Presented at the ACMI Bowie Symposium July 2015
Toni Eagar, What Ziggy Stardust and David Bowie Tells us about Celebrity and Market
Emancipation? (co-authored with Andrew Lindridge)
The re-engagement with the music market by David Bowie in 2013 was greeted by media
associations with his celeactor – Ziggy Stardust – even though Ziggy was ‘killed off’ in 1973.
This association identifies two related but conflicting celebrity research themes – i.e. who
constructs celebrity, the individual or the market? More importantly, can a celebrity ever
emancipate themselves from their performance persona and the market?
The Stardom and Celebrity of David Bowie Symposium Program
Page 18 of 41
Over a forty-year period, Bowie’s relationship with Ziggy Stardust changes depending upon his
varying levels of popularity, which enables other market agents to influence Bowie’s relationship
and market relevance through Ziggy.
This paper explores our understandings of celebrity not as vessels and lionisations of meaning
that become aspirational identities to be bought into, but rather, celebrity as an ongoing,
dynamic, and agentic process of meaning-making and narrative building through celebrity
discourse and market relevance. In doing so it challenges previous studies that view celebrities
as free manipulators of their self and image in the market.
This document discusses the rise of film schools and their influence on Hollywood in the late 20th century. It describes how French film critics-turned-directors launched the New Wave movement in the 1950s-60s without formal training. American film schools then grew in the 1960s-70s, training a new generation of directors like Spielberg, Lucas, and Coppola. Hollywood recognized this generation's appeal to younger audiences and began hiring them to direct big-budget genre films that were profitable. These directors paid homage to earlier films through references and allusions in their works.
This document summarizes the history of stardom in Hollywood from the silent film era to contemporary times in 3 pages. It discusses [1] how the advent of sound exposed the artifice of silent films and established stars as economic drivers for studios. It then [2] analyzes the construction of different star personas and images across different decades from the 1920s to the 1960s/70s, how they reflected and shaped social norms. Finally, it [3] notes that stars continue to be commodities manufactured primarily for economic purposes but that also provide pleasure to audiences through their performances.
Postmodern audiences are media literate and aware of how media constructs messages to influence society. In response, some media producers now acknowledge the audience's awareness by revealing production elements and referencing past iconic media scenes. Audiences also deeply engage with fandoms online, gaining extensive knowledge to discuss with producers and each other. As audiences can now access media on demand and manipulate elements like time, media producers must cater to postmodern audience needs and behaviors.
Fall 2011 the emergence of cinema as an institutionProfMartilli
The motion picture industry emerged as a powerful social and economic institution in the United States from the early 1900s to the mid-20th century. Movies became a popular weekly leisure activity for most Americans, resembling a social institution like church or clubs. The industry grew from Edison's early one-person kinetoscope exhibits to massive movie palaces that hundreds of thousands flocked to for entertainment and escape from daily life. Technological innovations, the rise of the star system, and focus on complex narratives transformed movies into a mainstream form of mass media.
This document discusses theories of subcultures from various thinkers from the 1950s to the 1980s. It outlines how subcultures form in reaction to feelings of alienation from mainstream society due to factors like class, age, or ethnicity. Members of subcultures try to resist the dominant culture through distinctive styles of dress, music, art, and rituals. However, capitalism can commodify the symbolic styles of subcultures and mass produce them, absorbing the subculture into mainstream culture and undermining its message of resistance.
The Hollywood film industry has had a profound global influence since the early 20th century. It began emerging in Hollywood, California in the early 1900s and truly flourished in the 1920s with the rise of movie stars and studios like Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO, and Columbia establishing themselves in Hollywood. The classical Hollywood era from 1917-1960 developed the dominant style of narrative filmmaking still used today. The 1960s-1980s New Hollywood era saw a shift towards more unconventional narratives and an emphasis on realism and location shooting. Major studios like Universal, Paramount, Columbia, and Warner Bros. have produced many successful and influential films over the decades.
H&M is seen as uncool by some because its fashion is mass-produced and affordable. To address this, the document proposes three ideas:
1. Producing a viral marketing campaign featuring "street demonstrations" in H&M stores promoting a message of equal rights and opportunities.
2. Commissioning a web series to interview people about preparing for the demonstrations and make H&M stores their "secret bases."
3. Staging flashy flash mob-style demonstrations against "invisible limits" like class, gender, and looks on the street or digitally.
The goal is to make H&M seem cooler and more socially progressive by associating it with messages of equality and self-
Belton Chapter 1 The Emergence of Cinema as an InstitutionProfMartilli
The cinema emerged as a major American institution in the early 20th century. Movies became the most popular form of entertainment, with 80-90 million Americans attending weekly in lavish movie palaces resembling cathedrals. The development of narrative films and star system transformed cinema into a unifying national pastime. By the 1950s, cinema had evolved into a mature institution catering to changing audiences in the modern era.
This document discusses the rise of film schools and their influence on Hollywood in the late 20th century. It describes how French film critics-turned-directors launched the New Wave movement in the 1950s-60s without formal training. American film schools then grew in the 1960s-70s, training a new generation of directors like Spielberg, Lucas, and Coppola. Hollywood recognized this generation's appeal to younger audiences and began hiring them to direct big-budget genre films that were profitable. These directors paid homage to earlier films through references and allusions in their works.
