Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) is a widely used turfgrass known for its durability and resilience. Its ability to withstand drought conditions makes it an ideal choice for regions that experience water scarcity. However, not all Bermuda grass varieties perform equally under drought stress.
TheBermudaBible.com initiated this study to explore the drought tolerance of different Bermuda grass varieties, aiming to expand our understanding of their performance in water-limited environments and to inform best practices for turf management.
Spreading and Drought Tolerant Tall Fescue Blend | Stover SeedStover Seed Company
This document provides information on Triple Crown Extreme, a spreading and drought tolerant tall fescue blend well-suited for high traffic areas like playgrounds, parks, and lawns. It has better heat and drought tolerance than other varieties due to its rapid filling growth habit and resistance to brown patch disease. The blend is composed of 50% Aquavita tall fescue and 50% Rhambler SRP tall fescue. It requires 10 pounds of seed per 1,000 square feet for new turf and can be established within 5-7 days under optimal conditions. Once established, it has good drought tolerance and can withstand irrigation at less than 80% of average evapotranspiration rates.
Ecology - Crop adaptation to its environment - Response of plants to climate change - Recent trends of Climate change - Effects of climate change - crop adaptation strategies
This study evaluated the growth of bermudagrass and seashore paspalum, a halophytic grass, under different salt concentrations to determine their potential to combat desertification biologically. The grasses were grown hydroponically under various NaCl salinity levels from 5,000-30,000 mg/L. Seashore paspalum exhibited greater salt tolerance, removing more salt from the medium and experiencing less reduced growth. While both grasses' growth decreased under high salt, seashore paspalum was less affected. The study concludes that halophytic plants like seashore paspalum that can grow under high salt concentrations are suitable for reducing soil salinity and combating desertification in arid
This study evaluated the growth of bermudagrass and seashore paspalum under different salinity levels in a greenhouse hydroponic system. Seashore paspalum showed greater salt tolerance, with stimulated root growth at lower salinity levels and an ability to remove more salt from the medium. While both plant species were negatively impacted by high salinity, seashore paspalum maintained better growth. The study concludes that halophytic plants like seashore paspalum are suitable for combating desertification in arid regions due to their salt tolerance and ability to remove salts from soil.
FL: Creating Wildlife Habitat with Native Freshwater Wetland PlantsSotirakou964
This document provides guidance on choosing and planting native freshwater wetland plants in created habitats like ponds and reservoirs. It discusses how native plants are better adapted to local conditions, require less maintenance, and provide superior habitat and food for wildlife. The document categorizes wetland plants based on their growth patterns and water depth tolerances. It emphasizes the importance of site selection and preparation, including determining water levels and depth zones, before selecting and planting appropriate native wetland species. The overall goal is to enhance wildlife habitat and ecological functions through establishing self-sustaining native plant communities.
1) The document describes a study measuring deep drainage and nitrate leaching under advanced and conventional fertigated citrus orchards in Australia.
2) The study installed soil monitoring equipment including tensiometers and ceramic cups at both sites to measure drainage flux and nitrate concentrations below the root zone.
3) Preliminary results for part of the 2007/08 season showed drainage and nitrate leaching rates, which will be used to estimate the percentage of applied nitrogen fertilizer that leached by the end of the season.
Physiological and molecular bases of drought tolerance in cucurbits (f. cucur...Mohamed Farag
This document summarizes research on drought tolerance in cucurbit plants. It begins by providing background on important cucurbit species and international production levels. It then discusses the physiological mechanisms of drought tolerance, including drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Effects of drought stress on cucurbit growth and metabolism are outlined. The document also summarizes breeding and transgenic approaches for improving drought resistance in cucurbits, including a case study on screening a watermelon germplasm collection for drought tolerance. Finally, it describes the isolation and characterization of a respiratory burst oxidase gene involved in the drought response of wild watermelon.
Mechanisms of adaptation to drought and waterlogging in Brachiaria grassesCIAT
Drought and waterlogging are major abiotic stresses that limit the productivity of Brachiaria forage grasses. Little attention has been given to separate productivity under drought or waterlogging, from coping mechanisms in Brachiaria forage grasses. Wide phenotypic variation exists among Brachiaria grasses to cope with these stresses. This presentation will cover : 1) the current knowledge of morpho-physiological mechanisms and functional adaptations of Brachiaria spp cultivars to cope with these stresses and 2) the use of sensors and digital image analysis for the non-destructive and automated analysis of Brachiaria growth and performance at different time scales.
Spreading and Drought Tolerant Tall Fescue Blend | Stover SeedStover Seed Company
This document provides information on Triple Crown Extreme, a spreading and drought tolerant tall fescue blend well-suited for high traffic areas like playgrounds, parks, and lawns. It has better heat and drought tolerance than other varieties due to its rapid filling growth habit and resistance to brown patch disease. The blend is composed of 50% Aquavita tall fescue and 50% Rhambler SRP tall fescue. It requires 10 pounds of seed per 1,000 square feet for new turf and can be established within 5-7 days under optimal conditions. Once established, it has good drought tolerance and can withstand irrigation at less than 80% of average evapotranspiration rates.
