This document summarizes several benign breast diseases:
- Fibroadenoma is a common benign tumor in younger women that appears as a painless, smooth swelling. Fibroadenomas can be giant or multiple.
- Fibrocystic disease involves changes to breast tissue in response to hormones, causing painful swelling and nodularity, especially before menstruation.
- Sclerosing adenosis appears as a lump and involves proliferation of breast ducts and stroma.
- Mastitis can be lactational or non-lactational and causes breast pain, swelling and fever, usually treated with antibiotics.
Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by blocked milk ducts or bacterial infection. Symptoms include breast pain, swelling, redness, and fever. Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infectious mastitis. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, breast emptying/feeding, and drainage of abscesses. Supportive breastfeeding is important for recovery during lactation-associated mastitis.
This document discusses various nipple and breast disorders that can occur postpartum, including inverted nipples, cracked nipples, mastitis, breast engorgement, breast abscesses, and subinvolution of the uterus. It describes the grades of nipple inversion, treatments for inverted nipples like Hoffman's technique and piercings. It also discusses causes, signs, and treatments for conditions like cracked nipples, mastitis, breast engorgement, and breast abscesses. Surgical and antibiotic treatments for issues like wound abscesses, hematomas, and pelvic abscesses are also summarized.
The document discusses breast anatomy, common benign breast diseases including cysts, fibroadenomas, mastalgia and nipple discharge. It describes approaches to evaluating breast problems through history, examination, diagnostic workup and managing various benign breast conditions through lifestyle modifications, medications or surgery. The goal of treatment is to alleviate symptoms while ruling out breast cancer.
This document summarizes several benign breast diseases. It discusses congenital abnormalities of the breast, diffuse hypertrophy during puberty, injuries from trauma, bacterial mastitis associated with lactation, Mondor's disease which is thrombophlebitis of breast veins, ductal ectasia with nipple discharge, fibroadenomas which are common lumps in young women, and phyllodes tumors which are large growths with potential for malignancy. The document provides details on clinical features and management approaches for these various benign breast conditions.
The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and development of the breast from embryological development through adulthood, as well as several benign clinical conditions that can present in the breast including mastalgia, nipple discharge, breast abscesses, cysts, fibroadenomas, and gynecomastia. It provides details on the histology, presentation, workup, and treatment for each benign condition.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and various benign breast conditions including fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease, sclerosing adenosis, phyllodes tumors, mastalgia, and galactocele. Fibroadenoma is the most common breast tumor in women under 30 and presents as a firm, movable mass that can increase in size over months. Fibrocystic disease is common and characterized by cyclical breast pain and nodularity related to the menstrual cycle. Sclerosing adenosis has a proliferation of ductules and stroma that can mimic carcinoma on imaging. Phyllodes tumors are mixed connective and epithelial tumors that can rapidly increase in size. Benign conditions are
This document summarizes several benign breast diseases:
- Fibroadenoma is a common benign tumor in younger women that appears as a painless, smooth swelling. Fibroadenomas can be giant or multiple.
- Fibrocystic disease involves changes to breast tissue in response to hormones, causing painful swelling and nodularity, especially before menstruation.
- Sclerosing adenosis appears as a lump and involves proliferation of breast ducts and stroma.
- Mastitis can be lactational or non-lactational and causes breast pain, swelling and fever, usually treated with antibiotics.
Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by blocked milk ducts or bacterial infection. Symptoms include breast pain, swelling, redness, and fever. Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infectious mastitis. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, breast emptying/feeding, and drainage of abscesses. Supportive breastfeeding is important for recovery during lactation-associated mastitis.
This document discusses various nipple and breast disorders that can occur postpartum, including inverted nipples, cracked nipples, mastitis, breast engorgement, breast abscesses, and subinvolution of the uterus. It describes the grades of nipple inversion, treatments for inverted nipples like Hoffman's technique and piercings. It also discusses causes, signs, and treatments for conditions like cracked nipples, mastitis, breast engorgement, and breast abscesses. Surgical and antibiotic treatments for issues like wound abscesses, hematomas, and pelvic abscesses are also summarized.
The document discusses breast anatomy, common benign breast diseases including cysts, fibroadenomas, mastalgia and nipple discharge. It describes approaches to evaluating breast problems through history, examination, diagnostic workup and managing various benign breast conditions through lifestyle modifications, medications or surgery. The goal of treatment is to alleviate symptoms while ruling out breast cancer.