This document summarizes the history of stardom in Hollywood from the silent film era to contemporary times in 3 pages. It discusses [1] how the advent of sound exposed the artifice of silent films and established stars as economic drivers for studios. It then [2] analyzes the construction of different star personas and images across different decades from the 1920s to the 1960s/70s, how they reflected and shaped social norms. Finally, it [3] notes that stars continue to be commodities manufactured primarily for economic purposes but that also provide pleasure to audiences through their performances.
Postmodern audiences are media literate and aware of how media constructs messages to influence society. In response, some media producers now acknowledge the audience's awareness by revealing production elements and referencing past iconic media scenes. Audiences also deeply engage with fandoms online, gaining extensive knowledge to discuss with producers and each other. As audiences can now access media on demand and manipulate elements like time, media producers must cater to postmodern audience needs and behaviors.
Fall 2011 the emergence of cinema as an institutionProfMartilli
The motion picture industry emerged as a powerful social and economic institution in the United States from the early 1900s to the mid-20th century. Movies became a popular weekly leisure activity for most Americans, resembling a social institution like church or clubs. The industry grew from Edison's early one-person kinetoscope exhibits to massive movie palaces that hundreds of thousands flocked to for entertainment and escape from daily life. Technological innovations, the rise of the star system, and focus on complex narratives transformed movies into a mainstream form of mass media.
This document discusses theories of subcultures from various thinkers from the 1950s to the 1980s. It outlines how subcultures form in reaction to feelings of alienation from mainstream society due to factors like class, age, or ethnicity. Members of subcultures try to resist the dominant culture through distinctive styles of dress, music, art, and rituals. However, capitalism can commodify the symbolic styles of subcultures and mass produce them, absorbing the subculture into mainstream culture and undermining its message of resistance.
The Hollywood film industry has had a profound global influence since the early 20th century. It began emerging in Hollywood, California in the early 1900s and truly flourished in the 1920s with the rise of movie stars and studios like Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO, and Columbia establishing themselves in Hollywood. The classical Hollywood era from 1917-1960 developed the dominant style of narrative filmmaking still used today. The 1960s-1980s New Hollywood era saw a shift towards more unconventional narratives and an emphasis on realism and location shooting. Major studios like Universal, Paramount, Columbia, and Warner Bros. have produced many successful and influential films over the decades.
H&M is seen as uncool by some because its fashion is mass-produced and affordable. To address this, the document proposes three ideas:
1. Producing a viral marketing campaign featuring "street demonstrations" in H&M stores promoting a message of equal rights and opportunities.
2. Commissioning a web series to interview people about preparing for the demonstrations and make H&M stores their "secret bases."
3. Staging flashy flash mob-style demonstrations against "invisible limits" like class, gender, and looks on the street or digitally.
The goal is to make H&M seem cooler and more socially progressive by associating it with messages of equality and self-
Belton Chapter 1 The Emergence of Cinema as an InstitutionProfMartilli
The cinema emerged as a major American institution in the early 20th century. Movies became the most popular form of entertainment, with 80-90 million Americans attending weekly in lavish movie palaces resembling cathedrals. The development of narrative films and star system transformed cinema into a unifying national pastime. By the 1950s, cinema had evolved into a mature institution catering to changing audiences in the modern era.
Belton (14) Hollywood in the Age of TelevisionProfMartilli
Here are some key points about Hollywood blockbusters from the 1950s-60s and more recently:
- Epic historical dramas and biblical stories were very popular in the 1950s-60s blockbusters, appealing to a wide audience. Films like Ben-Hur and The Ten Commandments told grand stories on a massive scale.
- Spectacle and visual effects were highly emphasized, from large sets and battle scenes to VistaVision and Cinerama. This gave audiences an experience that couldn't be found on television.
- More recent blockbusters often rely on popular existing properties (superheroes, remakes), digital effects, and 3D to provide visual thrills and draw audiences back to theaters. Films like
The document discusses media representation of black British collective identity. It begins by outlining key questions around how different media represent social groups. It then describes black British collective identity as a postmodern subcultural youth movement comprising young people of various ethnicities united by shared black cultural symbols. The document introduces film and music as two media forms, noting how films often portray negative stereotypes of "urban youth" while grime music allows them to reclaim voice. It provides examples of films and artists to support the points, and suggests media industry involvement sometimes shifts the representation in music.
This document discusses how contemporary media represents groups of people, specifically focusing on representations of young British people. It provides examples of how films and TV shows construct different representations of youth. Key terms discussed include representation, ideology, hegemony, and how media can influence and maintain dominant beliefs in society through stereotypical portrayals. The document asks students to analyze how youth are represented in episodes of a TV series in terms of the ideologies and hegemony presented.
Street art began as graffiti in the 1950s-60s in Philadelphia and New York City. It has since evolved into a global art movement that uses public spaces to communicate messages. While often illegal, street art beautifies neighborhoods and brings attention to social and political issues. It has also helped launch the careers of famous artists like Banksy and introduced new styles like stenciling and tile art. Though controversial, street art has become firmly integrated into modern culture.
This document provides lesson materials for analyzing the 1955 film "Rebel Without a Cause". It will teach students to examine how youth and masculinity are portrayed in the film by exploring the historical context of 1950s fears around juvenile delinquency and a perceived crisis of masculinity in post-war America. Students will apply sociological theories like liminality and hegemony to key scenes and symbols to understand how the film both reflected societal anxieties while also reinforcing social norms.
The document discusses media representations of collective identities and how they have changed over time. It addresses how media currently portrays social groups, how these representations differ from historical depictions, and the effects of certain media portrayals on society. The document also mentions how people can use media to actively form collective identities and debates around whether identities are increasingly shaped by media.