Ecology - Crop adaptation to its environment - Response of plants to climate change - Recent trends of Climate change - Effects of climate change - crop adaptation strategies
This study evaluated the growth of bermudagrass and seashore paspalum, a halophytic grass, under different salt concentrations to determine their potential to combat desertification biologically. The grasses were grown hydroponically under various NaCl salinity levels from 5,000-30,000 mg/L. Seashore paspalum exhibited greater salt tolerance, removing more salt from the medium and experiencing less reduced growth. While both grasses' growth decreased under high salt, seashore paspalum was less affected. The study concludes that halophytic plants like seashore paspalum that can grow under high salt concentrations are suitable for reducing soil salinity and combating desertification in arid
This study evaluated the growth of bermudagrass and seashore paspalum under different salinity levels in a greenhouse hydroponic system. Seashore paspalum showed greater salt tolerance, with stimulated root growth at lower salinity levels and an ability to remove more salt from the medium. While both plant species were negatively impacted by high salinity, seashore paspalum maintained better growth. The study concludes that halophytic plants like seashore paspalum are suitable for combating desertification in arid regions due to their salt tolerance and ability to remove salts from soil.
FL: Creating Wildlife Habitat with Native Freshwater Wetland PlantsSotirakou964
This document provides guidance on choosing and planting native freshwater wetland plants in created habitats like ponds and reservoirs. It discusses how native plants are better adapted to local conditions, require less maintenance, and provide superior habitat and food for wildlife. The document categorizes wetland plants based on their growth patterns and water depth tolerances. It emphasizes the importance of site selection and preparation, including determining water levels and depth zones, before selecting and planting appropriate native wetland species. The overall goal is to enhance wildlife habitat and ecological functions through establishing self-sustaining native plant communities.
1) The document describes a study measuring deep drainage and nitrate leaching under advanced and conventional fertigated citrus orchards in Australia.
2) The study installed soil monitoring equipment including tensiometers and ceramic cups at both sites to measure drainage flux and nitrate concentrations below the root zone.
3) Preliminary results for part of the 2007/08 season showed drainage and nitrate leaching rates, which will be used to estimate the percentage of applied nitrogen fertilizer that leached by the end of the season.
Physiological and molecular bases of drought tolerance in cucurbits (f. cucur...Mohamed Farag
This document summarizes research on drought tolerance in cucurbit plants. It begins by providing background on important cucurbit species and international production levels. It then discusses the physiological mechanisms of drought tolerance, including drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Effects of drought stress on cucurbit growth and metabolism are outlined. The document also summarizes breeding and transgenic approaches for improving drought resistance in cucurbits, including a case study on screening a watermelon germplasm collection for drought tolerance. Finally, it describes the isolation and characterization of a respiratory burst oxidase gene involved in the drought response of wild watermelon.
Mechanisms of adaptation to drought and waterlogging in Brachiaria grassesCIAT
Drought and waterlogging are major abiotic stresses that limit the productivity of Brachiaria forage grasses. Little attention has been given to separate productivity under drought or waterlogging, from coping mechanisms in Brachiaria forage grasses. Wide phenotypic variation exists among Brachiaria grasses to cope with these stresses. This presentation will cover : 1) the current knowledge of morpho-physiological mechanisms and functional adaptations of Brachiaria spp cultivars to cope with these stresses and 2) the use of sensors and digital image analysis for the non-destructive and automated analysis of Brachiaria growth and performance at different time scales.
Perennial ryegrasses are very compe44ve cool season grasses that grow in a wide range of climates. It does best in full sun but will tolerate light shade. Desirable traits of perennial ryegrass are high wear tolerance and rapid establishment making it popular for sportsfields, playgrounds and parks. Manha:an 5GLR has improved tolerance to gray leaf spot disease and possesses improved salt tolerance. Manha:an 5GLR is a cer4fied “AQUAWISE” product meaning that it has been bred and tested to show improved drought tolerance.
Selecting Plants for Extensive Green RoofsFarrah85p
This document discusses plant selection considerations for extensive green roofs in the United States. It defines extensive green roofs as having shallow media depths of less than 6 inches and requiring minimal maintenance. When selecting plants, key factors to consider include climate, media composition/depth, drought tolerance, and aesthetic goals. The document provides a table of over 80 plant species that have been scientifically tested or are recommended by growers as suitable options for extensive green roofs across different regions of the US.
Developing drought resilient crops for improving productivity of drought pron...ICRISAT
1) Drought is a major limitation to crop productivity worldwide and climate change is expected to exacerbate water stress, so developing drought-resilient crops is critical.
