients.
The chemistry of MDMA and various other phenethylamines
The document provides an overview of phenethylamines, a class of compounds that includes MDMA. It discusses their chemical structure, with substitutions that can alter effects. MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 but its psychoactive properties were unknown. Alexander Shulgin rediscovered phenethylamines in the 1960s and synthesized over 200, documenting effects. Recreational use of most phenethylamines is now illegal. The document outlines their appearance as solids and methods of intake as pills or powders, which are not always pure and can be cut with other substances.
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The Effects Of Methamphetamine On The Brain
Methamphetamine affects neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin by blocking their reabsorption and increasing their release, causing dangerous imbalances in the brain. It is highly addictive due to inducing feelings of euphoria by raising dopamine levels, and subsequent crashes when levels fall. Long-term use kills neurotransmitter cells, permanently altering emotions and reward processing and increasing risks of mental health issues like depression.
Meth presentation
Methamphetamine is an addictive stimulant drug that strongly activates the brain and is chemically similar to amphetamine, though methamphetamine has greater effects on the central nervous system. Both drugs have limited medical uses such as treating obesity. Methamphetamine can cause significant and lasting changes to the brain, including delusions, hallucinations, uncontrolled movements, depression, and fast-acting addiction.
Wire week 6 emotion and addiction
The document discusses how emotions play a big role in addiction and the powerful connection between emotion and addiction. It describes how drugs of abuse hijack the brain's reward and punishment system, confusing the drug reward with the body's own chemical rewards. Certain brain regions like the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures help regulate emotion. Specific drugs like alcohol, nicotine, methamphetamine, and marijuana impact the brain and neurotransmitters like dopamine in ways that influence emotions, feelings of pleasure, and memory formation, contributing to drug addiction.
The Pharmacological Intervention in Drug and Alcohol Addiction
This document discusses pharmacological interventions for treating drug and alcohol addiction. It describes how addiction affects the brain on a neurochemical level and how pharmacological treatments can address neurochemical imbalances and conditioned responses. There are several categories of pharmacological treatments: those for overdose reversal, maintenance to prevent withdrawal, detoxification to ease withdrawal symptoms, reducing cravings to prevent relapse, and managing pain in recovery. Key drugs discussed are naloxone for opiate overdoses, methadone and LAAM as maintenance therapies for heroin addiction, and benzodiazepines for managing alcohol withdrawal symptoms. While pharmacological treatments can help reduce harm, they are not a complete solution and must be combined with other therapies.
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The document discusses addiction and the brain pathways involved. It describes how drugs of abuse hijack the brain's reward system by stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. This leads to compulsive drug seeking behavior even as tolerance and dependence develop. Imaging studies using PET scans show how drug use changes brain activity patterns and how memory of drug cues can trigger craving even after recovery.
Week 6 emotion and addiction with hand out
the reward pathway of the brain. How addiction and emotions in early recovery need to be explored with clients.
The chemistry of MDMA and various other phenethylamines
The document provides an overview of phenethylamines, a class of compounds that includes MDMA. It discusses their chemical structure, with substitutions that can alter effects. MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 but its psychoactive properties were unknown. Alexander Shulgin rediscovered phenethylamines in the 1960s and synthesized over 200, documenting effects. Recreational use of most phenethylamines is now illegal. The document outlines their appearance as solids and methods of intake as pills or powders, which are not always pure and can be cut with other substances.
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Methamphetamine was first created in 1919 in Japan and was used by soldiers during WWII to stay awake. It later spread worldwide and its use became illegal in the US in 1970. Meth can be taken by injection, inhalation, smoking, or orally and goes by various street names. It is a Schedule II drug that carries risks of abuse and addiction. Meth contains toxic chemicals like antifreeze, ammonia, and battery acid. Its short and long term effects include increased heart rate and weight loss, as well as memory loss, paranoia, and damage to blood vessels over time. While it has limited medical uses, meth can destroy lives and relationships and negatively impact society.