The document discusses the concept of Britishness and how it is represented in media. It asks the reader to consider what Britishness means to them and how Brits are viewed by others. It then defines collective identity as a shared sense of belonging among a group based on real or imagined common attributes. The document instructs choosing a British film to analyze how it represents British people and what effect this has on audiences.
The representation of the British working class has changed over time and depends on the media institution and audience needs. In the past, working class representation was marginalized but films of the "Angry Young Man" era like Saturday Night, Sunday Morning reflected working class life more accurately. Today, representations like in films Tyrannosaur and The Angels' Share show more extreme frustrations within Britain's class system. Soaps now depict more dysfunctional working class lives and focus on crime stories and younger characters to attract audiences. Left-wing critic Owen Jones argues that some media representations demonize the working class and could influence audiences' perceptions of them over time, though the actual effects are debated.
Visual language is a communication system that uses images to convey messages. It has several key elements, including shape, color, and texture. Images have both a signifier, which is the visual appearance, and a signified, which is the meaning or concept. There are different types of images like logos, icons, signs, signals, and symbols. Visual language serves four main functions: informative, aesthetic, expressive, and exhortative. The level of iconicity refers to how closely an image resembles reality, from highly iconic images like photographs to more abstract, less iconic images. Images can also be realistic, figurative, or abstract in their representation of reality.
This document discusses visual language and how images communicate through different levels of iconicity. It defines iconicity as the similarity between an image and reality. Images can have a high, medium, or low degree of iconicity depending on how closely they resemble reality. Visual language is an important communication system that uses images to transmit information in various contexts like art, publicity, movies and more. The document also describes different visual art styles from realistic to figurative to abstract and encourages transforming a realistic artwork into a personal figurative style.
Visual communication is a manner of communicating through images rather than words. It uses visual elements like signs, typography, illustrations, graphics, and more to convey information or artistic expression. Like verbal language, visual communication has its own codes and system. The purpose of visual images can be to persuade through advertising, inform through newspapers and pictograms, or express emotions and feelings through artistic works. Visual styles reflect the societies and times in which they were created.
Warhol's 1962 painting of Marilyn Monroe uses repetition of her image in different color schemes to represent various moods and how they blend together. As an iconic figure, Monroe's face points to her celebrity status while also allowing consideration of how different moods convey universal ideas. Each portrait acts as a different "guise or mask" that reflects or hides internal thoughts and emotions. Though the lower right portrait is most recognizable, it depicts Monroe in a ghastly, unnatural femininity through garish pinks and yellows. Beyond criticizing the forced artificiality of femininity Monroe represented, the vibrant colors and fragmented form liberate the image from a plain portrait by breaking conventions of where colors typically appear on a
This document discusses visual language and communication. It outlines the communication process including the sender, message, code, context, receptor, and channel. It then describes the basic functions of images as informative, aesthetic, expressive, exhortative, narrative, and social. The basic elements of visual language are identified as dot, line, plane, color, texture, and volume. Signifier and signified are defined and the types of visual signs - indexical, iconic, and symbolic - are explained. Finally, the document briefly mentions iconicity of images and types of images as analytic, realistic, figurative, and abstract.
This document discusses abstraction in images and the relationship between images and reality, known as iconicity. It provides examples of images of human figures with varying degrees of iconicity, from highly realistic photographs to abstract shapes. The document encourages the reader to choose an image and simplify its form through successive steps of abstraction, drawing just the silhouette at each step.
This document provides information about Section B of the G325: Critical Perspectives in Media examination. Section B focuses on contemporary media issues and will require candidates to answer one question from a choice of six topic areas. For each topic area, candidates must demonstrate understanding of the historical, contemporary, and future aspects as they relate to at least two media forms and include references to relevant media theories and critics. The document provides examples of topic areas such as representations of Black Britain, prompts questions for each area, and suggests texts and theorists candidates could draw from to demonstrate their knowledge in the exam.
Identity is a complex concept that involves both how individuals see themselves and how they relate to and are defined by social groups. It emerges from the intersection of internal concepts of self and external influences from social and cultural discourses. While identity implies some consistency over time, it is actually an evolving and unsettled concept that is mutually constructed through an individual's relationship with broader collective identities.
This document discusses critical media theories of celebrity and celebrity culture. It examines celebrities from sociological and semiotic perspectives. Celebrities are seen as signs that are constructed through the media and serve important functions in consumer culture. They are commodities and brands that connect audiences to media industries and promote consumption. The document analyzes how celebrities are produced and the meanings and identities they signify.
Collective identity of the working class is represented in media like films, TV shows, and online communities. Some argue this representation exploits or marginalizes the working class (Part 1). Others note audiences are active, not passive, in interpreting these representations and forming their own identities (Part 2). Future representation may include user-generated content, but the influence of media on collective identity is complex and impossible to precisely measure (Part 3).
This document provides revision materials for a media exam focusing on collective identity. It breaks down the exam questions, provides context on key concepts like representation and hegemony, and analyzes film and music examples depicting Black Britons over time. Historical texts from the 1950s-1970s presented an "otherized" view of Black communities, while contemporary works show more diversity and positive representations of youth culture, though some perpetuate stereotypes. The materials emphasize comparing historical and current media in answering how collective identities have been constructed and reconstructed over time.