This document summarizes several benign breast diseases. It discusses congenital abnormalities of the breast, diffuse hypertrophy during puberty, injuries from trauma, bacterial mastitis associated with lactation, Mondor's disease which is thrombophlebitis of breast veins, ductal ectasia with nipple discharge, fibroadenomas which are common lumps in young women, and phyllodes tumors which are large growths with potential for malignancy. The document provides details on clinical features and management approaches for these various benign breast conditions.
The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and development of the breast from embryological development through adulthood, as well as several benign clinical conditions that can present in the breast including mastalgia, nipple discharge, breast abscesses, cysts, fibroadenomas, and gynecomastia. It provides details on the histology, presentation, workup, and treatment for each benign condition.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and various benign breast conditions including fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease, sclerosing adenosis, phyllodes tumors, mastalgia, and galactocele. Fibroadenoma is the most common breast tumor in women under 30 and presents as a firm, movable mass that can increase in size over months. Fibrocystic disease is common and characterized by cyclical breast pain and nodularity related to the menstrual cycle. Sclerosing adenosis has a proliferation of ductules and stroma that can mimic carcinoma on imaging. Phyllodes tumors are mixed connective and epithelial tumors that can rapidly increase in size. Benign conditions are
This document provides information on the anatomy, investigations, and various benign breast conditions including:
- The breast anatomy includes lobes, ducts, blood and lymphatic supply. Mammography, ultrasound and MRI are important investigations.
- Fibroadenomas are benign tumors that present as smooth, movable lumps and are easily removed surgically if large.
- Diffuse hypertrophy causes overgrowth of breast tissue during puberty or pregnancy and may require reduction mammoplasty.
- Cyclical mastalgia involves painful breast swelling with menstruation and can be treated with pain medications or hormonal therapies. Cyclical mastalgia with nodularity adds the presence of multiple small cysts.
science has an evolving nature. what happened today may not be tomorrow, what is not today may happen tomorrow.
No one is complete so reading and thinking may open the door to the hidden ground.
This document provides information on breast swelling including:
- Definitions of breast swelling and a short anatomy of the breast.
- Differential diagnoses of breast swelling including physiological causes like puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, and contraceptives. Pathological causes include fibroadenoma, fibroadenosis, mastitis, fat necrosis and more.
- Clinical evaluations for breast swelling including history, physical examinations, and investigations like mammograms, ultrasounds, biopsies and blood tests.
- Management of breast swelling depends on the underlying cause and may include observation, medications, surgery, radiation or chemotherapy.
1. Subinvolution, breast engorgement, mastitis, breast abscess, and thrombophlebitis are common postpartum complications that can occur.
2. Subinvolution occurs when the involution of the uterus after delivery is impaired or delayed. Breast engorgement is swelling of the breasts due to increased blood and lymph supply before lactation begins.
3. Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast tissue that is usually caused by bacterial infection during breastfeeding. Left untreated it can develop into a breast abscess, which is a localized collection of pus in the breast that requires drainage.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on benign breast conditions. It recommends asking students questions about blank slides to encourage active learning. Students should be able to describe the demography, clinical features, investigations, and management of benign breast diseases after this session. The rest of the document covers the physiology of the breast and various benign breast conditions like fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, cysts, and mastalgia in detail.
1) Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that arise from the uterus and are dependent on estrogen. Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility.
2) Treatment options include conservative management, surgical removal by myomectomy or hysterectomy, medical management using hormones to shrink fibroids, and uterine artery embolization to cut off the fibroids' blood supply.
3) For submucosal fibroids causing heavy bleeding, hysteroscopic resection can be performed as a day procedure to shave away the fibroid under anesthesia using an endoscope inserted into the uterus. Risks include bleeding, infection, and uterine perforation.
The breast ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY BENIGN AND MALIGNANT LESIONDr. Rahul Shah
This document discusses breast anatomy, development, physiology and common benign and malignant breast disorders. It begins with embryology of the breast and describes lactation. It then discusses common benign breast conditions like fibroadenomas, cysts and abscesses. Infectious causes like mastitis are explained. The document thoroughly covers breast cancer risk factors, screening, diagnosis, staging and treatment options. Both DCIS and invasive breast cancers are described in detail.
