This document summarizes the tasks and procedures involved in conducting research on reach and grasp movements using non-human primates. It describes repairing and calibrating objects used in experiments, developing a MATLAB program to randomize experimental conditions, and fabricating EMG electrodes to record muscle activity. The goal is to understand the daily challenges of conducting this research and ensure accurate and reliable data collection.
This document discusses the launch of Lancome's new Grandiose mascara. It introduces the mascara's unique swan neck wand which provides unprecedented length, lift, and volume. It also outlines Lancome's marketing strategy for the mascara's launch, including social media campaigns and in-store displays, with the goal of recruiting new customers and making Grandiose the #1 mascara. On launch day at Macy's Herald Square, over 100 units were sold, with 96% going to new mascara customers and 68% to new Lancome customers overall.
Heart disease refers to several types of conditions that affect the heart. The most common type is coronary artery disease where plaque builds up in the arteries, restricting blood flow. Symptoms of heart disease include shortness of breath, swelling, confusion, and increased heart rate. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Prevention methods involve exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet low in salt and saturated fat, quitting smoking, drinking alcohol in moderation, taking low-dose aspirin, and managing other conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes.
Thiazide diuretics act in the distal convoluted tubule to inhibit sodium reabsorption and promote excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. They are commonly used to treat hypertension and heart failure by reducing extracellular volume. Common thiazide diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and bendroflumethiazide. Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia and drug interactions that can be enhanced by their effects on fluid and electrolyte balance. Thiazides must be used cautiously in conditions like pregnancy, diabetes, and renal impairment.
Prostaglandin, leukotriene, and thromboxaneGeeta Jaiswal
Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Examples of important eicosanoids include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
This document discusses the role of nanotechnology in pharmacology and drug delivery. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology, then describes applications of nanobiotechnology including nanopharmacology. The key roles of nanotechnology in drug discovery and development, and drug delivery systems are summarized. Specific nanocarrier platforms like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanocrystals are discussed in terms of their advantages and challenges for drug delivery. The role of nanodrugs in personalized medicine is also mentioned.
This document discusses cholinergic drugs and related agents. It defines cholinergic drugs as those that mimic or block the action of acetylcholine. The document outlines the cholinergic system including acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, cholinergic receptors (nicotinic and muscarinic), and receptor subtypes. It also discusses cholinergic agonists, antagonists, stereochemistry, and inhibitors of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Specific drugs are provided as examples within each category.
This document discusses the launch of Lancome's new Grandiose mascara. It introduces the mascara's unique swan neck wand which provides unprecedented length, lift, and volume. It also outlines Lancome's marketing strategy for the mascara's launch, including social media campaigns and in-store displays, with the goal of recruiting new customers and making Grandiose the #1 mascara. On launch day at Macy's Herald Square, over 100 units were sold, with 96% going to new mascara customers and 68% to new Lancome customers overall.
Heart disease refers to several types of conditions that affect the heart. The most common type is coronary artery disease where plaque builds up in the arteries, restricting blood flow. Symptoms of heart disease include shortness of breath, swelling, confusion, and increased heart rate. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Prevention methods involve exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet low in salt and saturated fat, quitting smoking, drinking alcohol in moderation, taking low-dose aspirin, and managing other conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes.
Thiazide diuretics act in the distal convoluted tubule to inhibit sodium reabsorption and promote excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. They are commonly used to treat hypertension and heart failure by reducing extracellular volume. Common thiazide diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and bendroflumethiazide. Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia and drug interactions that can be enhanced by their effects on fluid and electrolyte balance. Thiazides must be used cautiously in conditions like pregnancy, diabetes, and renal impairment.
Prostaglandin, leukotriene, and thromboxaneGeeta Jaiswal
Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Examples of important eicosanoids include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
This document discusses the role of nanotechnology in pharmacology and drug delivery. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology, then describes applications of nanobiotechnology including nanopharmacology. The key roles of nanotechnology in drug discovery and development, and drug delivery systems are summarized. Specific nanocarrier platforms like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanocrystals are discussed in terms of their advantages and challenges for drug delivery. The role of nanodrugs in personalized medicine is also mentioned.
