Because an acidic environment encourages the bree.pdf

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An acidic environment encourages the growth of fungus, mold, bacteria and viruses. To prevent this, maintaining an alkaline environment is recommended. Keeping surfaces clean and dry also inhibits the proliferation of microorganisms.

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Because an acidic environment encourages the breeding of fungus, mold, bacteria
and viruses.
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Because an acidic environment encourages the breeding of fungus, mold, bacteria
and viruses.

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O=C=O .pdf

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The start of the European Colonization is typically dated to 1492, although there was at least one earlier colonization effort. The first known Europeans to reach the Americas are believed to have been the Vikings (\"Norse\") during the eleventh century, who established several colonies in Greenland and one short-lived settlement at L\'Anse aux Meadows in the area the Norse called Vinland, present day Newfoundland. Settlements in Greenland survived for several centuries, during which time the Greenland Norse and theInuit people experienced mostly hostile contact. By the end of the fifteenth century, the Norse Greenland settlements had collapsed. In 1492, a Spanish expedition headed by Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, after which European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded, first through much of the Caribbean region (including the islands of Hispaniola,Puerto Rico, and Cuba) and, early in the sixteenth century, parts of the mainlands of North and South America. Eventually, the entire Western Hemisphere would come under the domination of European nations, leading to profound changes to its landscape, population, and plant and animal life. In the nineteenth century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas. The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange. The potato, the pineapple, theturkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies, and chocolate went East across theAtlantic Ocean. Smallpox and measles but also the horse and the gun traveled West. The flow of benefit appears to have been one-sided, with Europe gaining more. However, the colonization and exploration of the Americas also transformed the world, eventually adding 31 newnation-states to the global community. On the one hand, the cultural and religious arrogance that led settlers to deny anything of value in pre-Columbian America was destructive, even genocidal. On the other hand, many of those who settled in the New World were also social and political visionaries, who found opportunities there, on what for them was a tabula rasa, to aim at achieving their highest ideals of justice, equality, and freedom. Some of the world\'s most stable democraciesexist as a result of this transformative process. The first conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese. In the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, ratified by the Pope, these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world between themselves, with a line drawn through South America. Based on this Treaty, and the claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa to all lands touching the Pacific Ocean, the Spanish rapidly conquered territory, overthrowing the Aztec and Inca Empires to gain control of much of western South America, Central America, and Mexico by the mid-sixteenth century, in addition to its earlier Caribbean conquests. Over this same time frame, Portugalconquered much of eastern South America, naming it Brazil. Early conquests, claims, and colonies Other Eur.

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Solution : Mitochondria is known as power house of the cell.It produces energy needed for different cellular function in the body.Energy is generated in the form of ATP(Adenosine triphosphate).Mitochondria provide all needed energy which is enough to produce our body weight in ATP everyday.If we are more active,requirement of ATP increased.Organs like brain and heart can not perform their function without ATP..

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Sewage before being disposed of either in river stream or on land, has generally to be treated, so as to make it safe. The degree of treatment required, however, depends upon the characteristics of the source of disposal. Sewage can be treated in different ways. treatment process are often classified as: 1) Preliminary treatment 2) Primary treatment 3) Secondary treatment 4) tertiary treatment 1) PRELIMINARY TREATMENT It consists in solely in separating the floating materials (like dead animals, tree branches, papers, pieces of rags, wood, etc) and also heavy settleable inorganic solids. it also helps in removing the oil and greases etc. from the sewage. Grit chamber or detritus tank for removing grit and sand; and skimming tanks for removing oils and greases. 2) PRIMARY TREATMENT Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended organic solids. this is usually accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins. sometimes, the preliminary as well as primary treatments are classified together under primary treatment the organic solids, which are seperated out in the sedimentation tanks are often stabilised by anaerobic decomposition in a digestion tank or are incenerated. the residue for landfills or soil conditioners 3) SECONDARY TREATMENT Secondary treatment involves further treatment of effluents, coming from the primary sedimentation tank. this is generally accomplished through biological decomposition of organic matter, which can be carried out either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. in these biological units, bacteria will decompose the fine organic matter to produce a clearer effluent. The treatment reactors, in which the organic matter is decomposed by aerobic bacteria are known as aerobic biological units; and may consists of: (i) Filters : intermittent sand filters as well as trickling filters (ii) Aeration tank: with the feed of recycled activated sludge ( i.e. the sludge which is settled in secondary sedimentation tank, receiving effluents from the aeration tank) (iii) Oxidation ponds and aerated lagoons The treatment reactors, in which the organic matter is destroyed and stabilized by anaerobic bacteria, are known as anaerobic biological units and may consists of anaerobic lagoons, septic tanks, imhoff tanks, etc. out of these units only anaerobic lagoons make use of primary settled sewage and hence, they only can be classified under biological units. septic tanks andimhoff tanks using raw sewage are therefore not classified as secondary units. The organic solids separated out in the primary as well as in secondary settling tanks will be disposed of by stabilizing them under anaerobic process in a sludge digestion tank. 4) FINAL or ADVANCED TREATMENT This treatment is called as tertiary treatment. consists of removing the organic load left after the secondary treatment and particularly to kill the pathogenic bacteria. this treatment, which is normally carried out by chlorination, especially when treated sewage is to be di.