This document provides an overview of clinical presentations of breast diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and various benign and malignant conditions that can present, including fibroadenomas, fibrocystic disease, fat necrosis, galactocele, intraductal papillomas, gynecomastia, duct ectasia, and breast cancers. For breast cancers, it describes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, inflammatory carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple. Signs, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment are covered for each condition.
This document provides a summary of common reproductive disorders including uterine fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. For uterine fibroids in a woman who wants to have children, a myomectomy surgery to remove the fibroids may be the treatment of choice. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormonal disorder causing irregular periods and excess hair growth that is diagnosed via ultrasound and treated with oral contraceptives or medications. Endometrial and ovarian cancers are generally diagnosed via biopsy and treated with surgery such as hysterectomy along with possible chemotherapy or radiation.
This document summarizes benign breast disorders. It begins with embryology and anatomy of the breast. It then discusses various benign breast conditions such as fibroadenomas, breast cysts, periductal mastitis, papillomas and sclerosing adenosis. It provides details on clinical features, investigations, diagnosis and management of these common benign breast disorders. Specific imaging findings and histopathological characteristics are also highlighted. The document serves as a comprehensive review of benign breast conditions for medical residents.
The document discusses several antepartal hemorrhagic disorders including miscarriage, incompetent cervix, ectopic pregnancy, and hydatidiform mole. Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation and can be threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete or missed. An incompetent cervix involves passive and painless cervical dilation in the second trimester. Ectopic pregnancy is implantation outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Hydatidiform mole results from abnormal fertilization and causes an enlarged uterus with vaginal bleeding resembling prune juice. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are needed to manage bleeding and prevent further complications.
Uterine polyps and fibroids are common benign uterine tumors. Uterine polyps can be endometrial, fibroid, adenomyomatous, or placental in origin. They typically present with menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, or postmenopausal bleeding. Diagnosis is usually made by ultrasound, and polyps can be removed by D&C or hysteroscopy. Fibroids are the most common benign tumors in women. They are estrogen dependent and present with heavy menstrual bleeding, infertility, pain, or an abdominal mass. Treatment involves medical therapy, myomectomy or hysterectomy depending on symptoms. Adenomyosis involves endometrial tissue within the myometrial
This document provides information on assessing and examining the breasts including:
- Taking a thorough history regarding presenting complaints, family history, medications
- Performing a full physical examination including visual inspection and palpation of the breasts and lymph nodes
- Common benign and malignant breast conditions are described along with their typical presentations
- Staging of breast cancer involves blood tests, imaging and determining the size, node involvement and metastasis status
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and tamoxifen depending on cancer type and stage.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of pelvic masses according to age group and site of involvement. It describes various benign and malignant causes of pelvic masses including functional cysts, fibroids, ovarian tumors, pregnancy, endometriosis, tubo-ovarian abscess. The diagnosis involves taking a detailed history, examination, and investigations like ultrasound, CA-125. The management depends on the underlying cause and may include observation, medical therapy, surgery or staging laparotomy.
This document discusses various benign breast diseases, including their development, classification, presentation, imaging, and management. It begins with breast development during puberty under the influence of hormones like estrogen. It then covers breast physiology such as lobular development and hormonal cycling. Various benign breast conditions are classified as congenital, infectious, traumatic, or pregnancy-related. Common symptoms include lumps, pain, and discharge. Evaluation involves clinical examination, imaging, and pathology. Management depends on the specific condition and may include observation, aspiration, excision, or medications. The goal of treatment is tailored to individual needs based on disease natural history and risk factors for malignancy.
The document discusses breast anatomy, the diagnosis and management of benign and malignant breast diseases. It covers risk factors, staging, and treatment options for breast cancer which include surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation depending on the stage. Imaging modalities like mammography and ultrasound play an important role in the diagnosis of breast diseases.
Benign Breast Disease by Prof. Ajay Khanna, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, IndiaDivya Khanna
This document provides information on benign breast disease:
- Benign breast disease is a heterogeneous group of lesions including developmental abnormalities, inflammatory lesions, and epithelial/stromal proliferations.
- A study of 234 patients found the most common benign breast diseases were breast pain/nodularity (70.1%), fibroadenoma (17.5%), phyllodes tumor (4.3%), duct ectasia (3%), and duct papilloma (1.7%).
- Benign breast diseases are very common, accounting for 9 out of 10 breast problems. They are often misunderstood and poorly treated. The incidence rises in the second decade and peaks in the 4th-5th decades.