2) Water stress during flowering and grain filling causes the most damage, drastically reducing yield through effects on grain number and size.
3) Breeding for drought tolerance focuses on selection environments, criteria, and methods including empirical selection and molecular breeding. Empirical breeding involves direct selection under drought stress while molecular breeding uses markers linked to drought resistance traits.
4) Integrating drought-tolerant landraces with high-yielding varieties through hybridization combines stress adaptation and productivity to develop resilient crops for drought-prone regions.
Water makes up 75-85% of a plant's composition and provides several important functions. Proper water management considers soil properties, plant factors, irrigation systems, and environmental conditions to meet turfgrass water needs. Overwatering can harm turfgrass health while proper irrigation replenishes soil water to support the plant without exceeding its needs. Determining irrigation amounts involves monitoring soil moisture, weather, and the specific turfgrass species and site characteristics.
This document discusses various soil conservation management techniques used to minimize soil erosion. It describes vegetative barriers like contour hedgerows and natural vegetative strips that can reduce erosion and improve water quality. Mechanical barriers like contour furrows, contour rock walls, and bench terracing are discussed as highly effective methods for capturing water and preventing erosion. Conservation cropping systems like mulching, intercropping, multiple cropping, and multi-storey cropping are presented as ways to add nutrients, reduce erosion and fertilizer needs, and protect crops. The document provides examples of on-site soil erosion and recommends consulting experts to develop a tailored plan including erosion control practices, retaining walls, and avoiding overgrazing and deforestation
This document summarizes the design and evaluation of a gravity-fed, perforated tube drip irrigation system for citrus sinensis (sweet orange) trees during the dry season in Uyo, Nigeria. The goal was to utilize limited water supplies more efficiently for root zone irrigation. Key aspects of the design included computing the size of the surface water tank, orifice discharge rates, number of drip pipes, flow rates, and root zone water volumes. A pilot test of the drip system achieved very high water use and application efficiencies of 95%. Soil moisture analysis and growth rate predictive functions also indicated the system adequately distributed moisture in the root zone. The study aimed to sustain citrus growth, yield, and quality
Irrigation Scheduling and Delivery TriCities Landscape Short Course 15Maureen Thiessen
The document discusses considerations for improving water use in landscapes. It identifies problems with improper irrigation management and factors that should be considered in design, such as plant type, soil properties, topography, and weather. Soil infiltration rate, water holding capacity, and slope can impact water needs. The document recommends designing irrigation zones based on water requirements, using appropriate equipment like sprinklers, sprayers, or drip irrigation matched to each zone. Proper precipitation rates and controller programming are also discussed.
Drought refers to soil moisture deficiency that causes stress in plants. There are four main mechanisms for drought resistance in plants: drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance. Drought escape involves completing a plant's lifecycle quickly before drought occurs. Avoidance maintains favorable water balance through reduced water use or increased uptake. Tolerance allows withstanding low tissue water content. Resistance is the combination of avoidance and tolerance. Important traits related to resistance include morphological, physiological, biochemical factors like early maturity, small leaves, deep roots, higher photosynthesis rates, and higher proline content. Breeding methods for resistance include selection and hybridization under stress conditions, combining yield and resistance traits, and using cultivated, germplasm, and wild
Drought-Tolerant Plants for North and Central FloridaFabienne22Q
This document provides information on drought-tolerant plants suitable for North and Central Florida landscapes. It begins with definitions of drought and drought stress. It then lists characteristics of drought-tolerant plants and describes how drought stress affects plants. The majority of the document consists of categorized lists of drought-tolerant tree, palm, shrub, groundcover and vine species native to the regions, including their scientific names. For each plant, the document indicates its region of adaptation.
The study evaluated 20 pigeonpea genotypes under rainfed and irrigated conditions to identify traits associated with drought tolerance. Under drought stress, genotype SKNP 1004 showed maximum root length, root dry weight, shoot length, and seed yield. Genotype SKNP 1005 had the highest shoot length and shoot dry weight under both conditions. The root/shoot ratio was highest for genotype UPAS 120 under drought and for SKNP 1003 under irrigation. Therefore, SKNP 1004 and SKNP 1005 were identified as most promising for drought tolerance based on their performance across key traits under water stress.
This document provides information and guidance for selecting plant species for landscape design along Colorado roadways. It discusses developing a geographic plant selection dataset based on route mile markers and associated land attributes. A 10-step process is outlined for utilizing the database to select appropriate plant species for a specific site in Saguache County, focusing on meeting project goals of establishing a healthy and self-sustaining groundcover that shows limited evidence of past disturbance over time. A list of recommended plant species is provided based on the site's location and characteristics.
Water Efficient Gardens Manual - New South Wales, AustraliaFrida85y
This document provides tips for creating a water efficient garden. It recommends zoning plants into high, medium, and low water use areas. Proper garden design considers sunlight, wind, and drainage. Selecting drought-tolerant native plants adapted to local conditions reduces water needs. Improving soil quality with compost and mulch allows the soil to retain more water. Aerating clay soils and adding moisture-retaining products can also improve water efficiency. Regular pruning and mulching helps plants while using less water.