This document discusses cholinergic drugs and related agents. It defines cholinergic drugs as those that mimic or block the action of acetylcholine. The document outlines the cholinergic system including acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, cholinergic receptors (nicotinic and muscarinic), and receptor subtypes. It also discusses cholinergic agonists, antagonists, stereochemistry, and inhibitors of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Specific drugs are provided as examples within each category.
This document provides an overview of cholinergic drugs, which act on the parasympathetic nervous system. It begins with an introduction to cholinergic transmission and the discovery of acetylcholine. It describes the different types of cholinoceptors and their locations. The document then discusses the pharmacological actions of direct and indirect cholinergic drugs. It provides examples of therapeutic uses for various drugs in conditions like glaucoma and myasthenia gravis. Screening methods for cholinergic drugs are also summarized. The document concludes by stating that cholinergic pharmacology is an established field but further research is still needed for cognitive enhancing drugs.
This seminar is my attempt to discuss screening of anti-emetic drugs using different animal models. The materials used in the presentation is derived from different standard textbooks, internet and journals. Please feel free to suggest ways to improve it.
RECENT ADVANCES IN MICRO AND NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSVijitha J
This document discusses recent advances in micro and nano drug delivery systems. It describes how nanomedicine uses nanoparticles smaller than 100nm for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Various types of nanoparticles are discussed for drug delivery, including metal-based, lipid-based, polymer-based, and biological nanoparticles. Specific examples provided include gold nanoparticles that can self-assemble into plasmonic vesicles for stimuli-responsive drug release, silica-gold nanoshells for thermal ablation of cancer cells, and liposomes for encapsulation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. The mechanisms of polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, and chitosan carriers for drug delivery are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing the potential of nanoparticles for
Calcium channel blocking drugs (CCBs) bind to different calcium channel sites and have varying effects on cardiac and vascular tissue. Nifedipine is the most selective vasodilator while verapamil and diltiazem are more equipotent between cardiac tissue and vasculature. CCBs reduce afterload through peripheral vasodilation but have little effect on preload or contractility. Nifedipine is most likely to cause hypotension and reflex tachycardia due to its strong vasodilatory effects, while verapamil may worsen heart failure or cause heart block.
This document summarizes hypolipidemic agents used to treat various dyslipidemias and reduce cardiovascular risk. It discusses the physiology of lipid metabolism, pharmacological targets for lowering lipids, individual drug properties and combinations. Key drugs include statins, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe, niacin, fibrates and fish oils. The document also reviews use of these agents in special populations like children, women and diabetics.
The prolong complications of coronary artery disease such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiac heart failure, its management and surgical mgt.
This document discusses lipoproteins and drugs that lower lipid levels. It begins by defining lipoproteins and how they transport lipids in blood, classifying them into six groups. It then discusses the functions of different lipoproteins and causes of hyperlipoproteinemias. The document focuses on statins, how they work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, and their effects on cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels. It covers the pharmacokinetics of statins, their adverse effects and uses. Other drug classes discussed include bile acid sequestrants, fibrates, nicotinic acid and their mechanisms and uses for treating different lipid abnormalities.
The document discusses diabetic foot complications including ulceration and infection. It provides details on:
1) Evaluating and diagnosing foot issues in diabetics through history, examination, and investigations including imaging and microbiology tests.
2) Classifying foot ulcers into grades based on severity to guide treatment, which may include debridement, antibiotics, and surgery such as amputation for severe cases.
3) Managing common issues like Charcot neuroarthropathy through a multidisciplinary approach including offloading and bracing to prevent deformity.