The document discusses benign lesions of the uterus and endometrium. It covers several topics including uterine polyps, endometrial polyps, and fibroids. Uterine polyps can be single or multiple, pedunculated or sessile. Endometrial polyps are common benign growths that present with abnormal bleeding and are detected by ultrasound or hysteroscopy. Fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the uterus, composed of smooth muscle cells, and can cause heavy bleeding or pain.
Puerperium complications and minor ailments include after pains caused by uterine contractions to expel blood clots, perineal pain from tears or hematomas, breast engorgement from milk accumulation, cracked nipples from improper feeding technique, and mastitis caused by blocked milk ducts or infection. Nursing care focuses on pain management, perineal examination and treatment, frequent breastfeeding or pumping, and antibiotics for infections. Subinvolution of the uterus can occur if the uterus does not fully shrink postpartum and may require exploring the uterus, antibiotics, or pelvic support.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Similar to benign breast diseases..ppt presentation
This document provides information on the anatomy, investigations, and various benign breast conditions including:
- The breast anatomy includes lobes, ducts, blood and lymphatic supply. Mammography, ultrasound and MRI are important investigations.
- Fibroadenomas are benign tumors that present as smooth, movable lumps and are easily removed surgically if large.
- Diffuse hypertrophy causes overgrowth of breast tissue during puberty or pregnancy and may require reduction mammoplasty.
- Cyclical mastalgia involves painful breast swelling with menstruation and can be treated with pain medications or hormonal therapies. Cyclical mastalgia with nodularity adds the presence of multiple small cysts.
science has an evolving nature. what happened today may not be tomorrow, what is not today may happen tomorrow.
No one is complete so reading and thinking may open the door to the hidden ground.
This document provides information on breast swelling including:
- Definitions of breast swelling and a short anatomy of the breast.
- Differential diagnoses of breast swelling including physiological causes like puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, and contraceptives. Pathological causes include fibroadenoma, fibroadenosis, mastitis, fat necrosis and more.
- Clinical evaluations for breast swelling including history, physical examinations, and investigations like mammograms, ultrasounds, biopsies and blood tests.
- Management of breast swelling depends on the underlying cause and may include observation, medications, surgery, radiation or chemotherapy.
1. Subinvolution, breast engorgement, mastitis, breast abscess, and thrombophlebitis are common postpartum complications that can occur.
2. Subinvolution occurs when the involution of the uterus after delivery is impaired or delayed. Breast engorgement is swelling of the breasts due to increased blood and lymph supply before lactation begins.
3. Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast tissue that is usually caused by bacterial infection during breastfeeding. Left untreated it can develop into a breast abscess, which is a localized collection of pus in the breast that requires drainage.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on benign breast conditions. It recommends asking students questions about blank slides to encourage active learning. Students should be able to describe the demography, clinical features, investigations, and management of benign breast diseases after this session. The rest of the document covers the physiology of the breast and various benign breast conditions like fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, cysts, and mastalgia in detail.
1) Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that arise from the uterus and are dependent on estrogen. Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility.
2) Treatment options include conservative management, surgical removal by myomectomy or hysterectomy, medical management using hormones to shrink fibroids, and uterine artery embolization to cut off the fibroids' blood supply.
3) For submucosal fibroids causing heavy bleeding, hysteroscopic resection can be performed as a day procedure to shave away the fibroid under anesthesia using an endoscope inserted into the uterus. Risks include bleeding, infection, and uterine perforation.
The breast ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY BENIGN AND MALIGNANT LESIONDr. Rahul Shah
This document discusses breast anatomy, development, physiology and common benign and malignant breast disorders. It begins with embryology of the breast and describes lactation. It then discusses common benign breast conditions like fibroadenomas, cysts and abscesses. Infectious causes like mastitis are explained. The document thoroughly covers breast cancer risk factors, screening, diagnosis, staging and treatment options. Both DCIS and invasive breast cancers are described in detail.
This document provides an overview of clinical presentations of breast diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and various benign and malignant conditions that can present, including fibroadenomas, fibrocystic disease, fat necrosis, galactocele, intraductal papillomas, gynecomastia, duct ectasia, and breast cancers. For breast cancers, it describes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, inflammatory carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple. Signs, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment are covered for each condition.