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Relational database was proposed by Edgar Codd (of IBM Research) around 1969. It has since become the dominant database model for commercial applications (in comparison with other database models such as hierarchical, network and object models). Today, there are many commercial Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), such as Oracle, IBM DB2 and Microsoft SQL Server. There are also many free and open-source RDBMS, such as MySQL, mSQL (mini-SQL) and the embedded JavaDB (Apache Derby). A relational database organizes data in tables (or relations). A table is made up of rows and columns. A row is also called a record (or tuple). A column is also called a field (or attribute). A database table is similar to a spreadsheet. However, the relationships that can be created among the tables enable a relational database to efficiently store huge amount of data, and effectively retrieve selected data. A language called SQL (Structured Query Language) was developed to work with relational databases. Database Design Objective A well-designed database shall: Relational Database Design Process Database design is more art than science, as you have to make many decisions. Databases are usually customized to suit a particular application. No two customized applications are alike, and hence, no two database are alike. Guidelines (usually in terms of what not to do instead of what to do) are provided in making these design decision, but the choices ultimately rest on the you - the designer. Step 1: Define the Purpose of the Database (Requirement Analysis) Gather the requirements and define the objective of your database, e.g. ... Drafting out the sample input forms, queries and reports, often helps. Step 2: Gather Data, Organize in tables and Specify the Primary Keys Once you have decided on the purpose of the database, gather the data that are needed to be stored in the database. Divide the data into subject-based tables. Choose one column (or a few columns) as the so-called primary key, which uniquely identify the each of the rows. Primary Key In the relational model, a table cannot contain duplicate rows, because that would create ambiguities in retrieval. To ensure uniqueness, each table should have a column (or a set of columns), called primary key, that uniquely identifies every records of the table. For example, an unique number customerID can be used as the primary key for the Customers table; productCode for Products table; isbn forBooks table. A primary key is called a simple key if it is a single column; it is called a composite key if it is made up of several columns. Most RDBMSs build an index on the primary key to facilitate fast search and retrieval. The primary key is also used to reference other tables (to be elaborated later). You have to decide which column(s) is to be used for primary key. The decision may not be straight forward but the primary key shall have these properties: Consider the followings in choose the primary key: Let\'s il.

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Option “D” is not true about the net neutrality. Favouring of net neutrality argue that without new regulations, Internet service providers would be able to favour their own private protocols over others ISPS are able to encourage the use of specific services by utilising private networks to discriminate what data is counted against bandwidth caps. Solution Option “D” is not true about the net neutrality. Favouring of net neutrality argue that without new regulations, Internet service providers would be able to favour their own private protocols over others ISPS are able to encourage the use of specific services by utilising private networks to discriminate what data is counted against bandwidth caps..

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NaF will dissociate 100%, and therefore the F- will have extra 0.25 concentration... HF --- > H+ + F- [HF] = 0.3-0.3* [H+] = 0.3* [F-] = 0.3* + 0.25 Ka = (0.3*)*(0.3* + 0.25)/(0.3-0.3*) 7.2*10^-4 = *(0.3* + 0.25)/(1-) = 0.0028 [H+] = 0.3*0.0028 = 0.00084 M pH = -log(0.00084) = 3.07 Solution NaF will dissociate 100%, and therefore the F- will have extra 0.25 concentration... HF --- > H+ + F- [HF] = 0.3-0.3* [H+] = 0.3* [F-] = 0.3* + 0.25 Ka = (0.3*)*(0.3* + 0.25)/(0.3-0.3*) 7.2*10^-4 = *(0.3* + 0.25)/(1-) = 0.0028 [H+] = 0.3*0.0028 = 0.00084 M pH = -log(0.00084) = 3.07.