Breakout Session Slides
Climate Adapted Native Plant Materials Project: Practical Innovation for an Uncertain Future – Mike Conroy will discuss how the Tualatin SWCD is evaluating assisted migration to augment the genetic fitness of native plants used in restoration projects. The core of this project is a long-term common garden experiment.
Monday, February 12 3:05 - 3:30 p.m.
Landscape Design for Water Conservation - University of FloridaFarica46m
Landscape design can reduce water requirements through principles like natural landscaping and oasis landscaping. Additional methods include grouping plants by water needs, using mulches, selecting drought tolerant plants, and installing windbreaks. Proper plant selection based on the site characteristics and climate can reduce watering needs.
This document discusses the importance of cover crops in conservation agriculture systems. It notes that a permanent year-round soil cover is central to conservation agriculture. It then discusses the benefits of soil cover, including protecting the soil, improving soil moisture and structure, and providing habitat for other organisms. The document outlines different types of soil cover, including living cover crops and mulch. It provides examples of cover crops and their characteristics. It discusses managing cover crops, including seed sources, planting methods, and challenges to adoption. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of soil cover for sustainable agriculture.
This document discusses rules for estimating tree irrigation demand and surviving drought. It introduces four factors to consider: 1) transpiration rate, 2) rooting depth, 3) desiccation tolerance, and 4) tree size. It then discusses specific rules, including using reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and plant factors to estimate water use, grouping plants into hydrozones based on water needs, and estimating individual tree water use based on density and crown diameter. The goal is to provide a simple method for estimating when and how much to irrigate trees to keep them healthy with limited water supplies.
The document summarizes an ecosystem restoration project in Jordan that aimed to improve water and food security. It discusses how degraded lands and lack of water threatened sustainability. The project used community-based management of 'Himas' (protected areas), water harvesting techniques, and planting of suitable species. Monitoring showed improved biomass, water retention, species recovery, and forage production. The project demonstrated that proper management can secure water and food even in arid areas with little rain, improving food security and livelihoods.
This document discusses how tree-cropping systems can be used to reclaim problem soils. It identifies several properties that make tree species suitable for soil improvement, such as high biomass production, nitrogen fixation, and deep root systems. The document also provides an example from Brazil where nitrogen-fixing legume trees have been used successfully to reclaim severely degraded lands. Key aspects of this reclamation method include selecting fast-growing legume tree species and their symbiotic partners, and producing legume tree seedlings that can withstand harsh degraded soil conditions and accelerate the natural succession process.
Xeriscape Landscape Water Conservation - Texas A&M UniversityEric851q
1. Planning and design is the starting point for any water-wise landscape. Soil analysis will determine whether the soil should be improved so it will absorb and hold moisture better. Practical turf areas are neither too large (turfgrass requires more water than other plants) nor difficult to water efficiently.
2. Appropriate plant selection keeps the landscape more in tune with the natural environment. Native plants generally use less water than exotic plants, but there is room for both in a well-designed landscape.
3. Efficient irrigation can save 30 to 50 percent of the water bill for an average home. Use mulches in flower and shrub beds to reduce water evaporation from the soil. Appropriate
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in irrigation, including definitions of key terms, factors that influence irrigation efficiency, different irrigation methods, and crop water requirements. It defines irrigation as the artificial application of water to supply moisture for plant growth. Surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation are described as the main methods. Critical growth stages and how crop water needs vary throughout growth are also covered.
SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK COUNTY OF NEW YORKNowseore
YOU ARE HEREBY SUMMONED to answer the Complaint in this action and to serve a copy of your Answer on the undersigned attorneys for Plaintiff, AIDALA, BERTUNA & KAMINS P.C., at 546 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 10036, within twenty (20) days after the service of this Summons and Complaint, exclusive of the day of service, or within thirty (30) days after the service is complete, if this Summons is not personally delivered to you within the State of New York.
The Design and Construction of Modern Integrated CircuitsNowseore
Faster speeds, greater capacity, and smaller sizes have been among the many improvements that ICs have made over the past half-century. In comparison to the early days, today's integrated circuits are unbelievably complex, capable of containing billions of transistors and other components on a single piece of plastic. In modern ICs, the individual components are embedded directly into the silicon crystal instead of simply being mounted on it.
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Similar to Bermuda Grass Drought Tolerance Evaluation
Perennial ryegrasses are very compe44ve cool season grasses that grow in a wide range of climates. It does best in full sun but will tolerate light shade. Desirable traits of perennial ryegrass are high wear tolerance and rapid establishment making it popular for sportsfields, playgrounds and parks. Manha:an 5GLR has improved tolerance to gray leaf spot disease and possesses improved salt tolerance. Manha:an 5GLR is a cer4fied “AQUAWISE” product meaning that it has been bred and tested to show improved drought tolerance.