This document summarizes several theories related to audiences, narratives, representation, and identity in media studies. It outlines key concepts from theories such as the magic bullet theory, audience gratification theory, two-step flow theory, encoding/decoding theory, genre theories, narrative theories, representation theories, and identity theories. Theories discussed include those proposed by Berger, Hoynes, Blumer, Katz, Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet, Hall, Ryall, Neale, Buckingham, Knight, Bordwell, Branston, Stafford, Levi-Strauss, Barthes, Propp, Todorov, Dyer, Jenkins, Merleau Ponty, Strinati, Fou
Belton (14) Hollywood in the Age of TelevisionProfMartilli
Here are some key points about Hollywood blockbusters from the 1950s-60s and more recently:
- Epic historical dramas and biblical stories were very popular in the 1950s-60s blockbusters, appealing to a wide audience. Films like Ben-Hur and The Ten Commandments told grand stories on a massive scale.
- Spectacle and visual effects were highly emphasized, from large sets and battle scenes to VistaVision and Cinerama. This gave audiences an experience that couldn't be found on television.
- More recent blockbusters often rely on popular existing properties (superheroes, remakes), digital effects, and 3D to provide visual thrills and draw audiences back to theaters. Films like
The document discusses media representation of black British collective identity. It begins by outlining key questions around how different media represent social groups. It then describes black British collective identity as a postmodern subcultural youth movement comprising young people of various ethnicities united by shared black cultural symbols. The document introduces film and music as two media forms, noting how films often portray negative stereotypes of "urban youth" while grime music allows them to reclaim voice. It provides examples of films and artists to support the points, and suggests media industry involvement sometimes shifts the representation in music.
This document discusses how contemporary media represents groups of people, specifically focusing on representations of young British people. It provides examples of how films and TV shows construct different representations of youth. Key terms discussed include representation, ideology, hegemony, and how media can influence and maintain dominant beliefs in society through stereotypical portrayals. The document asks students to analyze how youth are represented in episodes of a TV series in terms of the ideologies and hegemony presented.
Street art began as graffiti in the 1950s-60s in Philadelphia and New York City. It has since evolved into a global art movement that uses public spaces to communicate messages. While often illegal, street art beautifies neighborhoods and brings attention to social and political issues. It has also helped launch the careers of famous artists like Banksy and introduced new styles like stenciling and tile art. Though controversial, street art has become firmly integrated into modern culture.
This document provides lesson materials for analyzing the 1955 film "Rebel Without a Cause". It will teach students to examine how youth and masculinity are portrayed in the film by exploring the historical context of 1950s fears around juvenile delinquency and a perceived crisis of masculinity in post-war America. Students will apply sociological theories like liminality and hegemony to key scenes and symbols to understand how the film both reflected societal anxieties while also reinforcing social norms.
The document discusses media representations of collective identities and how they have changed over time. It addresses how media currently portrays social groups, how these representations differ from historical depictions, and the effects of certain media portrayals on society. The document also mentions how people can use media to actively form collective identities and debates around whether identities are increasingly shaped by media.
The document discusses the concept of Britishness and how it is represented in media. It asks the reader to consider what Britishness means to them and how Brits are viewed by others. It then defines collective identity as a shared sense of belonging among a group based on real or imagined common attributes. The document instructs choosing a British film to analyze how it represents British people and what effect this has on audiences.
The representation of the British working class has changed over time and depends on the media institution and audience needs. In the past, working class representation was marginalized but films of the "Angry Young Man" era like Saturday Night, Sunday Morning reflected working class life more accurately. Today, representations like in films Tyrannosaur and The Angels' Share show more extreme frustrations within Britain's class system. Soaps now depict more dysfunctional working class lives and focus on crime stories and younger characters to attract audiences. Left-wing critic Owen Jones argues that some media representations demonize the working class and could influence audiences' perceptions of them over time, though the actual effects are debated.
Visual language is a communication system that uses images to convey messages. It has several key elements, including shape, color, and texture. Images have both a signifier, which is the visual appearance, and a signified, which is the meaning or concept. There are different types of images like logos, icons, signs, signals, and symbols. Visual language serves four main functions: informative, aesthetic, expressive, and exhortative. The level of iconicity refers to how closely an image resembles reality, from highly iconic images like photographs to more abstract, less iconic images. Images can also be realistic, figurative, or abstract in their representation of reality.
This document discusses visual language and how images communicate through different levels of iconicity. It defines iconicity as the similarity between an image and reality. Images can have a high, medium, or low degree of iconicity depending on how closely they resemble reality. Visual language is an important communication system that uses images to transmit information in various contexts like art, publicity, movies and more. The document also describes different visual art styles from realistic to figurative to abstract and encourages transforming a realistic artwork into a personal figurative style.
Visual communication is a manner of communicating through images rather than words. It uses visual elements like signs, typography, illustrations, graphics, and more to convey information or artistic expression. Like verbal language, visual communication has its own codes and system. The purpose of visual images can be to persuade through advertising, inform through newspapers and pictograms, or express emotions and feelings through artistic works. Visual styles reflect the societies and times in which they were created.
Warhol's 1962 painting of Marilyn Monroe uses repetition of her image in different color schemes to represent various moods and how they blend together. As an iconic figure, Monroe's face points to her celebrity status while also allowing consideration of how different moods convey universal ideas. Each portrait acts as a different "guise or mask" that reflects or hides internal thoughts and emotions. Though the lower right portrait is most recognizable, it depicts Monroe in a ghastly, unnatural femininity through garish pinks and yellows. Beyond criticizing the forced artificiality of femininity Monroe represented, the vibrant colors and fragmented form liberate the image from a plain portrait by breaking conventions of where colors typically appear on a
This document discusses visual language and communication. It outlines the communication process including the sender, message, code, context, receptor, and channel. It then describes the basic functions of images as informative, aesthetic, expressive, exhortative, narrative, and social. The basic elements of visual language are identified as dot, line, plane, color, texture, and volume. Signifier and signified are defined and the types of visual signs - indexical, iconic, and symbolic - are explained. Finally, the document briefly mentions iconicity of images and types of images as analytic, realistic, figurative, and abstract.
