This document outlines the case for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in Romania's future energy system. It finds that CCS will be necessary to avoid rising energy costs and ensure baseload power as fossil fuel plants retire. Modeling shows CCS could make buying CO2 quotas unnecessary. The document recommends supporting initial CCS projects, requiring CCS readiness, characterizing storage capacity, market reforms, and defining CCS clusters to help deploy the technology.

1. OUR FUTURE IS CARBON NEGATIVE
A CCS Roadmap for Romania

2. The Bellona Foundation and CCS
• 1990s: initial CCS discussions with
Norwegian research and industry
• 2005: one of the founders of ZEP
• 2008: Bellona Scenario shows CCS
crucial to combat climate change
• 2007-09: influencing EU energy &
climate legislation; NER 300 funding
• 2009: BEST founded; Member State
mapping, Romania central country
• 2011: EU Energy Roadmap 2050
• 2010-12: BEST Country Roadmaps

3. CCS & ROMANIA
Impending Energy Gap
• Capacity retirement
• Diverse Capacity
• Coal + Lignite
• Fossil Gas
• Renewable
• Nuclear
CO2 Storage Potential
• 7.5 Gt (EU GeoCapacity)
• 18 Gt (GeoEcoMar)
Depleted Oil & Gas Reservoirs
• 490 Mt (EU GeoCapacity)
• 4 Gt (GeoEcoMar)
• Long history of hydrocarbon production
Enhanced Oil Recovery
• CO2 EOR provides revenue
• Reuse of suitable infrastructure
• Onshore reduces costs and risks
Infrastructure
• Extensive gas pipeline network
• Reuse of wells where suitable

4. KEY PARAMETERS
Parameter 2010 2030 2050
EUA Price (€) 10 (10/10) 50 (25/75) 90 (45/135)
Lignite Emission Factor (tonnes CO2/TJ) 112,2 - -
Coal Emissions Factor (tonnes CO2/TJ) 94,9 - -
Natural Gas Emission Factor (tonnes
56,1 - -
CO2/TJ)
Biomass Emission Factor (tonnes
109,6 - -
CO2/TJ)
Lignite Price (€/GJ) 1.52 (1.00/4.00) - -
Coal Price (€/GJ) 2.19 (1.00/4.00) - -
Natural Gas Price (€/GJ) 5.50 (2.50/8.00) - -
Biomass Price (€/GJ) 2,19 - -
New Coal Plant efficiency (%) 45 50 50
New Lignite Plant Efficiency (%) 40 45 45
New Natural Gas Plant Efficiency (%) 60 60 60
Energy Penalty (pp)
Pulverised Coal 11 (16) 8 (12) 8 (12)
Oxycombustion 12 (18) 8 (12) 8 (12)
IGCC 13 (20) 4 (6) 4 (6)
NGCC 8 (13) 7 (11) 7 (11)
Capture Efficiency (%) 95 (85) 95 (85) 95 (85)
Additional Capital Cost (Thousand
€/MW)
Pulverised Coal 952 (533/1202) 571 (400/1250) 391 (324/1013)
Oxycombustion 1500 (557/2071) 714 (371/1429) 579 (301/1157)
IGCC 905 (457/1214) 571 (343/1214) 463 (278/984)
NGCC 440 (229/583) 250 (171/441) 203 (139/434)
Cost of Capital (% per year) 10 (5/15) 10 (5/15) 10 (5/15)
Nominal Plant Lifetime (years) 30 30 30
Co-firing Capital Costs (Thousand
161 129 104
€/MW)
Transport Cost (€/tonne) 1.5 (0.5/4) 1.5 (0.5/4) 1.5 (0.5/4)
Storage Cost (€/tonne) 4 (1/12) 4 (1/12) 4 (1/12)
Currency Conversion (USD/EUR) 1,4 1,4 1,4

5. MODELLING THE FUTURE POWER SECTOR
New Coal A 2030
Caveat: Nuclear A 2030
No modelling of renewables and energy
Nuclear B 2035
efficiency – taken from draft Romanian
Energy Plan 2011-2035
Good potential for RES, but CCS will
New Coal A 2030
anyway be needed to ensure baseload –
and for other industries (also covered in the
New Coal B 2030
BEST Roadmap)
New Coal C 2035

6. MODELLING CCS DEPLOYMENT

7. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: Total costs avoided by applying CCS
All
High
Costs
CCS cost-saving
• Under all but the most unfavourable values
• CCS necessary in both energy trajectories

8. TOTAL COSTS OF BIOMASS CO-FIRING
Solid biomass availability for energy

9. BIO-CCS & CARBON NEGATIVE

10. BIOFUEL POTENTIAL
• Largest potential for sustainable biofuels production in the EU
• Low-cost capture options – carbon-negative fuels
• Investments under way
• Tarom/Airbus/Honeywell/Camelina Company Espana

11. The message is simple but clear: CCS will be necessary to avoid soaring
energy prices in Romania
• Fossil energy production will become much cheaper
with CCS than without CCS
• Combined with biomass co-firing, CCS can even make buying
CO2 quotas completely unnecessary for the Romanian power
sector
• Though the EUA price is currently very low, the European
Commission will soon table options for strengthening the EU
ETS and rise the price to ensure emission reductions

12. RECOMMENDATIONS
• Support Getica
• CCS readiness requirements for all new thermal generation
• Further refine and reassess CO2 storage legislation
• Accelerate near-term commercial CCS
• Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
• Comprehensively characterise available CO2 storage capacity
• Ensuring sufficient storage capacity be available by 2020
• Produce detailed assessments of depleted and tail-end hydrocarbon fields
available for CO2 storage
• A National Programme addressing the timing and potential re-use of pipelines or
corridors as well as injection wells
• Electricity market reform
• Reward dependable low carbon generation
• Define CCS clusters

13. BEST+ ROADMAPS
Vă mulţumesc pentru atenţie!
www.bellona.org/CCS
jonas@bellona.org