Behaviorism is a theory that focuses on predicting and controlling human behavior through conditioning and reinforcement rather than internal mental states. The major founders were Ivan Pavlov who discovered classical conditioning in dogs, B.F. Skinner who developed operant conditioning using positive and negative reinforcement, and Albert Bandura who studied observational learning and self-efficacy. In the classroom, behaviorism techniques can be used to shape student behavior through feedback, rewards, and modeling behaviors to influence learning.