This document discusses abstraction in images and the relationship between images and reality, known as iconicity. It provides examples of images of human figures with varying degrees of iconicity, from highly realistic photographs to abstract shapes. The document encourages the reader to choose an image and simplify its form through successive steps of abstraction, drawing just the silhouette at each step.
This document provides information about Section B of the G325: Critical Perspectives in Media examination. Section B focuses on contemporary media issues and will require candidates to answer one question from a choice of six topic areas. For each topic area, candidates must demonstrate understanding of the historical, contemporary, and future aspects as they relate to at least two media forms and include references to relevant media theories and critics. The document provides examples of topic areas such as representations of Black Britain, prompts questions for each area, and suggests texts and theorists candidates could draw from to demonstrate their knowledge in the exam.
Identity is a complex concept that involves both how individuals see themselves and how they relate to and are defined by social groups. It emerges from the intersection of internal concepts of self and external influences from social and cultural discourses. While identity implies some consistency over time, it is actually an evolving and unsettled concept that is mutually constructed through an individual's relationship with broader collective identities.
This document discusses critical media theories of celebrity and celebrity culture. It examines celebrities from sociological and semiotic perspectives. Celebrities are seen as signs that are constructed through the media and serve important functions in consumer culture. They are commodities and brands that connect audiences to media industries and promote consumption. The document analyzes how celebrities are produced and the meanings and identities they signify.
Collective identity of the working class is represented in media like films, TV shows, and online communities. Some argue this representation exploits or marginalizes the working class (Part 1). Others note audiences are active, not passive, in interpreting these representations and forming their own identities (Part 2). Future representation may include user-generated content, but the influence of media on collective identity is complex and impossible to precisely measure (Part 3).
This document provides revision materials for a media exam focusing on collective identity. It breaks down the exam questions, provides context on key concepts like representation and hegemony, and analyzes film and music examples depicting Black Britons over time. Historical texts from the 1950s-1970s presented an "otherized" view of Black communities, while contemporary works show more diversity and positive representations of youth culture, though some perpetuate stereotypes. The materials emphasize comparing historical and current media in answering how collective identities have been constructed and reconstructed over time.
This document summarizes several theories related to audiences, narratives, representation, and identity in media studies. It outlines key concepts from theories such as the magic bullet theory, audience gratification theory, two-step flow theory, encoding/decoding theory, genre theories, narrative theories, representation theories, and identity theories. Theories discussed include those proposed by Berger, Hoynes, Blumer, Katz, Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet, Hall, Ryall, Neale, Buckingham, Knight, Bordwell, Branston, Stafford, Levi-Strauss, Barthes, Propp, Todorov, Dyer, Jenkins, Merleau Ponty, Strinati, Fou
This document discusses key concepts around how media representations are constructed rather than objective reflections of reality. It addresses how media images are often interpretations that say something about their subject and can endorse particular ideologies. Media representations may rely on shorthand like stereotypes due to limitations of time and resources. The meaning of representations depends on whose interpretation is being considered - the producer, audience or text itself. Representations can have political or social consequences by influencing how groups are seen and treated in society.
Youth are represented in the media in complex ways that both reflect and shape societal views. Historically, representations have dichotomized youth as either a "prosperous future" or a "culture of moral decline." More recently, films like Quadrophenia portray British youth subcultures of the 1960s in a realistic light, drawing on theories of how collective identities form through shared cultural texts. However, some representations may also promote the values of ruling classes and fix social divisions through the process of cultural hegemony described by Gramsci.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in representation theory, including Marxism, feminism, postmodernism, and stereotypes. It discusses how representations encode ideologies and can reinforce power structures. Representations are never neutral and involve selective portrayals of reality. Media texts use stereotypes, myths and other techniques to represent social groups and ideologies in simplistic ways for audiences.
The document discusses collective identity and youth culture. It provides background on key theorists who studied collective identity and how it relates to youth subcultures. Some of the main points made include:
1) Henry Giroux argues that in media, "youth becomes an empty category" that reflects adult anxieties rather than youth identities.
2) Films from the 1950s like "The Wild One" portrayed fears of rebellious youth challenging social norms.
3) Studies found youth form subcultures to find acceptance and oppose dominant culture through styles of dress, music and slang.
4) Representations of youth have historically been negative but some saw youth as representing a prosperous future. The document
The document discusses collective identity and youth culture. It defines collective identity as an individual's sense of belonging to a group that shapes part of their personal identity. Collective identity is gained through social activities and interactions that allow individuals to feel a sense of belonging to something larger than themselves. The document then examines how youth subcultures allow young people to express opposition to dominant society and challenge its norms through styles of dress, music, and language.
The document discusses collective identity and youth culture. It provides background on collective identity, noting that it refers to an individual's sense of belonging to a group. Collective identity shapes part of a person's personal identity through participation in social activities. Youth subcultures allow young people to express opposition to dominant society and challenge mainstream values through style and shared interests. Media representations of youth often reflect adult anxieties and serve to reinforce social norms.