Selecting Plants for Extensive Green RoofsFarrah85p
This document discusses plant selection considerations for extensive green roofs in the United States. It defines extensive green roofs as having shallow media depths of less than 6 inches and requiring minimal maintenance. When selecting plants, key factors to consider include climate, media composition/depth, drought tolerance, and aesthetic goals. The document provides a table of over 80 plant species that have been scientifically tested or are recommended by growers as suitable options for extensive green roofs across different regions of the US.
Developing drought resilient crops for improving productivity of drought pron...ICRISAT
1) Drought is a major limitation to crop productivity worldwide and climate change is expected to exacerbate water stress, so developing drought-resilient crops is critical.
2) Water stress during flowering and grain filling causes the most damage, drastically reducing yield through effects on grain number and size.
3) Breeding for drought tolerance focuses on selection environments, criteria, and methods including empirical selection and molecular breeding. Empirical breeding involves direct selection under drought stress while molecular breeding uses markers linked to drought resistance traits.
4) Integrating drought-tolerant landraces with high-yielding varieties through hybridization combines stress adaptation and productivity to develop resilient crops for drought-prone regions.
Water makes up 75-85% of a plant's composition and provides several important functions. Proper water management considers soil properties, plant factors, irrigation systems, and environmental conditions to meet turfgrass water needs. Overwatering can harm turfgrass health while proper irrigation replenishes soil water to support the plant without exceeding its needs. Determining irrigation amounts involves monitoring soil moisture, weather, and the specific turfgrass species and site characteristics.
This document discusses various soil conservation management techniques used to minimize soil erosion. It describes vegetative barriers like contour hedgerows and natural vegetative strips that can reduce erosion and improve water quality. Mechanical barriers like contour furrows, contour rock walls, and bench terracing are discussed as highly effective methods for capturing water and preventing erosion. Conservation cropping systems like mulching, intercropping, multiple cropping, and multi-storey cropping are presented as ways to add nutrients, reduce erosion and fertilizer needs, and protect crops. The document provides examples of on-site soil erosion and recommends consulting experts to develop a tailored plan including erosion control practices, retaining walls, and avoiding overgrazing and deforestation
This document summarizes the design and evaluation of a gravity-fed, perforated tube drip irrigation system for citrus sinensis (sweet orange) trees during the dry season in Uyo, Nigeria. The goal was to utilize limited water supplies more efficiently for root zone irrigation. Key aspects of the design included computing the size of the surface water tank, orifice discharge rates, number of drip pipes, flow rates, and root zone water volumes. A pilot test of the drip system achieved very high water use and application efficiencies of 95%. Soil moisture analysis and growth rate predictive functions also indicated the system adequately distributed moisture in the root zone. The study aimed to sustain citrus growth, yield, and quality
Irrigation Scheduling and Delivery TriCities Landscape Short Course 15Maureen Thiessen
The document discusses considerations for improving water use in landscapes. It identifies problems with improper irrigation management and factors that should be considered in design, such as plant type, soil properties, topography, and weather. Soil infiltration rate, water holding capacity, and slope can impact water needs. The document recommends designing irrigation zones based on water requirements, using appropriate equipment like sprinklers, sprayers, or drip irrigation matched to each zone. Proper precipitation rates and controller programming are also discussed.
Drought refers to soil moisture deficiency that causes stress in plants. There are four main mechanisms for drought resistance in plants: drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance. Drought escape involves completing a plant's lifecycle quickly before drought occurs. Avoidance maintains favorable water balance through reduced water use or increased uptake. Tolerance allows withstanding low tissue water content. Resistance is the combination of avoidance and tolerance. Important traits related to resistance include morphological, physiological, biochemical factors like early maturity, small leaves, deep roots, higher photosynthesis rates, and higher proline content. Breeding methods for resistance include selection and hybridization under stress conditions, combining yield and resistance traits, and using cultivated, germplasm, and wild
Drought-Tolerant Plants for North and Central FloridaFabienne22Q
This document provides information on drought-tolerant plants suitable for North and Central Florida landscapes. It begins with definitions of drought and drought stress. It then lists characteristics of drought-tolerant plants and describes how drought stress affects plants. The majority of the document consists of categorized lists of drought-tolerant tree, palm, shrub, groundcover and vine species native to the regions, including their scientific names. For each plant, the document indicates its region of adaptation.
The study evaluated 20 pigeonpea genotypes under rainfed and irrigated conditions to identify traits associated with drought tolerance. Under drought stress, genotype SKNP 1004 showed maximum root length, root dry weight, shoot length, and seed yield. Genotype SKNP 1005 had the highest shoot length and shoot dry weight under both conditions. The root/shoot ratio was highest for genotype UPAS 120 under drought and for SKNP 1003 under irrigation. Therefore, SKNP 1004 and SKNP 1005 were identified as most promising for drought tolerance based on their performance across key traits under water stress.