Addiction
Addiction is a disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences. It arises from changes in the brain's reward system due to repeated exposure to addictive substances. The brain disease model of addiction posits that addiction develops over time through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms in the brain's reward system in response to chronically high levels of an addictive stimulus. The nervous system is affected in the brain stem, limbic system, and cerebral cortex, which control basic functions, emotions/happiness, and thinking/decision-making respectively. Mind-altering drugs impact levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and norepinephrine, which regulate functions like pleasure, mood, anxiety, and focus
Psychoactive drugs
This document discusses several psychoactive drugs and how they affect the brain and personality. It explains that drugs like ecstasy, heroin, and marijuana mimic neurotransmitters in the brain like serotonin, opiates, and anandamide. This fools the brain and disrupts normal communication between neurons. Drugs can overstimulate the brain's reward pathway, making their effects feel pleasurable and leading to addiction. Long term drug abuse physically changes the brain and makes it harder to control impulses and make decisions. The document also mentions social factors that can influence why people start taking drugs, like peer pressure, medical conditions, or trying to escape problems.
Amphetamine and ecstasy
This document summarizes information about amphetamines and ecstasy (MDMA). For amphetamines, it discusses their history of use from the 1800s to today, types including methamphetamine, mechanisms of action, short and long term effects, withdrawal symptoms, overdose signs and symptoms, and treatment options. For ecstasy, it describes what MDMA is, how it affects the brain by increasing certain chemicals, debates about its addictiveness, and potential past and current therapeutic uses being studied. Comparisons are made between methamphetamine and MDMA.
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Sigmund Freud was addicted to tobacco and struggled with his nicotine addiction throughout his professional life despite his insights into addiction. Freud's struggle with smoking illustrates key concepts related to drug use including addiction, tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. Freud continued smoking cigars even as it caused him cancer and severe health issues, undergoing many operations but being unable to quit due to psychological dependence on nicotine.
MDMA
3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), also known as ecstasy or Molly, is a synthetic drug that acts as both a stimulant and hallucinogen. It was first used in psychotherapy in the 1970s but became illegal in 1985. MDMA increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain, causing feelings of increased energy and pleasure. While some research has indicated MDMA may help treat conditions like PTSD, its use also poses neurological, physical, and mental health risks. National surveys find around 12% of Americans ages 18-25 have used MDMA, though less than 1% report using it in the past year.
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Meth p.p psych_275
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive drug that affects the brain and body in several harmful ways. It is a central nervous system stimulant that releases high levels of dopamine, causing euphoria and increased confidence in the drug. However, it also damages brain cells over time and causes health effects like increased heart rate and temperature. Long term use of meth can lead to issues like tooth decay, liver and kidney damage, strokes, and mental health problems as it depletes serotonin and dopamine. The document outlines the neurological and physical impacts of meth use and provides statistics on the prevalence and consequences of meth addiction.
Meth Powerpoint
Crystal meth is a highly addictive stimulant that affects dopamine levels in the brain, causing feelings of euphoria. Long-term use can lead to psychosis, aggression, impaired motor skills, decreased brain function, and irregular heartbeats. Meth users have a drastically reduced life expectancy of only 5 years after beginning use due to effects on brain, heart, and immune system functions.
Crystal Meth Half Hour
Crystal meth, also known as methamphetamine, is a highly addictive stimulant that is commonly smoked, injected, or snorted. It causes both short-term and long-term health effects. In the short-term, it can increase alertness but also cause irritability, paranoia, and increased heart rate. Long-term use is associated with anxiety, depression, severe weight loss, and potential brain and organ damage. The drug works by flooding the brain with dopamine, disrupting the brain's reward and pleasure systems.
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The document summarizes the history, effects, and risks of the drug ecstasy (MDMA). It was first created in Germany in the early 1900s potentially as a diet pill. Ecstasy can be ingested orally or through other methods like snorting or injection. It is classified as a class A drug due to its harmful effects. Short term effects include increased heart rate and euphoria, while long term use can damage the brain and serotonin and dopamine systems. Use is also associated with anxiety, paranoia, memory loss, and potential organ damage. Mixing ecstasy with other drugs or alcohol increases health risks and can potentially cause overdose.
Neuropharmacology: MDMA
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Oxy contin & methamphetamines
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Reward system (1) (1) (1)
1) The document discusses the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the brain's reward pathway, which is centered around dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Drugs of abuse hijack this pathway, flooding it with unnaturally high levels of dopamine.
2) Mechanisms of drug action involve mimicking neurotransmitters like opioids mimicking endorphins, or blocking reuptake of neurotransmitters like cocaine blocking dopamine reuptake. This leads to long-lasting changes in gene expression and synaptic plasticity.