This document summarizes diuretic drugs. It discusses how diuretics work by increasing urine output through inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. The main types of diuretics covered are loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and osmotic diuretics. Specific diuretic drugs discussed include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and mannitol. The document also reviews the mechanisms and side effects of different classes of diuretic medications.
This document provides a summary of angina pectoris (chest pain). It begins with an example case history and treatment. It then defines angina and describes the main types (stable and unstable). It discusses the pathophysiology and clinical presentation. It outlines the diagnostic tests and procedures used to diagnose angina. The goals and approaches to treatment are summarized, including drug therapies like nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Other measures for managing coronary artery disease are mentioned like lifestyle changes and procedures.
The document discusses psoriasis, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management. Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by red scaly plaques. It has a genetic component and can be triggered by various environmental factors. Clinical diagnosis is usually based on appearance of lesions. Topical therapies are first-line treatment for mild-moderate disease, while phototherapy and systemic therapies may be used for more severe cases. Proper management requires a tailored approach based on individual disease characteristics and goals of improving quality of life and long-term disease control.
Heart disease is the number one cause of death worldwide. It is caused by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. This buildup is known as atherosclerosis and can lead to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include age, family history, high cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity. To prevent heart disease, one should eat a healthy diet low in fat and cholesterol, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, not smoke, control blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and see a doctor to monitor risk factors. Making lifestyle changes can significantly reduce risk and help live a longer, healthier life.
This document discusses cholinergic drugs and receptors. It describes two main types of cholinergic receptors - muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. It also classifies cholinergic drugs into direct-acting drugs like choline esters and alkaloids, and indirect-acting drugs that inhibit cholinesterase enzymes. Finally, it provides details on the properties and uses of some choline ester drugs like acetylcholine, bethanechol, carbachol, and methacholine.
This document provides an overview of cholinergic drugs, which act on the parasympathetic nervous system. It begins with an introduction to cholinergic transmission and the discovery of acetylcholine. It describes the different types of cholinoceptors and their locations. The document then discusses the pharmacological actions of direct and indirect cholinergic drugs. It provides examples of therapeutic uses for various drugs in conditions like glaucoma and myasthenia gravis. Screening methods for cholinergic drugs are also summarized. The document concludes by stating that cholinergic pharmacology is an established field but further research is still needed for cognitive enhancing drugs.
This seminar is my attempt to discuss screening of anti-emetic drugs using different animal models. The materials used in the presentation is derived from different standard textbooks, internet and journals. Please feel free to suggest ways to improve it.
RECENT ADVANCES IN MICRO AND NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSVijitha J
This document discusses recent advances in micro and nano drug delivery systems. It describes how nanomedicine uses nanoparticles smaller than 100nm for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Various types of nanoparticles are discussed for drug delivery, including metal-based, lipid-based, polymer-based, and biological nanoparticles. Specific examples provided include gold nanoparticles that can self-assemble into plasmonic vesicles for stimuli-responsive drug release, silica-gold nanoshells for thermal ablation of cancer cells, and liposomes for encapsulation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. The mechanisms of polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, and chitosan carriers for drug delivery are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing the potential of nanoparticles for
Calcium channel blocking drugs (CCBs) bind to different calcium channel sites and have varying effects on cardiac and vascular tissue. Nifedipine is the most selective vasodilator while verapamil and diltiazem are more equipotent between cardiac tissue and vasculature. CCBs reduce afterload through peripheral vasodilation but have little effect on preload or contractility. Nifedipine is most likely to cause hypotension and reflex tachycardia due to its strong vasodilatory effects, while verapamil may worsen heart failure or cause heart block.
This document summarizes hypolipidemic agents used to treat various dyslipidemias and reduce cardiovascular risk. It discusses the physiology of lipid metabolism, pharmacological targets for lowering lipids, individual drug properties and combinations. Key drugs include statins, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe, niacin, fibrates and fish oils. The document also reviews use of these agents in special populations like children, women and diabetics.
The prolong complications of coronary artery disease such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiac heart failure, its management and surgical mgt.