This document provides a summary of common reproductive disorders including uterine fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. For uterine fibroids in a woman who wants to have children, a myomectomy surgery to remove the fibroids may be the treatment of choice. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormonal disorder causing irregular periods and excess hair growth that is diagnosed via ultrasound and treated with oral contraceptives or medications. Endometrial and ovarian cancers are generally diagnosed via biopsy and treated with surgery such as hysterectomy along with possible chemotherapy or radiation.
This document summarizes benign breast disorders. It begins with embryology and anatomy of the breast. It then discusses various benign breast conditions such as fibroadenomas, breast cysts, periductal mastitis, papillomas and sclerosing adenosis. It provides details on clinical features, investigations, diagnosis and management of these common benign breast disorders. Specific imaging findings and histopathological characteristics are also highlighted. The document serves as a comprehensive review of benign breast conditions for medical residents.
The document discusses several antepartal hemorrhagic disorders including miscarriage, incompetent cervix, ectopic pregnancy, and hydatidiform mole. Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation and can be threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete or missed. An incompetent cervix involves passive and painless cervical dilation in the second trimester. Ectopic pregnancy is implantation outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Hydatidiform mole results from abnormal fertilization and causes an enlarged uterus with vaginal bleeding resembling prune juice. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are needed to manage bleeding and prevent further complications.
Uterine polyps and fibroids are common benign uterine tumors. Uterine polyps can be endometrial, fibroid, adenomyomatous, or placental in origin. They typically present with menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, or postmenopausal bleeding. Diagnosis is usually made by ultrasound, and polyps can be removed by D&C or hysteroscopy. Fibroids are the most common benign tumors in women. They are estrogen dependent and present with heavy menstrual bleeding, infertility, pain, or an abdominal mass. Treatment involves medical therapy, myomectomy or hysterectomy depending on symptoms. Adenomyosis involves endometrial tissue within the myometrial
This document provides information on assessing and examining the breasts including:
- Taking a thorough history regarding presenting complaints, family history, medications
- Performing a full physical examination including visual inspection and palpation of the breasts and lymph nodes
- Common benign and malignant breast conditions are described along with their typical presentations
- Staging of breast cancer involves blood tests, imaging and determining the size, node involvement and metastasis status
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and tamoxifen depending on cancer type and stage.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of pelvic masses according to age group and site of involvement. It describes various benign and malignant causes of pelvic masses including functional cysts, fibroids, ovarian tumors, pregnancy, endometriosis, tubo-ovarian abscess. The diagnosis involves taking a detailed history, examination, and investigations like ultrasound, CA-125. The management depends on the underlying cause and may include observation, medical therapy, surgery or staging laparotomy.
This document discusses various benign breast diseases, including their development, classification, presentation, imaging, and management. It begins with breast development during puberty under the influence of hormones like estrogen. It then covers breast physiology such as lobular development and hormonal cycling. Various benign breast conditions are classified as congenital, infectious, traumatic, or pregnancy-related. Common symptoms include lumps, pain, and discharge. Evaluation involves clinical examination, imaging, and pathology. Management depends on the specific condition and may include observation, aspiration, excision, or medications. The goal of treatment is tailored to individual needs based on disease natural history and risk factors for malignancy.
The document discusses breast anatomy, the diagnosis and management of benign and malignant breast diseases. It covers risk factors, staging, and treatment options for breast cancer which include surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation depending on the stage. Imaging modalities like mammography and ultrasound play an important role in the diagnosis of breast diseases.
Benign Breast Disease by Prof. Ajay Khanna, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, IndiaDivya Khanna
This document provides information on benign breast disease:
- Benign breast disease is a heterogeneous group of lesions including developmental abnormalities, inflammatory lesions, and epithelial/stromal proliferations.
- A study of 234 patients found the most common benign breast diseases were breast pain/nodularity (70.1%), fibroadenoma (17.5%), phyllodes tumor (4.3%), duct ectasia (3%), and duct papilloma (1.7%).
- Benign breast diseases are very common, accounting for 9 out of 10 breast problems. They are often misunderstood and poorly treated. The incidence rises in the second decade and peaks in the 4th-5th decades.
The document discusses benign lesions of the uterus and endometrium. It covers several topics including uterine polyps, endometrial polyps, and fibroids. Uterine polyps can be single or multiple, pedunculated or sessile. Endometrial polyps are common benign growths that present with abnormal bleeding and are detected by ultrasound or hysteroscopy. Fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the uterus, composed of smooth muscle cells, and can cause heavy bleeding or pain.