3) Vulnerability to drug dependence involves genetic and environmental factors like trauma or mental health issues that may lead to self-medication. Relapse is driven
Mdma
This document provides information about MDMA (Ecstasy), including its chemical composition, synthesis process, physical and behavioral effects, risks, and common contexts of use. MDMA is derived from plant oils and related to amphetamines and hallucinogens. It causes short term effects like increased heart rate and long term risks like liver disease. Behaviorally, it often produces feelings of intimacy, happiness, and altered perception of time. Raves are large parties where MDMA is commonly used that feature loud music, bright lights, and dancing.
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Project 2-Meth
Methamphetamine was first created in 1919 in Japan and was used by soldiers during WWII to stay awake. It later spread worldwide and its use became illegal in the US in 1970. Meth can be taken by injection, inhalation, smoking, or orally and goes by various street names. It is a Schedule II drug that carries risks of abuse and addiction. Meth contains toxic chemicals like antifreeze, ammonia, and battery acid. Its short and long term effects include increased heart rate and weight loss, as well as memory loss, paranoia, and damage to blood vessels over time. While it has limited medical uses, meth can destroy lives and relationships and negatively impact society.
Addiction
Addiction is a disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences. It arises from changes in the brain's reward system due to repeated exposure to addictive substances. The brain disease model of addiction posits that addiction develops over time through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms in the brain's reward system in response to chronically high levels of an addictive stimulus. The nervous system is affected in the brain stem, limbic system, and cerebral cortex, which control basic functions, emotions/happiness, and thinking/decision-making respectively. Mind-altering drugs impact levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and norepinephrine, which regulate functions like pleasure, mood, anxiety, and focus
Psychoactive drugs
This document discusses several psychoactive drugs and how they affect the brain and personality. It explains that drugs like ecstasy, heroin, and marijuana mimic neurotransmitters in the brain like serotonin, opiates, and anandamide. This fools the brain and disrupts normal communication between neurons. Drugs can overstimulate the brain's reward pathway, making their effects feel pleasurable and leading to addiction. Long term drug abuse physically changes the brain and makes it harder to control impulses and make decisions. The document also mentions social factors that can influence why people start taking drugs, like peer pressure, medical conditions, or trying to escape problems.
Amphetamine and ecstasy
This document summarizes information about amphetamines and ecstasy (MDMA). For amphetamines, it discusses their history of use from the 1800s to today, types including methamphetamine, mechanisms of action, short and long term effects, withdrawal symptoms, overdose signs and symptoms, and treatment options. For ecstasy, it describes what MDMA is, how it affects the brain by increasing certain chemicals, debates about its addictiveness, and potential past and current therapeutic uses being studied. Comparisons are made between methamphetamine and MDMA.
Psychoactive Drugs A1
Sigmund Freud was addicted to tobacco and struggled with his nicotine addiction throughout his professional life despite his insights into addiction. Freud's struggle with smoking illustrates key concepts related to drug use including addiction, tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. Freud continued smoking cigars even as it caused him cancer and severe health issues, undergoing many operations but being unable to quit due to psychological dependence on nicotine.
MDMA
3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), also known as ecstasy or Molly, is a synthetic drug that acts as both a stimulant and hallucinogen. It was first used in psychotherapy in the 1970s but became illegal in 1985. MDMA increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain, causing feelings of increased energy and pleasure. While some research has indicated MDMA may help treat conditions like PTSD, its use also poses neurological, physical, and mental health risks. National surveys find around 12% of Americans ages 18-25 have used MDMA, though less than 1% report using it in the past year.
Addiction and the_brain
The document discusses how addiction affects the brain. Genetics account for 40-60% of addiction risk, with low dopamine levels increasing risk. Addictive drugs increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward centers beyond normal levels. All addictions impact the lower central brain regions controlling automatic functions and the cortex. The brain's structure and chemistry can be permanently altered by addiction, though recovery is possible over many years as the brain heals.
Legal highs cardiff lecture
This document provides information on various herbal highs and psychoactive substances, including their history, effects, risks, and legal status. It discusses substances like cocaine, amphetamines, LSD, MDMA, ketamine, magic mushrooms, cannabis, and new synthetic drugs sold as legal alternatives. The document notes that while some natural substances like cannabis have a long history of traditional use, new synthetic drugs and extremely potent strains lack research on long term safety. It also discusses issues around legal regulation and harm reduction approaches for psychoactive substances.