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CO2 because the heaviest would have the most attraction ,although the deviation is little since all have london dispersion forces between then CH4 is larger but nonpolar, hence there will be little intermolecluar attraction. N2 is a smaller molecule,hence doesnt have much attraction Solution CO2 because the heaviest would have the most attraction ,although the deviation is little since all have london dispersion forces between then CH4 is larger but nonpolar, hence there will be little intermolecluar attraction. N2 is a smaller molecule,hence doesnt have much attraction.

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I hereby explain the SDU (service data unit )and PDU ( protocol data unit) in the view of transmitter. Let us understnad the PDUs at different layers Application layer - PDU is data Presentation layer - PDU is data Session layer - PDU is data Transport layer - PDU segment Network layer - PDU packet Data link layer PDU frames Physical layer PDU bits. while transmission application, presentation and session layer data is incapsulated and forwarded to Transport layer. At transport , TCP segments are created as layer 4 PDUs. When passed to IP, they are treated as layer 3 SDUs. The IP software packages these SDUs into messages called IP packets or IP datagrams, which are layer 3 PDUs. These are in turn passed down to a layer 2 protocol, say Ethernet, which treats IP datagrams as layer 2 SDUs, and packages them into layer 2 PDUs (Ethernet frames) which are sent on layer 1 . On the receiving device, the process of encapsulation is reversed. The Ethernet software inspects the layer 2 PDU (Ethernet frame) and removes from it the layer 2 SDU (IP datagram) which it passes up to IP as a layer 3 PDU. The IP layer removes the layer 3 SDU (TCP segment) and passes it to TCP as a layer 4 PDU. Consclusion is the PDU from upper layer added and encapsulated at sender end and removes and decapsulated at receiving end. This is the way communication happens. Hope it makes sense. ThanksName used on OSIName Used in TCP/IP NetworksLayer 1 - PhysicalLayer 1 - Network Access/InterfaceLayer 2 - Data linkLayer 2 - NetworkLayer 3 - NetworkLayer 3- TransportLayer 4 - TransportLayer 4 - ApplicationLayer 5 - sessionThere are only four layers defined in TCP/IP model Solution I hereby explain the SDU (service data unit )and PDU ( protocol data unit) in the view of transmitter. Let us understnad the PDUs at different layers Application layer - PDU is data Presentation layer - PDU is data Session layer - PDU is data Transport layer - PDU segment Network layer - PDU packet Data link layer PDU frames Physical layer PDU bits. while transmission application, presentation and session layer data is incapsulated and forwarded to Transport layer. At transport , TCP segments are created as layer 4 PDUs. When passed to IP, they are treated as layer 3 SDUs. The IP software packages these SDUs into messages called IP packets or IP datagrams, which are layer 3 PDUs. These are in turn passed down to a layer 2 protocol, say Ethernet, which treats IP datagrams as layer 2 SDUs, and packages them into layer 2 PDUs (Ethernet frames) which are sent on layer 1 . On the receiving device, the process of encapsulation is reversed. The Ethernet software inspects the layer 2 PDU (Ethernet frame) and removes from it the layer 2 SDU (IP datagram) which it passes up to IP as a layer 3 PDU. The IP layer removes the layer 3 SDU (TCP segment) and passes it to TCP as a layer 4 PDU. Consclusion is the PDU from upper layer added and encapsulated at sender end and removes and decapsulated at receiving end. This is .