This document provides information and guidance for selecting plant species for landscape design along Colorado roadways. It discusses developing a geographic plant selection dataset based on route mile markers and associated land attributes. A 10-step process is outlined for utilizing the database to select appropriate plant species for a specific site in Saguache County, focusing on meeting project goals of establishing a healthy and self-sustaining groundcover that shows limited evidence of past disturbance over time. A list of recommended plant species is provided based on the site's location and characteristics.
Water Efficient Gardens Manual - New South Wales, AustraliaFrida85y
This document provides tips for creating a water efficient garden. It recommends zoning plants into high, medium, and low water use areas. Proper garden design considers sunlight, wind, and drainage. Selecting drought-tolerant native plants adapted to local conditions reduces water needs. Improving soil quality with compost and mulch allows the soil to retain more water. Aerating clay soils and adding moisture-retaining products can also improve water efficiency. Regular pruning and mulching helps plants while using less water.
Breakout Session Slides
Climate Adapted Native Plant Materials Project: Practical Innovation for an Uncertain Future – Mike Conroy will discuss how the Tualatin SWCD is evaluating assisted migration to augment the genetic fitness of native plants used in restoration projects. The core of this project is a long-term common garden experiment.
Monday, February 12 3:05 - 3:30 p.m.
Landscape Design for Water Conservation - University of FloridaFarica46m
Landscape design can reduce water requirements through principles like natural landscaping and oasis landscaping. Additional methods include grouping plants by water needs, using mulches, selecting drought tolerant plants, and installing windbreaks. Proper plant selection based on the site characteristics and climate can reduce watering needs.
This document discusses the importance of cover crops in conservation agriculture systems. It notes that a permanent year-round soil cover is central to conservation agriculture. It then discusses the benefits of soil cover, including protecting the soil, improving soil moisture and structure, and providing habitat for other organisms. The document outlines different types of soil cover, including living cover crops and mulch. It provides examples of cover crops and their characteristics. It discusses managing cover crops, including seed sources, planting methods, and challenges to adoption. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of soil cover for sustainable agriculture.
This document discusses rules for estimating tree irrigation demand and surviving drought. It introduces four factors to consider: 1) transpiration rate, 2) rooting depth, 3) desiccation tolerance, and 4) tree size. It then discusses specific rules, including using reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and plant factors to estimate water use, grouping plants into hydrozones based on water needs, and estimating individual tree water use based on density and crown diameter. The goal is to provide a simple method for estimating when and how much to irrigate trees to keep them healthy with limited water supplies.
The document summarizes an ecosystem restoration project in Jordan that aimed to improve water and food security. It discusses how degraded lands and lack of water threatened sustainability. The project used community-based management of 'Himas' (protected areas), water harvesting techniques, and planting of suitable species. Monitoring showed improved biomass, water retention, species recovery, and forage production. The project demonstrated that proper management can secure water and food even in arid areas with little rain, improving food security and livelihoods.
This document discusses how tree-cropping systems can be used to reclaim problem soils. It identifies several properties that make tree species suitable for soil improvement, such as high biomass production, nitrogen fixation, and deep root systems. The document also provides an example from Brazil where nitrogen-fixing legume trees have been used successfully to reclaim severely degraded lands. Key aspects of this reclamation method include selecting fast-growing legume tree species and their symbiotic partners, and producing legume tree seedlings that can withstand harsh degraded soil conditions and accelerate the natural succession process.
Xeriscape Landscape Water Conservation - Texas A&M UniversityEric851q
1. Planning and design is the starting point for any water-wise landscape. Soil analysis will determine whether the soil should be improved so it will absorb and hold moisture better. Practical turf areas are neither too large (turfgrass requires more water than other plants) nor difficult to water efficiently.
2. Appropriate plant selection keeps the landscape more in tune with the natural environment. Native plants generally use less water than exotic plants, but there is room for both in a well-designed landscape.
3. Efficient irrigation can save 30 to 50 percent of the water bill for an average home. Use mulches in flower and shrub beds to reduce water evaporation from the soil. Appropriate
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in irrigation, including definitions of key terms, factors that influence irrigation efficiency, different irrigation methods, and crop water requirements. It defines irrigation as the artificial application of water to supply moisture for plant growth. Surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation are described as the main methods. Critical growth stages and how crop water needs vary throughout growth are also covered.
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SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK COUNTY OF NEW YORKNowseore
YOU ARE HEREBY SUMMONED to answer the Complaint in this action and to serve a copy of your Answer on the undersigned attorneys for Plaintiff, AIDALA, BERTUNA & KAMINS P.C., at 546 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 10036, within twenty (20) days after the service of this Summons and Complaint, exclusive of the day of service, or within thirty (30) days after the service is complete, if this Summons is not personally delivered to you within the State of New York.