The document discusses collective identity and youth culture. It defines collective identity as an individual's sense of belonging to a group that shapes part of their personal identity. Collective identity is gained through social activities and interactions that allow individuals to feel a sense of belonging to something larger than themselves. The document then examines how youth subcultures allow young people to express opposition to dominant society and challenge its norms through styles of dress, music, and behaviors.
The document discusses collective identity and youth culture. It provides background on key theorists who studied collective identity and how it relates to youth subcultures. Some of the main points made include:
1) Henry Giroux argues that in media, "youth becomes an empty category" that reflects adult anxieties rather than youth identities.
2) Films from the 1950s like "The Wild One" portrayed fears of rebellious youth challenging social norms.
3) Studies found youth form subcultures to find acceptance and oppose dominant culture through styles of dress, music and slang.
4) Representations of youth have historically been negative but some saw youth as representing social change. The document examines
This document discusses representations of youth identity in media. It begins by asking the reader to consider examples of media that represent or are identified with youth from the past five years. It then presents two quotes about youth from different eras to show that concerns about youth behavior are not new. The document outlines five structuring points for examining how media represents youth and how youth use media to form collective identities. It discusses the role of outsiders like media and adults in constructing identities for youth groups and how youth must accept these identities. The document analyzes factors like subculture representation and alienation that are common in media portrayals of youth.
Stuart Hall's Encoding/Decoding model of communication analyzed how media producers encode ideological messages and how audiences can decode them in dominant, negotiated, or oppositional ways. David Morley applied this to a study of the British TV show Nationwide, finding that audience interpretations varied based on social factors like class. This challenged effects models and argued audiences are active meaning-makers influenced by context rather than passive receivers of fixed meanings. The model shifted focus to the relationship between texts and audiences within broader social and cultural structures.
The document discusses representation and stereotypes in media. It defines representation as how media constructs reality through selective presentation. Representations encode certain ideologies and paradigms while excluding others to shape a preferred view. Stereotypes are shortcuts used to understand media that define characters as either belonging or not belonging in a society. While stereotypes can enhance a text's realism, they also risk oversimplifying groups and misrepresenting reality. The document analyzes how various theories like the male gaze approach stereotypes and representation in media production and reception.
Here are some potential subcultures you could research:
- Punks
- Goths
- Emos
- Hippies
- Ravers
- Gamers
- K-pop fans
- Cosplayers
- Furries
- Juggalos
- Lolitas
- Body modification (tattoos, piercings, etc.)
Take 15 minutes to research your subculture and be prepared to present your findings to the class.
The document discusses how youth can be seen as a collective identity. It explores how youth share experiences like adolescence, education, finding work, and experimentation. Youth also share attributes like innocence, frustration, and hope. The document then analyzes how media historically represented youth both positively and negatively. More recently, youth have been portrayed more negatively in stereotypical ways as rebellious or part of problematic subcultures. The document argues that these representations reflect societal fears and fill youth identities with adult interests and agendas.
The document discusses the history and evolution of documentaries. It outlines different modes of documentaries proposed by scholars like Bill Nichols and theorists like John Grierson, who defined documentaries as the "creative treatment of actuality." It also discusses how documentaries have adapted over time, with some critics arguing they have been "dumbed down" for mass audiences, and how different channels like BBC3 have developed distinctive styles to appeal to younger demographics. The author also provides their opinion that John Grierson's view of documentaries representing an interpretation of reality is most accurate, and that no documentary can truly be authentic or objective given that any subject is represented through the filmmaker's perspective.
Top 10 AI Trends to Watch in 2024 with Intelisyncnehapardhi711
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Examples and Use Cases of Open Source AI
TensorFlow: An open-source machine learning framework by Google, widely used for building and deploying AI models.
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1. Toni Eagar
Australian National University
Email: Toni.Eagar@anu.edu.au
Becoming Iconic:
Resolving Contradictions in
Human Brand Celebrity and
Iconicity
Andrew Lindridge
The Open University
Email: A.M.Lindridge@open.ac.uk
2. From Nelson Mandela to
Ronald Reagan, from Steve
Jobs to Sam Walton, from
Oprah Winfrey to Martha
Stewart, from Michael
Jordan to Muhammad Ali,
from Andy Warhol to Bruce
Springsteen, from John
Wayne to Woody Allen,
cultural icons dominate our
world.
(Holt, 2004, p.1)
“Fame can take interesting
men and thrust mediocrity
upon them.”
“I always had a repulsive
need to be something more
than human.”
David Bowie
2
3. Quote highlights two important assumptions:
1. Human brands are often associated with famous
celebrities
(Muñiz, Norris, and Fine, 2013; Parmentier, 2010; 2011;
Schroeder, 2005).
Human brands represent the “well-known persona[s] who [are] the
subject of marketing communications” (Thomson, 2006, p.104)
Studies include:
a. Celebrities (Parmentier 2010, 2011)
b. CEOs (Seo, Chae, & Lee, 2012)
c. Job seekers (Close, Moulard, & Monroe, 2011)
d. Artists (Muñiz et al., 2014; Schroeder, 2005)
3
4. Quote highlights two important assumptions:
2. Within celebrity studies the human brand is
considered both:
a. the mediocre (artificial and synthetic celebrity)
(Boorstin, 1964; Debord, 2002),
b. the icon (more than human, embodying a
“compelling symbol of a set of ideas or values that
a society deems important”)
(Holt, 2004, p.1).
4
5. The Conundrum
So is a human brand mediocre
or culturally important or both?
This leaves the human brand in a
quandary over their signification
and their role in macro societal
structures.