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This is a presentation that I have done numerous times for the Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center (SWICC) in East Saint Louis, IL. SWICC is a drug treatment prison with 100 beds devoted to the treatment of methamphetamine dependence.
Meth p.p psych_275
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive drug that affects the brain and body in several harmful ways. It is a central nervous system stimulant that releases high levels of dopamine, causing euphoria and increased confidence in the drug. However, it also damages brain cells over time and causes health effects like increased heart rate and temperature. Long term use of meth can lead to issues like tooth decay, liver and kidney damage, strokes, and mental health problems as it depletes serotonin and dopamine. The document outlines the neurological and physical impacts of meth use and provides statistics on the prevalence and consequences of meth addiction.
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Crystal meth is a highly addictive stimulant that affects dopamine levels in the brain, causing feelings of euphoria. Long-term use can lead to psychosis, aggression, impaired motor skills, decreased brain function, and irregular heartbeats. Meth users have a drastically reduced life expectancy of only 5 years after beginning use due to effects on brain, heart, and immune system functions.
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Crystal meth, also known as methamphetamine, is a highly addictive stimulant that is commonly smoked, injected, or snorted. It causes both short-term and long-term health effects. In the short-term, it can increase alertness but also cause irritability, paranoia, and increased heart rate. Long-term use is associated with anxiety, depression, severe weight loss, and potential brain and organ damage. The drug works by flooding the brain with dopamine, disrupting the brain's reward and pleasure systems.
Ecstasy and its Affects Socially, Mentally, and Physically
The document summarizes the history, effects, and risks of the drug ecstasy (MDMA). It was first created in Germany in the early 1900s potentially as a diet pill. Ecstasy can be ingested orally or through other methods like snorting or injection. It is classified as a class A drug due to its harmful effects. Short term effects include increased heart rate and euphoria, while long term use can damage the brain and serotonin and dopamine systems. Use is also associated with anxiety, paranoia, memory loss, and potential organ damage. Mixing ecstasy with other drugs or alcohol increases health risks and can potentially cause overdose.
Neuropharmacology: MDMA
Lecture 19 from a college level neuropharmacology course taught in the spring 2012 semester by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and epidemiology of MDMA (ecstasy).
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Neurobiology in everyday life
The document discusses the reward system in the brain. It describes the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways that regulate behavior through pleasurable effects. The nucleus accumbens is a key part that reacts to rewards like food, sex, drugs and more. Addiction hijacks this system by flooding it with dopamine released unnaturally by drugs. Downregulation of dopamine receptors in this region decreases sensitivity to natural rewards and drives continued drug abuse. Understanding the neural circuitry and neurotransmitters involved in the brain's natural reward system provides insights into addiction.
CNS Stimulants.pptx
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Oxy contin & methamphetamines
This document discusses OxyContin and methamphetamines, including how they are abused and their effects. OxyContin is a prescription painkiller that is often abused due to its addictive properties. Methamphetamines can be abused by ingesting, snorting, or injecting and they produce a euphoric high by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. Long-term abuse of methamphetamines can lead to anxiety, paranoia, and cognitive and physical impairments. The document outlines risks of abusing these substances during pregnancy and how they are manufactured as well.
Reward system (1) (1) (1)
1) The document discusses the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the brain's reward pathway, which is centered around dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Drugs of abuse hijack this pathway, flooding it with unnaturally high levels of dopamine.
2) Mechanisms of drug action involve mimicking neurotransmitters like opioids mimicking endorphins, or blocking reuptake of neurotransmitters like cocaine blocking dopamine reuptake. This leads to long-lasting changes in gene expression and synaptic plasticity.
3) Vulnerability to drug dependence involves genetic and environmental factors like trauma or mental health issues that may lead to self-medication. Relapse is driven
Mdma
This document provides information about MDMA (Ecstasy), including its chemical composition, synthesis process, physical and behavioral effects, risks, and common contexts of use. MDMA is derived from plant oils and related to amphetamines and hallucinogens. It causes short term effects like increased heart rate and long term risks like liver disease. Behaviorally, it often produces feelings of intimacy, happiness, and altered perception of time. Raves are large parties where MDMA is commonly used that feature loud music, bright lights, and dancing.