The Design and Construction of Modern Integrated CircuitsNowseore
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Hay muchos tipos de textos, y para entenderlos mejor, te mostraremos ejemplos claros y sus descripciones.
Desde que se instauró la era moderna, gran parte de la información ha pasado a través de los textos, y hoy en día, en la era digital, siguen siendo una excelente forma de comunicarse y aprender todo tipo de información, a pesar de la disponibilidad de medios audiovisuales y otras opciones de comunicación.
여성들은 일반적으로 섹시하고 운 좋게 보이는 것과 느끼는 것을 좋아하지만, 이를 달성하는 데 도움이 되도록 다양한 의류 품목이 설계되었습니다. 아이템의 제작자는 다양한 크기와 모양으로 모든 유형의 여성을 수용할 수 있도록 했으며 원하는 느낌과 모양을 얻을 수 있도록 다양한 종류의 물건을 찾고 있습니다.
If you are considering getting divorced in Orlando, Florida, there are a few things you need to know. The first is that you will need to hire an Orlando divorce lawyer. This is because the process of getting a divorce can be complicated, and you will want someone on your side who knows the ins and outs of the process. The second thing you need to know is that there are different types of divorces in Orlando.
Se stai per trasferirti in Olanda o sei un'Azienda alla ricerca di aiuto per il tuo personale, noi siamo specializzati in Expat Relocation con un'attenzione particolare alle famiglie al seguito.
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4. 1. Overview and Background
1.1 Executive Summary
This report presents the findings from a comprehensive drought tolerance evaluation conducted by
TheBermudaBible.com. The study was designed to identify Bermuda grass varieties that exhibit superior
resilience under water stress conditions, with the aim of providing landscapers and homeowners with
robust options for drought-prone areas. The test spanned several months, subjecting the grass to varying
levels of water availability. The results highlight significant differences in drought tolerance among the
varieties, providing valuable insights for sustainable lawn management practices.
1.2 Introduction
Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) is a widely used turfgrass known for its durability and resilience. Its
ability to withstand drought conditions makes it an ideal choice for regions that experience water
scarcity. However, not all Bermuda grass varieties perform equally under drought stress.
TheBermudaBible.com initiated this study to explore the drought tolerance of different Bermuda grass
varieties, aiming to expand our understanding of their performance in water-limited environments and
to inform best practices for turf management.
1.3 Objectives
The primary objectives of this evaluation were to:
• Assess the drought tolerance of selected Bermuda grass varieties over a controlled period.
• Measure and compare the physical and physiological responses of the grasses to reduced water
availability.
• Determine which varieties offer the best performance in terms of growth, color retention, and
overall turf quality under drought conditions.
• Provide evidence-based recommendations for the selection of Bermuda grass varieties for
drought-prone landscapes.
The outcomes of this study are intended to guide TheBermudaBible.com's recommendations to clients
and contribute to the broader knowledge base regarding drought-tolerant landscaping solutions.
5. 2. Experimental Setup
2.1 Materials and Methods
The methodology adopted for the Bermuda grass drought tolerance evaluation was meticulously
planned to ensure robust and reliable results. The following subsections detail the varieties tested, the
characteristics of the test site, the experimental design, and the watering regime implemented.
2.1.1 Description of Bermuda Grass Varieties
For this study, we selected five Bermuda grass varieties known for their popularity in commercial and
residential landscaping:
• Celebration: Celebrated for its deep blue-green color and quick recovery from damage.
• Tifway 419: A stalwart in the industry, valued for its fine texture and density.
• Princess 77: Renowned for its fine blades and dark green hue, claiming the title of the first
dense, fine-textured hybrid Bermuda grass.
• Savannah: A newer variety, boasting rapid establishment and growth.
• TifTuf: Selected for its touted superior drought resistance and sustainability.
Each variety was obtained from certified growers to ensure the highest quality of sods and seeds for the
experiment.
2.1.2 Test Site Information
The evaluation was conducted at TheBermudaBible.com's dedicated research facility nestled in the
rolling hills of Central Texas, an area known for its challenging climate with hot summers and potential
for drought. The soil profile of the site is a sandy loam, well-drained, and typical of the region, providing
a relevant context for the varieties under test.
2.1.3 Experimental Design
We employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications for each variety to
ensure statistical reliability. Each plot was precisely measured to 10 feet by 10 feet, providing ample
space for each Bermuda grass variety to exhibit its growth habits and stress responses. A buffer zone of 3
feet surrounded each plot to prevent cross-contamination and ensure independent growth conditions.
2.1.4 Watering Regime
The watering regime was carefully crafted to mimic a progressive drought scenario. Following a 60-day
establishment period with optimal watering, we reduced the irrigation to 50% of the evapotranspiration
rate for the next 30 days, followed by a further reduction to 25% for an additional 30 days. This stepwise
reduction allowed us to observe the grass's response to incremental stress levels, simulating a real-world
drought pattern.