Puerperium complications and minor ailments include after pains caused by uterine contractions to expel blood clots, perineal pain from tears or hematomas, breast engorgement from milk accumulation, cracked nipples from improper feeding technique, and mastitis caused by blocked milk ducts or infection. Nursing care focuses on pain management, perineal examination and treatment, frequent breastfeeding or pumping, and antibiotics for infections. Subinvolution of the uterus can occur if the uterus does not fully shrink postpartum and may require exploring the uterus, antibiotics, or pelvic support.
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2. Anatomy
• Modified sweat gland – derived from the ectoderm
• Each breast consists of 15-20 lobules
3. • Breast extends from 2 – 6th rib
• Sternum to mid axillary line
• Lies in the superficial fascia, superficial to the pectoral fascia.
• Axillary tail of Spence - upper outer portion of the breast passes deep to the
deep fascia through the foramen of Langer.
4. Aberrations of Normal Development and
Involution of the Breast (ANDI)
• Breast in Females goes through various phases
• Early reproductive phase (Lobular development): 15 – 25 yrs
• Matured reproductive phase (Cyclical hormonal modification): 25 – 40 yrs
• Involution phase (Resorption of glandular structures): 40 – 55 yrs
• Presents as a spectrum of diseases at various stages of development
5. • Early reproductive age group:
• Fibroadenoma
• Giant
• Multiple
• Juvenile hypertrophy
• Mature reproductive age group:
• Caused due to cyclical hormonal effects
• Generalized enlargement
• Cyclical mastalgia with nodularity Fibroadenosis or fibrocystic disease
6. • Involution age group
• Lobular involution: Microcysts, fibrosis, adenosis, apocrine metaplasia
Macrocysts, cystic disease of breast, sclerosing adenosis
Ductal involution: Nipple discharge, periductal mastitis, bacterial infection,
nonlactational breast abscess, mammary duct fistula
7. Fibroadenoma
• Benign, encapsulated tumor occurring in younger patients 15- 25 yrs
• Presently considered as hyperplasia of single lobule.
• Most common lesion in patients < 30 yrs old
• Shows similar hormonal activity as normal breast tissue.
• Juvenile fibroadenoma:
• Adolescent girls with rapid growth (Epithelial & Stromal hyperplasia)
• May clinically mimic phyllodes tumor
8. • Giant Fibroadenoma:
• Size > 5 cm
• Multiple fibroadenoma
• Clinical features:
• Painless, smooth, nontender, well localized swelling
• Moves freely within the breast tissue
• No node enlargement
10. Fibrocystic disease of
breast/Fibrocystadenosis/ Mammary
dysplasia/ Cyclical mastalgia with nodularity
• Estrogen dependent condition.
• Most common breast condition
• Exaggerated response of breast stroma and epithelium to Hormones
and growth factors
• Stages
• Stromal proliferation
• Adenosis
• Cyst formation.
11. • Clinical features:
• Bilateral, painful, diffuse, granular, swelling
• Better palpated with the fingers than palm.
• Commonly in upper outer quadrant.
• Pain and tenderness >> just prior to menstruation
• Subsides during pregnancy, lactation and post menopause.
• Occasionally serous discharge may be present
12. • Treatment:
• Conservative management
• Oil of evening primrose – Linolenic acid + Linoleic acid
• Danazol – Interferes with FSH and LH decreases Est and Pro
• Bromocriptin – Lowers Prolactin
• Tamoxifen – Antiestrogenic drug.
• Vit E and B6
• NSAIDs
• Severe cases not subsiding with Medical management Subcutaneous
mastectomy or Cyst excision.
13. Sclerosing Adenosis
• 30 – 50 yrs of age
• Patient presents with mastalgia & Lump
• Palpation – Smooth, relatively mobile mass.
• Patho – Proliferative terminal ductules & acini, with proliferation of
stroma often with deposition of Ca.
• Treatment:??
14. PhyllodesTumor:
• Spectrum of disease.
• Benign Malignant
• Arises from the stromal element of the breast
• Microscopy:
• Contains cystic spaces with leaf like projections hence the name.
• Cells chow hyper cellularity and pleomorphism.
15. • Clinical Features:
• Premenopausal women,
• Usually unilateral, Rapid growth
• Smooth bossellated, overlying skin necrosis may be present
• Skin may be stretched, shiny, dilated veins + over the lesion.