5
6. Research Question
• How are the contradictions between
celebrity and iconicity resolved in creating
and managing a human brand?
– We address this question by analyzing David
Bowie who, we argue, achieved celebrity and
iconicity simultaneously.
6
7. Celebrity and Iconicity
When a human becomes a celebrity:
– when media interest in their activities transfers from the reporting
of their public-self to investigating their private-self
(Rojek, 2001)
– lacks legitimate achievement
and authenticity
(Boorstin, 1964; Debord, 2002)
– fame precedes their
achievements
(Turner, 2004)
7
8. Celebrity and Iconicity
Icons embody:
– crucial cultural functions
– perform cultural identity myths
– allow imagination
– and repair a damaged cultural
fabric
• In essence, the icon is a
legitimate cultural symbol of
personal achievement and
societal values
(Holt, 2004)
8
9. Celebrity and Iconicity
Whether a person is considered a
celebrity or an icon is often based:
• On representations of the
public and private self
• Attributions of greatness
across time,
• The malleability of the
celebrity’s cultural meaning
and value to manage shifting
cultural concerns
(Brown, McDonagh and Schultz, 2013).
9
10. Structuration Theory and Human Brands
• Agents exist and interact within
a structure and draw upon rules
and resources
• Agents’ behaviours are
constantly recreated and
adapted through differing time
periods
• Agents’ power to recreate
differing meanings over time
depends on the ownership of
material and organisational
capabilities
– Giddens (1984)
10
http://groundcherry.wordpress.com/2012/11/04/structuration/
11. David Bowie’s Multiple-Human Brands
11
Performed
Sub-Brand
Parent Brand
“Human”
Brand Creator
David Jones
David Bowie
Ziggy Stardust Major Tom
Aladdin Sane
Halloween
Jack
The Thin White
Duke
John Merrick
(The Elephant
Man)
Tao Jones
David Bowie
12. Method
1. Grounding
– Identify data sources used to develop concepts
• Multiple data sources tracking Bowie’s career from 1972-2013
– Social media, media, music industry, Bowie generated
– Total documents = 562
– Just started conducting in-depth interviews with Bowie fans (N=4)
– looking for more volunteers to interview. more
about that later.
• Materials were read, notes made, and re-read to identify nuances
and metaphors
• Systematic coding according to emergent themes e.g. “Ziggy”,
“Paranoia” or “career decline”
12
14. Findings
Stage 1: Forming Associations within a
Time Period
Stage 2: Fixing associations in a Time
Period
Stage 3: Shifting associations across
Time Periods
14
15. Stage 1: Forming Associations within a Time Period
Bowie’s appearance as Ziggy Stardust on BBC’s Top of the
Pops on 22nd January 1972
– a time characterized by Britain’s continued economic decline,
industrial strife and an impending feeling of apocalyptic doom
(Lynskey, 2013)
15
– Ziggy’s allure lay in “a new sexually ambiguous image for
those youngsters willing and brave enough to challenge
the notoriously pedestrian stereotypes conventionally
available to working-class men and women”.
– For Bowie, the sexually ambiguous associations of his
performance persona, translated into public interest in his
private self.
– David’s present image is to come on like a swishy
Queen, a gorgeously effeminate boy. He’s as camp
as a row of tents, with his limp hand and trolling
vocabulary. ‘I’m gay,’ he says, ‘and always have
been, even when I was David Jones.’ But there’s a
sly jollity about how he says it, a secret smile at the
corners of his mouth.
(Watts, 1972)
16. Stage 1: Forming Associations within a Time Period
Bowie Sexual
ambiguity Celebrity
Audience and media look to Bowie’s private self (marriage, sex-life,
child, statements of homosexuality) to interpret the sexual
ambiguity of his performance persona
16
17. Stage 1: Forming Associations within a Time Period
Ziggy Building
Blocks Iconicity
Cultural symbols:
• Corruptive power celebrity
• Pessimism for the future
• Libertinism in the present
17
Mythic imagery:
• God-like figure
• Comes to Earth
• Dies
18. BoyGeorge, the British singer, writing in 1995 (pp. 35-36) captured how Ziggywas
sacralized through dress and appearance and the communitas of being a Ziggyclone:
When Ziggy Stardust…came to Lewisham in 1973 I rushed to buy a ticket. …I tried to give
myself a Ziggy stardust haircut. It was a disaster….I spent the whole day hanging around
Lewisham, watching the crowd well up. Hundreds of Ziggy … clones. Bowie was like an
alien. It was the most exciting thing I’d ever seen.
18
19. Stage 2: Fixing associations in a Time Period
19
Bowie’s fixed associations:
• The perpetuation of the belief
that Bowie is Ziggy
• Bowie’s human attributes
20. Stage 2: Fixing associations in a Time Period
20
The perpetuation of the belief that Bowie is
Ziggy:
• Perpetuated by Bowie:
― ‘"Call me Ziggy! Call me Ziggy Stardust!" are
Bowie's last words.’ (Edwards, 1972)
• Perpetuated by the media:
― “…a high priest of pop” “a self-constructed
freak” who “claims he enjoys the pleasure of
other men” and “…who spends two hours
before his show caressing his body with paint”
• Bowie announces in 1973 that Ziggy is dead and
will not perform again.
21. Stage 2: Fixing associations in a Time Period
21
Bowie’s human characteristics: Age
• As he and his audience age ability to experiment
musically is considered undignified:
Oi, Bowie! No! That was one's first reaction
to the rumour sweeping the Hanover Grand
on Monday that David Bowie would follow his
show with a drum & bass set. Though he
conducted some brave experiments with the
genre on his current album, Earthling, there
was something undignified about the idea of
him trying to recreate adrenalised beats in
front of a bemused crowd of people his own
age.