6. 3. Data and Analysis
3.1 Results
The data collected over the course of the drought tolerance evaluation provided a comprehensive view
of how each Bermuda grass variety coped with water stress. The following metrics were considered:
3.1.1 Visual Assessments
Visual assessments were conducted weekly to evaluate the general turf quality, color, and signs of stress
such as wilting or browning. The TifTuf variety maintained a vibrant green color longest, showing visible
signs of stress only in the final weeks of the most severe water reduction. Celebration and Tifway 419
exhibited resilience but began to show stress earlier than TifTuf. Princess 77 and Savannah showed
significant signs of stress midway through the second phase of reduced watering.
3.1.2 Growth Metrics
Growth was measured in terms of both vertical shoot growth and horizontal spread. TifTuf demonstrated
a remarkable ability to maintain growth, albeit at a reduced rate, throughout the drought simulation.
Celebration and Tifway 419 maintained moderate growth during the 50% watering phase but slowed
considerably at the 25% phase. Princess 77 and Savannah had minimal growth once water restrictions
were implemented.
3.1.3 Soil Moisture Content
Soil moisture sensors were placed at a depth of 4 inches to monitor the availability of water to the grass
roots. Data indicated that TifTuf roots were able to access moisture deeper in the soil profile, likely
contributing to its superior drought tolerance. The other varieties showed a more rapid decline in soil
moisture content at the same depth.
3.1.4 Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of the observed differences. Analysis of
variance (ANOVA) confirmed that the differences in drought tolerance between TifTuf and the other
varieties were statistically significant (p < 0.05).
3.2 Discussion
The discussion section interprets the results, comparing them with the initial hypotheses and existing
literature on Bermuda grass drought tolerance.
3.2.1 Interpretation of Results
The results suggest that TifTuf has a genetic advantage in drought situations, likely due to deeper root
systems and more efficient water usage. Celebration and Tifway 419, while not as robust as TifTuf, still
offer acceptable levels of drought tolerance suitable for regions with occasional water scarcity.
3.2.2 Comparison with Control
7. In comparison to a control plot that received regular watering, all varieties showed some level of stress
under reduced irrigation, but the TifTuf's performance was closest to the control, indicating its superior
drought tolerance.
3.2.3 Implications for Use in Different Environments
The findings have significant implications for landscaping in drought-prone areas. TifTuf's resilience
suggests it could reduce the need for irrigation, offering cost savings and environmental benefits. The
other varieties, while less drought-tolerant, could still be suitable for areas with less severe water
restrictions.
8. 4. Conclusions and Additional Resources
4.1 Conclusions
The rigorous testing period at TheBermudaBible.com's research facility has yielded conclusive evidence
on the drought tolerance of various Bermuda grass varieties. The standout performer, TifTuf, has shown
remarkable resilience, maintaining a verdant appearance and robust growth even under severe water
stress. This variety's deep root system and efficient water uptake make it a clear choice for drought-
prone regions or for those seeking to reduce water usage for environmental or economic reasons.
The Celebration and Tifway 419 varieties, while not as drought-resistant as TifTuf, still offer a viable
option for areas with intermittent dry spells. They strike a balance between aesthetic appeal and water
efficiency that could be appealing for many commercial and residential landscapes.
Princess 77 and Savannah, with their higher water demands, are best suited for locales where water
availability is not a pressing concern. Their lush, fine-textured appearance will be best maintained with a
consistent watering schedule.
4.2 Recommendations
In light of these findings, TheBermudaBible.com advocates for a strategic selection of Bermuda grass
based on regional climate patterns and water availability. TifTuf is recommended for its superior drought
tolerance, while Celebration and Tifway 419 are suitable for less arid conditions. Princess 77 and
Savannah should be considered for lush lawns where water resources are abundant.
For those looking to transition to more drought-tolerant landscapes, a gradual replacement strategy
using TifTuf plugs or overseeding with TifTuf seeds may be advisable. This approach can help maintain
the integrity of the lawn while introducing more resilient grass genetics.
4.3 References
The report references a curated selection of agronomic studies, turfgrass management journals, and
drought resilience research papers, which have all contributed to the depth of analysis and
recommendations provided.
4.4 Appendices
The appendices section is a treasure trove of additional information, including raw data tables that detail
the weekly performance metrics of each grass variety under study. It also contains a series of high-
resolution photographs capturing the visual state of the plots at various stages of the drought
simulation, providing a vivid comparative record of each variety's response to water stress.
Maps of the test site layout are included, illustrating the precise location and configuration of the
experimental plots, which were instrumental in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the test results.
Lastly, a comprehensive inventory of the equipment and materials used, from the state-of-the-art
irrigation systems to the cutting-edge soil moisture sensors, underscores the technological sophistication
of the study.