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Teen drug use is a significant problem, with many teens being admitted to drug treatment centers each year for substances like cocaine, marijuana, and inhalants. When abused, these drugs can negatively impact brain development. Effective drug rehabilitation requires intervening in a teen's life and providing evidence-based treatment, though many treatment centers do not provide scientifically valid care. Choosing the right rehabilitation program is important, as a one-size-fits-all approach does not work - each individual's situation and needs are different. Successful programs employ various treatment methods like counseling and self-help strategies tailored to each person's specific case. Relapse is also common if the treatment approach is unsuitable or too brief for an individual's situation.
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The document summarizes drug abuse and addiction from a neurobiological perspective. It discusses how repetitive drug use leads to adaptive changes in the brain, especially in brain circuits involved in reward and motivation. This can make drug use compulsive and difficult to stop. All addictive drugs increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward system, hijacking the brain's natural reinforcement pathways and conditioning drug-seeking behavior. Long-term drug use can cause lasting changes in the structure and function of the brain that contribute to addiction. However, treatment and abstinence can allow the brain to partially recover over time.
RELAPSE PREVENTION & EARLY INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
Relapse – in a broader sense, is the return of signs and symptoms of a disease after a remission.
In the case of some psychiatric disorders, relapse is the worsening of symptoms or the re-occurrence of unhealthy behaviors, such as avoidance or substance use, after a period of improvement.
Relapse Prevention – A set of skills designed to reduce the likelihood that symptoms of the illness in question will worsen or that a person will return to an unhealthy behavior, such as substance use.
Skills include, for example, identifying early warning signs that symptoms may be worsening, recognizing high risk situations for relapse, and understanding how everyday, seemingly mundane decisions may put you on the road to relapse (for example, skipping lunch one day may make you more vulnerable to get in a bad mood).
Relapse can be prevented through the use of specific coping strategies, such as identifying early warning signs.
Early Intervention is simply bridging the gap between prevention and treatment. Early intervention is essential to reducing drug use and its costs to society
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September 19, 2018
Pharmacological Aspects of Cocaine
General Description of Cocaine
Cocaine that is also popularly known as coke, blow, crack, rock, or now. It is made from the leaves of the coca plant, which was initially grown in South America. The drug is among the strongest addictive stimulants (Simon & Kreek, 2016). In most cases, this drug is abused since it is used for recreational purposes despite being illegal in the country. The drug has an appearance of white, fine, and crystal powder. Mostly, the drug is mixed by the street dealers with different things such as talcum powder, cornstarch, or flour to raise the level of their profits. They may also mix it with other drugs such as the stimulant amphetamine, or synthetic opioids, including fentanyl. Its users tend to inhale it in the form of smoke, snort, or dissolve it into other liquids and inject it directly into their veins (Simon & Kreek, 2016). The drug has various mental effects such as felling of agitation or happiness as well as inability to understand the reality(Simon & Kreek, 2016). Nonetheless, the drug is used by health care providers for various medical purposes. In particular, cocaine is used as an anesthesia during various surgeries. While cocaine has a wide concept, this paper will focus on its pharmacological aspects. In particular, it will address the effect of the drug on neurotransmitters, receptors, route of administration, its half-life, doses, side effects, drug interactions, and contraindications.
Pharmacological Aspects
Cocaine has an effect on neurotransmitters. The drug tends to disrupt neurotransmission process that involves communication between the brain and the neurons (Graziani, Nencini & Nisticò, 2014). Therefore, it affects the way people think, feels, and behave. Essentially, the functioning of the central nervous system particularly brain is altered by the use of cocaine for a long period. Most effects of cocaine on brain resemble those impacted by other stimulants such as caffeine and amphetamines.
On the other hand, when cocaine is used as an aesthetic during surgeries it has similar effects to those of other local anesthetics, for example, it stabilizes the potent membrane. Additionally, the metabolism process of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine are altered by cocaine (Graziani, Nencini & Nisticò, 2014). The drug has the capacity to cause convulsion among its users. However, under other conditions, the drug does not portray any anticonvulsant feature. The drug is also associated with the blocking of norepinephrine reuptake (Graziani, Nencini & Nisticò, 2014). Besides, it inactivates epinephrine and norepinephrine. The drug also similarly affects the catecholamine systems as amphetamines. The serotoninergic mechanisms are also affected by the drug. For instance, cocaine tends to block the synaptosomal up.
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