This document discusses lipoproteins and drugs that lower lipid levels. It begins by defining lipoproteins and how they transport lipids in blood, classifying them into six groups. It then discusses the functions of different lipoproteins and causes of hyperlipoproteinemias. The document focuses on statins, how they work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, and their effects on cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels. It covers the pharmacokinetics of statins, their adverse effects and uses. Other drug classes discussed include bile acid sequestrants, fibrates, nicotinic acid and their mechanisms and uses for treating different lipid abnormalities.
The document discusses diabetic foot complications including ulceration and infection. It provides details on:
1) Evaluating and diagnosing foot issues in diabetics through history, examination, and investigations including imaging and microbiology tests.
2) Classifying foot ulcers into grades based on severity to guide treatment, which may include debridement, antibiotics, and surgery such as amputation for severe cases.
3) Managing common issues like Charcot neuroarthropathy through a multidisciplinary approach including offloading and bracing to prevent deformity.
This document summarizes diuretic drugs. It discusses how diuretics work by increasing urine output through inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. The main types of diuretics covered are loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and osmotic diuretics. Specific diuretic drugs discussed include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and mannitol. The document also reviews the mechanisms and side effects of different classes of diuretic medications.
This document provides a summary of angina pectoris (chest pain). It begins with an example case history and treatment. It then defines angina and describes the main types (stable and unstable). It discusses the pathophysiology and clinical presentation. It outlines the diagnostic tests and procedures used to diagnose angina. The goals and approaches to treatment are summarized, including drug therapies like nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Other measures for managing coronary artery disease are mentioned like lifestyle changes and procedures.
The document discusses psoriasis, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management. Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by red scaly plaques. It has a genetic component and can be triggered by various environmental factors. Clinical diagnosis is usually based on appearance of lesions. Topical therapies are first-line treatment for mild-moderate disease, while phototherapy and systemic therapies may be used for more severe cases. Proper management requires a tailored approach based on individual disease characteristics and goals of improving quality of life and long-term disease control.
Heart disease is the number one cause of death worldwide. It is caused by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. This buildup is known as atherosclerosis and can lead to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include age, family history, high cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity. To prevent heart disease, one should eat a healthy diet low in fat and cholesterol, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, not smoke, control blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and see a doctor to monitor risk factors. Making lifestyle changes can significantly reduce risk and help live a longer, healthier life.
This document discusses cholinergic drugs and receptors. It describes two main types of cholinergic receptors - muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. It also classifies cholinergic drugs into direct-acting drugs like choline esters and alkaloids, and indirect-acting drugs that inhibit cholinesterase enzymes. Finally, it provides details on the properties and uses of some choline ester drugs like acetylcholine, bethanechol, carbachol, and methacholine.
1. Behind The Scenes Of Reach
To Grasp Research
Petroula N Karagiannis
University of Minnesota-Fall 2006
Advisor: Dr. Timothy Ebner, MD PhD
Department of Neuroscience
Co-Advisor: Jodi Prosise
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Directed Research-BMEn 4710
2. Outline
In depth examination of procedures and everyday
tasks critical to conducting the Reach to Grasp
research.
Investigation Requirements:
Non-human primates
Objects
Matlab Program
EMG Electrodes
Motion Analysis
The importance lies in the understanding of the
daily challenges encountered by the team, which
may be overlooked at times.
Directed Research-BMEn 4710
3. Primary Objectives
Repair, verify and calibrate objects
Design a Matlab Program
Develop and test electrodes
Prosise 2006
Directed Research-BMEn 4710
4. Repairing Objects
Materials Needed:
Screws 2nd object piece
Set screw
O-rings O-ring Force sensor
Force sensing resistors
Allen wrench
Wire cutter/striper Main object piece
3rd object piece
Heat shrink
Needle nose pliers
Standard rosin core solder
Electrical and padded tape
Solder tool stand/iron
Scissors
Screw driver
Colored wires
Alcohol wipes
Connectors and housing Prosise 2006
Directed Research-BMEn 4710
9. “rangen”-Random Numbers
Generates a random matrix of a specified size and element interval
without repeats in the columns of the matrix.