(Sullivan, 1997)
22. Stage 2: Fixing associations in a Time Period
22
Bowie’s human characteristics: Age
• Bowie had the agency to deny the market their desired
performances, as he did with killing Ziggy in 1973, this denial
no longer signified 'cutting edge and subversive musician' to
the media and his audience. Instead it suggested market
irrelevance and pretentiousness.
23. Stage 2: Fixing associations in a Time Period
23
Bowie’s human characteristics: Sexuality
• We are confused:
“the biggest mistake I ever made…[as] I was always a
closet heterosexual" (cf. Gilmore, 2012)
• The audience and the media perpetuate Bowie’s image
of sexual ambiguity, in line with Ziggy, rather than
updating their image of Bowie
24. Stage 3: Shifting associations across time periods
Bowie’s resources to shift associations through
time:
– Different musical genres
• Glam rock Captured UK market (Ziggy - sexuality)
• Soul music Captured US market (Halloween Jack - White man
doing Black music)
• Challenged by the market:
– US media particularly questioned Bowie’s authenticity:
There is an honesty about David these days even though it really can’t be
described as refreshing. It is as carefully acted out as anything he’s ever
done, and as such, the face of David Bowie presented to me that week was
who David Bowie decided to be, February 1976. He’s clever, totally aware of
his persona, and there’s a very determined gleam in his eyes these days.
(Robinson, 1976)
– New commercial materials, business practices and
technologies
• Music videos
• Bowie Bonds
• Interactive website
• Electronic downloads
24
25. Stage 3: Shifting Associations across Time Periods
Ziggy’s transitioning associations through time:
• Product of different market agents as a counter-cultural narrative:
– Audience - nostalgia
– Media – consistent association of Bowie with Ziggy
“That fucker Ziggy wouldn’t leave me alone for
years, that was when it all started to sour”
– Record companies – Ziggy re-issues, lost material
– Fashion
– Bowie re-engages with Ziggy as a tool to advance his human brand:
Yeah, I'm not only doing it, I'm doing it on three platforms. I'm working with
people on a film version and I'm working with people on a theater version
that's completely different and I'll synthesize the two into a huge version of
Internet hypertext - where we will find out about Ziggy's mum and things like
that. I want this kind of parallel world with Ziggy on the Internet that stays
there as archive forever - like a living organism. But the theater version and
the film versions will be completely and utterly different from each other. The
stage show will be about the interior values of Ziggy and his contemporaries.
It won't have terribly many characters in it. The film would be the audiences'
perception of who or what Ziggy was. It will be a bigger, grander, more blah,
blah. But the three taken together is, I suppose, lazy post-modernism where
the same story is told in different ways. (Phoenix, 1999)
25
26. Stage 3: Shifting Associations across Time Periods
Ziggy’s 1972 break-through television appearance on
TOTP’s, uploaded by ‘midevilfreako’ in 2007 is credited
with over 9.8 million viewings:
Who'd have thought David Bowie putting his arm around Mick
would still be talked about today in connection to gay liberation?
This man is a social pioneer and a living legend.
Abi Watson (2014)
26
27. Summary of Findings
Stage 1
Associations
form
Interest in the
private self
Building
blocks of iconicity
Stage 2
Associations are
fixed in time
Celebrity
Stage 3
Associations shift
across time
Iconicity
27
Human brand
icon
Celebrity and
Icon converge
Material and
organizational
capabilities
28. Summary of Findings: Trajectories
Stage 1
Associations
form
Interest in the
private self
Building
blocks of iconicity
Stage 2
Associations are
fixed in time
Celebrity
Stage 3
Associations shift
across time
Iconicity
28
Human brand
icon
Celebrity and
Icon converge
Material and
organizational
capabilities
Bowie
Ziggy
29. Discussion: Human Brand Icons
David Bowie adopts and adapts
the material and organizational
capabilities of:
• changing commercial materials
• business practices
• new technologies
• performance personas
29
Consequence of the agentic actions of human brands
to reconcile their public / private selves in forming,
fixing and shifting associations within a dynamic
system
30. The end and a request for help
30
• We are seeking Bowie fans to interview in person, by skype or telephone.
• Contact either Andrew or I
•Toni.eagar@anu.edu.au
•andrew.lindridge@open.ac.uk
• or there is an information sheet on the registration desk.
• or come and talk to me.
• or use this QR code
• or click here
https://anu.co1.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_2rf4WcY8BukDbDL
Editor's Notes
Celeactor refers to the alter-egos of performers that have their own celebrity. One reviewer suggested “dramatis persona” as an alternative terms and alter-ego is sometime used. However, these terms refer to the character within the performance, metaphor, drama. Whereas, Rojek ascribed celeactor to refer to not just the character but the fact that the character has public fame, i.e. they are also celebrities, examples include Ali G as opposed to Sacha Baron Cohen, and Carrie Bradshaw as opposed to Sarah Jessica Parker. In the audience’s mind the celeactor has the same function as the celebrity in forming parasocial imaginary relationships.
In this study we look at how Bowie’s deliberate decision to publically “kill” Ziggy Stardust was a brand management strategy in order to enact his ability to continually recreate his brand narrative through new sub-brands. However, as Bowie’s power to create sub-brands lessens over time the Ziggy brand is appropriated / manipulated by the market