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Hi Please find my code: ####### RainFall.java ################### public class RainFall { private double[] monthlyRainFallArr; public RainFall(double[] rainFallArr) { monthlyRainFallArr = new double[12]; // creating an array to store monthly rainfall for(int i=0; i<12; i++) monthlyRainFallArr[i] = rainFallArr[i]; } public double getTotalRainFallForYear(){ double total = 0; for(int i=0; i<12; i++) total += monthlyRainFallArr[i]; return total; } // function to get average monthly rail fall public double getAverageMonthlyRainFall(){ double totalYear = getTotalRainFallForYear(); return totalYear/12; } // function to get month number with least rail fall public int getMonthWithLeastRainFall(){ int min_index = 0; for(int i=1; i<12; i++){ if(monthlyRainFallArr[i] < monthlyRainFallArr[min_index]){ min_index = i; } } return (min_index+1); } // function to get month number with most rail fall public int getMonthWithMostRainFall(){ int max_index = 0; for(int i=1; i<12; i++){ if(monthlyRainFallArr[i] > monthlyRainFallArr[max_index]){ max_index = i; } } return (max_index+1); } } ############## RainFallTest.java ################## import java.util.Scanner; public class RainFallTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); double rainFallArr[] = new double[12]; System.out.println(\"Enter rain fall data for 12 month: \"); for(int i=0; i<12; i++){ System.out.print(\"Rail Fall data for \"+(i+1)+\" month: \"); rainFallArr[i] = sc.nextDouble(); } RainFall rainfall = new RainFall(rainFallArr); System.out.println(\"Total rain fall for year: \"+rainfall.getTotalRainFallForYear()); System.out.println(\"Average monthly rain fall: \"+rainfall.getAverageMonthlyRainFall()); System.out.println(\"Month Number with least rainfall: \"+rainfall.getMonthWithLeastRainFall()); System.out.println(\"Month Number with most rainfall: \"+rainfall.getMonthWithMostRainFall()); } } /* Sample Output: Enter rain fall data for 12 month: Rail Fall data for 1 month: 45.43 Rail Fall data for 2 month: 48.76 Rail Fall data for 3 month: 46.56 Rail Fall data for 4 month: 47.23 Rail Fall data for 5 month: 44.32 Rail Fall data for 6 month: 43.23 Rail Fall data for 7 month: 58.76 Rail Fall data for 8 month: 55.65 Rail Fall data for 9 month: 50.76 Rail Fall data for 10 month: 49.12 Rail Fall data for 11 month: 37.45 Rail Fall data for 12 month: 38.00 Total rain fall for year: 565.27 Average monthly rain fall: 47.10583333333333 Month Number with least rainfall: 11 Month Number with most rainfall: 7 */ Solution Hi Please find my code: ####### RainFall.java ################### public class RainFall { private double[] monthlyRainFallArr; public RainFall(double[] rainFallArr) { monthlyRainFallArr = new double[12]; // creating an array to store monthly rainfall for(int i=0; i<12; i++) monthlyRainFallArr[i] = rainFallArr[i]; } public double getTotalRainFallForYear(){ double total = 0; for(int i=0; i<12; i++) total += monthlyRainFallArr[i]; return total; } // function .

Hi Please find my code####### RainFall.java ###################.pdf

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D . Found both in whales and sharks. There two kinds of animals need continously swim in water for the search of food, mate, Prey. For this purpose they need and continuous supply of energy for their body tissue especially their muscular system. Therefore their tissues actively carry out electron transport chain. Solution D . Found both in whales and sharks. There two kinds of animals need continously swim in water for the search of food, mate, Prey. For this purpose they need and continuous supply of energy for their body tissue especially their muscular system. Therefore their tissues actively carry out electron transport chain..

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Beacuse ... deinococcus - thermus is a phylum of bacteria that are highly resistance to environmenta hazards and known as extremophiles dinococcus include two families (1) deinococcaceae and 2) trueperaceae with three genera (1)deinococcus (2) deinobacterium (3) trueperal The geneus include several species that are resistant to radiation and it is famous for their ability to eat nuclear waste and other toxic material it survive in the vaccum of space and extreme heat and cold -> thermales includes several genera are resitant to heat eg (marinithermus,meiothermus,oceanithermus,thermus , vulcanithermus, rhabdothermus,) the thermus aquatic are important in the development of pcr ( polymerase chain reaction) and repeated cycles of heating DNA to near boiling make it advantage to use a thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme Solution Beacuse ... deinococcus - thermus is a phylum of bacteria that are highly resistance to environmenta hazards and known as extremophiles dinococcus include two families (1) deinococcaceae and 2) trueperaceae with three genera (1)deinococcus (2) deinobacterium (3) trueperal The geneus include several species that are resistant to radiation and it is famous for their ability to eat nuclear waste and other toxic material it survive in the vaccum of space and extreme heat and cold -> thermales includes several genera are resitant to heat eg (marinithermus,meiothermus,oceanithermus,thermus , vulcanithermus, rhabdothermus,) the thermus aquatic are important in the development of pcr ( polymerase chain reaction) and repeated cycles of heating DNA to near boiling make it advantage to use a thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme.

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Ans: Cancer cells loss their growth control and multiply at uncontrolled rate. As a result of this uncontrolled growth it start affecting the normal cell lines in leukemia where as in solid cancer it causes lump of uncontrolled growth. In both the condition it affect the normal functioning of the body. For example: Acute leukemia causes affect on other cell ine also and cause anaemia and throbocytopenia. Mutations are more likely in uncontrolled growth because of ill formed or partially formed cell. Solution Ans: Cancer cells loss their growth control and multiply at uncontrolled rate. As a result of this uncontrolled growth it start affecting the normal cell lines in leukemia where as in solid cancer it causes lump of uncontrolled growth. In both the condition it affect the normal functioning of the body. For example: Acute leukemia causes affect on other cell ine also and cause anaemia and throbocytopenia. Mutations are more likely in uncontrolled growth because of ill formed or partially formed cell..

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