function rangen()
clear all;
clc;
Objects_to_randomize = input('Enter the number of objects you
want to randomize:')
Days = input('Enter the number of days you want to output:')
Trays_to_randomize = input('Enter the number of trays you want to
randomize:')
[ignore, objects] = sort(rand(Objects_to_randomize, ceil(Days)))
[ignore, trays] =
sort(rand(Trays_to_randomize, ceil(Days)))
Directed Research-BMEn 4710
11. “rangen”-Sample Output
Enter the number of objects you trays =
want to randomize:5 1 4 2
Objects_to_randomize = 4 1 5
5 5 5 1
3 2 4
2 3 3
Enter the number of days you want
to output:3
Days = objects =
3 2 3 5
4 5 1
3 2 4
Enter the number of trays you want 5 1 2
to randomize:5 1 4 3
Trays_to_randomize =
5
Directed Research-BMEn 4710
13. EMG Electrodes
Requirements
3T wires ~ 3-4 ft long
Twist 2 wires ~ Drill
Hypodermic needle ~ Gage 25
Specific manufacturer
Procedures
Dull edge ~ Gage 27
Flush H2O ~ Syringe
Insert wire ~ Gage 25
Strip Teflon coating ~ 1 mm and 0.5 mm
Pull back wire ~ 1.5-2 mm
No contact
Verification
Test for signal ~ success!
Directed Research-BMEn 4710
14. Closure Mmm, this hair net
sure feels tight…
Advancement and completion of the research conducted by the
Reach and Grasp team.
References/Acknowledgments:
Dr. Timothy Ebner, MD PhD
Jodi Prosise
Dr. Claudia Hendrix, PhD
Dr. Carolyn R. Mason, PhD
Sarah Jacobson
Mahdi Khorasani
Group at Ebner Lab
Thank you!
Questions/Comments?
kara0115@umn.edu
Directed Research-BMEn 4710
Editor's Notes
Good morning everyone and thank you for attending my presentation. My name is Petroula Karagiannis and I’m going to talk about my research here in the lab behind the scenes of the Reach and Grasp.
Over the past months I’ve been performing the everyday tasks necessary for Reach to Grasp experiments that often overlooked. These tasks are important for the research to run smoothly and in a timely fashion. It involves non-human primates, objects, a matlab proram, EMG electrodes and motion analysis.
Specifically, my focus was on …
The objects require frequent repair, since they are consistently damaged by the monkeys as well as the lab team and myself. They are quite sensitive, so any twisting or pulling on the wires would potentially cause it to malfunction. If the force sensing resistors or the padded tape are out of place, then the object will not record voltages from the monkeys grasp. Here you can see the materials needed to repair the objects are quite small in size compared to the human hand, thus making it challenging to replace certain parts, for instance the o-rings and the screws.
…and to do this you connect the object to the relay box and open up the appropriate calibration file. Then you manually determine if the they work properly by pressing on the each of the object side pieces and detecting voltage outputs. The figures show what the screen output should look like when the object is working appropriately.
…and to do this you place an amount of weights on each object side piece, deviating from 1 to 1000 grams and record the corresponding voltage outputs.
This is sample a calibration graph for object 18 which shows the relationship of the force versus voltage of each force sensor.
The reach and grasp research requires a total of 3 trays and 23 objects. 2 trays will carry 8 objects each and 1 tray will carry 7 objects. The robot will rotates these objects for the monkey to grasp and the object will be placed in the tray in a random fashion. To accomplish this I wrote a matlab code called “rangen.”
Moving on the EMG electrodes, the figure shows different stages of making the electrode.
As a summary I’d like to emphasize the importance of my research behind the scenes of the Reach and Grasp team for the completion and advancement of their experimental prodecures.