• Recurrence is common.
• Investigation:???
• Treatment:???
16. Mastalgia:
• 45% of women present with mastalgia
• Predisposing conditions: ?? HRT, Caffeine, tobacco, large pendulous
breast
• Types:
• Cyclical (65%)
• Non cyclical (30 %)
• Chest wall pain (5%)
17. • Cyclical:
• Related to Menstrual cycle
• B/l diffuse pain with heavy feeling
• Patho Similar to ANDI
• Hence treatment similar to ANDI
• Non cyclical:
• Rule out other causes of breast pain
• Periductal mastitis, cervical root pain, malignancy,Teitz syndrome
• U/l C/c, burning or dragging in nature.
• Occurs in both pre and post menopausal age group
18. Traumatic fat necrosis:
• Caused d/t trauma
• PATHOGENESIS:
• Capillary ooze triglyceride in fat to dissociate into fatty acid Combines
with Ca Saponification Inflammatory reaction Swelling
• CLINICAL FEATURES:
• Painless swelling
• Hard, irregular and adherent to breasts tissue.
• INVESTIGATIONS:???
• TREATMENT:???
19. Galactocele:
• It is a retention cyst.
• Occurs in Lactating women and up to 10 months after lactation.
• The lactiferous duct gets blocked and large amount of milk gets
collected.
• Contents are milk and epithelial debris.
• CLINICAL FEATURES:
• Large, soft, fluctuant swelling usually in the lower quadrant.
• Untreated gets precipitated and calcified and mimics cancer.
• Usually gets infected Abscess
21. Mastitis:
• Types
• Sub areolar
• Intra mammary, a) Lactational abscess b) Non-lactational abscess
• Retro mammary
• Sub areolar:
• Infection developing d/t cracks in the nipple, infected Montgomerie glands
or a furuncle
• Can be caused by duct ectasia
• CLINICAL FINDINGS: Red, inflamed areola, tender, nipple retraction may be
present.
• TREATMENT: ???
22. Intra mammary mastitis
• Usually up to 6 months of feeding
• Predisposing factors:
• Cracked nipple
• Retracted nipple
• Improper cleaning
• Inadequate suckling by the baby stasis
• Infection from the mouth of the baby
Most common organism Staph. Aureus
23. • CLINICAL FEATURES:
• Fever with chills and rigors
• Throbbing pain, severe tenderness
• Redness, local rise in temperature, induration
• Purulent discharge from the nipple.
• Entire breast may be involved and may end up having fluctuation +ve.
• Treatment: ???
24. Retro mammary abscess:
• D/tTuberculosis of the internal mammary nodes, ribs, empyema
necessitans, hematoma
• Breast tissue per say is normal.
• Investigations:???
Treatment:???
25. Antibioma:
• If intra mammary mastitis Poorly treated with repeated with Abx
and/or inadequate drainage.
• Collection persists Surrounding inflammation settles with thick
fibrous septum formation Antibioma
• CLINICAL FEATURES: H/o Mastitis Rxed with Abx
• Lump, hard, non tender, smooth, fixed to surrounding breast tissue.
• INCESTIGATIONS AND MAMAGEMENT:
26. Duct Ectasia:
• It is dilatation of lactiferous ducts d/t relaxation of the myoepithelial
cells of the duct wall + Periductal mastitis.
• Hormones Duct wall relaxation + Ineffective reabsorption of
secretions Desquamation of epithelium in to the duct
• CLINICAL FEATURES:
• Greenish discharge or creamy discharge
• Indurated mass under the areola
• Retraction of the nipple at a later stage ( ??? )
• Eventually Abscess Fistula
• May be bilateral and multifocal
• Investigation and treatment: ???
27. Galactorrhoea
• Primary:
• Stress and other factors.
• Physiological during puberty or menopause.
• Secondary:
• Dopamine receptor blockers like haloperidol, methyl dopa, chlorpromazine,
metoclopramide
• Prolactin secreting pituitary tumors.
• Hypothyroidism
• Ectopic prolactin secreting tumors (like Bronchogenic Ca)
• CRF
• INVESTIGATION ANDTREATMENT
28. Duct Papilloma
• Epithelium lined papillae occurring in the lactiferous ducts.
• It is the most common cause of bloody discharge from the nipple.
• Usually < 1cm in size, fell as a mound in the retroareolar region.
• INVESTIGATION AND MANAGEMENT: